2022年考研考博-考博英语-外交学院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号38

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-外交学院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

TheshuttleColumbiawasdoomedinpartbecauseNASAreliedonflawedcomputersimulationsandmathematicalformulasthatfailedtoaccuratelypredictdamagetotheshuttlefromflyingpiecesoffoam,documentsreleasedbythespaceagencyandthegroupinvestigatingtheaccidentshow.

NuclearandaviationindustrysafetyexpertswhoarefamiliarwiththesortsofanalysesNASAusedsayspaceagencyofficialswerewrongtorelyonthesimulationstogaugerisks.Instead,theexpertssay,theyshouldhaveperformedtestsonshuttlecomponentstodeterminethedamagethatfoamfromthefueltankmightdotoitswing.

Thesesimulationsandformulassomedonebeforethelaunch,othersdoneduringthemissionoftenwerebasedonerroneousassumptionsabouttheabilityoftheshuttletowithstanddamage.NASAmanagersassumeditwassafeforColumbiatoreturntoEartheventhoughfoamhadstruckthewing.

Thefoamhittheleftwing82secondsafterliftoffandbrokethroughoneofthecarbonpanelsdesignedtoprotectthewingsfromtheintenseheatofre-entry.Columbiabrokeapartasitre-enteredEarth’satmosphereonFeb.1.Allsevenastronautswerekilled.

Today,theColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoardWillissueitsfindingsonwhatcausedtheaccident.Inadditiontodetailinghowtheblowfromthefoamledtothebreak-up,theboardwilldocumenthowdecisionsbyNASAmanagersunderestimatedtheperilColumbiafacedandhowtheyignoredwarnings,accordingtopreviouspublicstatementsfromboardmembers.

Theindependentboard’sreportalsoisexpectedtofindthattheNASAsafetyofficewasineffectiveandunderfunded.

AmongtheareastobediscussedisNASA’srelianceoncomputersimulationsandmathematicalmodels.Beforethemission—andagainafterfuzzyphotosshowedthefoamhadhitColumbia’swing-simulationsandotheranalysesledtopoordecisionsbyNASAmanagers,documentsshow.ThesimulationsappeartohaveblindedthemtodangersignalsaboutfoamonearlierflightsandledthemtodramaticallyunderestimatethethreattoColumbia.Theindependentboard’sreportalsoisexpectedtofindthattheNASAsafetyofficewasineffectiveandunderfunded.

Inonecase,duringtheColumbiamission,atleast75shuttleexpertswithNASAanditscontractorsweresoconcernedaboutthepoorqualityofdatainananalysistheywerepreparingthattheyrecommendedtakingphotosoftheshuttleinspace,sourcessay.Thosephotoscouldhaveshownwhetherfoamhaddamagedtheleftwing.

Instead,NASAmanagerstrustedtheanalysisthattheexpertssaidwassoflawed.Theanalysiswronglyestimatedwherethefoamhitandconcludedthattheshuttlehadnotsustainedsignificantdamage.HadNASAknowntheextentofthedamage,theagencymighthavelaunchedarescuemissiontotrytosaveColumbia’screw.

EngineersconnectedtotheanalysissaytheyareangryandpuzzledthatNASAwouldnotseekphotosfromsatellitesortelescopes.NASAmanagerssaytheywerenottoldofthelimitationsoncomputersimulationsandanalyses.

Bynecessity,NASAreliesheavilyoncomputermodelsandotheranalysistoolstoprovidecluesaboutwhathappenstotheshuttlefromlaunchuntilre-entry.Itcannoteasilyrecreatetheextremetemperaturesofspaceinalab.Usedproperly,suchanalysescanimprovesafety.Indeed,analysistechniquesroutinelyhelpdesignsaferjetwingsandnuclearplants.

Butsafetyexpertsinhigh-riskindustriessaythey’velearnedthehardwaymathematicalformulasandcomputersimulationscannotfullymimicnature.SeveralmajoraviationcrashesandtheThreeMileIslandnuclearaccidentwerecausedbypooranalyses,expertssay.

“Youneedtotakeintoaccounttheuncertainties”saysElizabethPate-Cornell,chairmanofthemanagementsciencesandengineeringdepartmentatStanfordUniversity.“It’stheoldstory:garbagein,garbageout.”

AsColumbiaorbited,engineerserroneouslyconcludedthefoamcouldnotdamagethewing’scarbonpanels.Theanalysiswasbasedonearliertestsofsmallicepelletshittingthepanels.Butthosetestscouldnotpredictwhetheralargechunkoffoamwouldcausedamage.

AcomputerprogramknownasCrater,whichengineersusedtopredictwhetherthefoamdamagedtheceramictilesbeneathColumbia’swing,hadnotbeendesignedtoaccountforimpactsfromlargepiecesoffoam.

1.Nuclearandaviationsafetyexperts（）.

2.Intheauthorsopinion,NASAmanagers（）.

3.TheColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoardwillissueitsfindingswithregardtothefollowingEXCEPT（）.

4.NASAmanagersmadepoordecisionsbecausetheydidNOT（）.

5.Safetyexpertsinhigh-riskindustriesindicatethatcomputersimulations（）.

问题1选项

A.knowverywellthesortsofanalysesmadebyNASAmanagers

B.indicatethatspaceagencyofficialsreliedonthewronganalyses

C.believethatspaceagencyofficialsshouldhavemademoresimulations

D.stronglycriticizespaceagencyofficialsforbeingunscrupulous

问题2选项

A.madewronghypothesisconclusionsaboutthesafetyofColumbia

B.infactknewclearlywhatkindofdangerColumbiawouldface

C.feltitdifficulttopredictwhatmighthappentoColumbiaasitreturnedtoEarth

D.didnotrealizethattheleftwingofColumbiawashitbythefoamafterliftoff

问题3选项

A.whytheshuttlebrokeapartasitreturnedtoEarth

B.howthefoamhittingtheleftwingcausedtheaccident

C.howdecisionsbyNASAmanagersweremade

D.howNASAmanagersmisunderstooddangersignals

问题4选项

A.getallthefindingsofdataanalyses

B.knowtheshuttlehadsignificantdamage

C.getalongwellwithshuttleexpert

D.trusttheanalysisproducedbysimulation

问题5选项

A.arenotreliableatall

B.yieldedpooranalyses

C.haveseverelimitations

D.shouldbeabandoned

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干可定位到文章第二段第一句话“NuclearandaviationindustrysafetyexpertswhoarefamiliarwiththesortsofanalysesNASAusedsayspaceagencyofficialswerewrongtorelyonthesimulationstogaugerisks.（熟悉NASA使用的分析的核能和航空安全专家说，航天局官员错误地依赖模拟来衡量风险。）”。A选项“非常了解NASA管理人员所做的各种分析”文中没有提到；B选项“指出太空总署官员依赖错误的分析”正确；C选项“认为太空总署的官员应该做更多的模拟”没有直接在文中明说；D选项“强烈批评航天局官员的肆无忌惮”文中没有提到，因此B选项正确。

2.作者意图题。由题干可定位到第三段第一句话“Thesesimulationsandformulassomedonebeforethelaunch,othersdoneduringthemissionoftenwerebasedonerroneousassumptionsabouttheabilityoftheshuttletowithstanddamage.（这些模拟和公式，有些是在发射前完成的，而在任务期间所做的其他模拟和公式往往是基于对航天飞机承受损害能力的错误假设。）”。A选项“对哥伦比亚号的安全性做出错误的假设结论”正确；B选项“事实上很清楚哥伦比亚将面临什么样的危险”说法错误，管理人员低估了自己的错误对哥伦比亚号造成的危险；C选项“觉得很难预测哥伦比亚号返回地球时会发生什么”说法错误，管理人员觉得哥伦比亚号能安全返回地球；D选项“没有意识到哥伦比亚号的左翼在升空后被泡沫击中”说法错误，管理人员预测到了，只是他们错误地评估了航天飞机的承伤能力，因此A选项正确。

3.细节事实题。由题干定位到文中第五段“Today,theColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoardWillissueitsfindingsonwhatcausedtheaccident.Inadditiontodetailinghowtheblowfromthefoamledtothebreak-up,theboardwilldocumenthowdecisionsbyNASAmanagersunderestimatedtheperilColumbiafacedandhowtheyignoredwarnings,accordingtopreviouspublicstatementsfromboardmembers.（今天，哥伦比亚事故调查委员会将发布事故原因的调查结果。根据此前董事会成员公开声明，除了详细说明泡沫的打击如何导致分解外，委员会还将记录NASA管理人员如何低估哥伦比亚面临的危险以及他们如何忽视警告。）”。A选项“为什么航天飞机在返回地球时分裂了”；B选项“泡沫是如何撞击左翼造成事故的”；C选项“NASA管理者是如何做出决定的”都在文中提到过，只有D选项“NASA管理者如何误解危险信号”没有提到，因此D选项正确。

4.判断推理题。由题干可定位到文中第八、九段。文中说到安全专家非常担心他们准备的分析数据的质量太低，他们建议在太空中给航天飞机拍照，然而管理人员相信自己的实验数据，所以引发了事故。A选项“得到所有数据分析的结果”；B选项“知道航天飞机有严重的损坏”；C选项“与航天飞机专家相处融洽”都不符合原文，D选项“相信模拟产生的分析”正确，因此D选项正确。

5.判断推理题。由题干可定位到文中第十段“NASAmanagerssaytheywerenottoldofthelimitationsoncomputersimulationsandanalyses.（美国宇航局的管理人员说，他们没有被告知计算机模拟和分析的局限性。）”和第十二段“Butsafetyexpertsinhigh-riskindustriessaythey’velearnedthehardwaymathematicalformulasandcomputersimulationscannotfullymimicnature.（但高风险行业的安全专家说，他们已经学到了数学公式和计算机模拟无法完全模拟自然的艰难方法。）”。由此可知计算机模拟无法完全模拟自然危险，因此具有局限性。A选项“完全不可靠”；B选项“产生不良分析”和D选项“应该被废弃”都不正确，C选项“有严重的局限性”符合题意，因此C选项正确。

2.单选题

Acourtlaterreducedthecordonto200metersfromthe（）fence.

问题1选项

A.perimeter

B.parameter

C.diameter

D.circumference

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项perimeter“周长（可以指任何形状的周长）；周界；视野计”；B选项parameter“参数；系数；参量”；C选项diameter“直径；径；通径；外径”；D选项circumference“圆周；周长（主要指圆或椭圆的周长）；胸围”。句意：后来法庭决定将警戒线范围缩小至距离围栏200米处。因此A选项正确。

3.单选题

Thesnowseemstohaveset（）fortheevening.

问题1选项

A.upon

B.in

C.about

D.down

【答案】B

【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项setupon“袭击；挑拨，唆使；开始”；B选项setin“开端；来临；到来”；Csetabout选项“开始着手；考虑”；D选项setdown“放下；记下；登记；写下”。句意：晚上似乎要下雪了。因此B选项正确。

4.单选题

Square-jawed,withapastycomplexionandanathleticbutnotoverlybulked-upbuild,helookslikeamanmeanttohaveawhistlearoundhisneck.

问题1选项

A.sallow

B.vivid

C.pale

D.blushing

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项sallow“气色不好的；灰黄色的”；B选项vivid“生动的；鲜明的；鲜艳的”；C选项pale“苍白的；无力的；暗淡的”；D选项blushing“鲜红的；脸红的”。句意：他长着方下巴，脸色苍白，体格健壮但不太结实，看起来就像脖子上挂着个口哨的人。pasty“苍白的；面糊似的”，C选项与该词意思最相近，因此C选项正确。

5.单选题

Thetroopssleptincrampedconditions.

问题1选项

A.untidy

B.makeshift

C.dirty

D.crowded

【答案】D

【解析】考查同义形容词辨析。A选项untidy“不整洁的，凌乱的，懒散的，不干净利落的”；B选项makeshift“临时的，权宜之计的”；C选项dirty“下流的，卑鄙的，肮脏的，恶劣的，暗淡的”；D选项crowded“拥挤的，塞满的”。句意：军队在拥挤的条件下睡觉。Cramped“狭窄的，难懂的，难辨的”，D选项与该词意思最相近，因此D选项正确。

6.单选题

SuchalarmsreflectedtheAlsop’stendencytocloaktheiranalysesinportentoustermsofdreadanddismay.

问题1选项

A.ominous

B.foppish

C.gregarious

D.remunerative

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项ominous“预兆的；不吉利的”；B选项foppish“浮华的；矫饰的；有纨绔习气的”；C选项gregarious“社交的；群居的”；D选项remunerative“有利可图的；有报酬的；合算的”。句意：这样的警告反映了阿尔索普家族倾向于用可怕的恐惧和沮丧来掩盖他们的分析。portentous“不祥的；预兆的；令人惊讶的”。A选项与该词意思最相近，因此A选项正确。

7.单选题

Hisargumentdoesnot（）uptoclosescrutiny.

问题1选项

A.hold

B.stand

C.come

D.look

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定短语搭配。根据题干可知考查standuptoclosescrutiny“经得起仔细的检查”。句意：他的论点经不起推敲。因此B选项正确。

8.单选题

ThefunnylookingmanwhomthegirlmetonthestreetofPrincetonwas（）AlbertEinstein.

问题1选项

A.nonebut

B.noneotherbut

C.nootherbut

D.nobodybut

【答案】B

【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项nonebut“仅有；无；只有……才”；B选项noneotherbut与noneotherthan意思相同，意为“不是别人，正是……”；C选项nootherbut没有这种用法；D选项nobodybut“除了……没有人”。句意：那个女孩在普林斯顿大街上遇到的长相滑稽的男人不是别人，正是阿尔伯特•爱因斯坦。因此B选项正确。

9.单选题

Ididn’treadtheblurb;I（）straightintothefirstchapter.

问题1选项

A.dived

B.ran

C.plunged

D.read

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词短语辨析。A选项diveinto“迅速把手伸入；投入；一心投入；跳入（指的是跳水标准动作，运动员的那种头朝下的）”；B选项runinto“遭遇，陷入；撞上，撞到；偶然遇见”；C选项plungeinto“投入；跳入（主要指暴力一些的进入，比如车失控冲进水里；人郁闷地把头埋进冷水盆里）；突然或仓促地开始某事；猛冲；使突然陷入；纵身投入”；D选项readinto“曲解；加上另外的意思于；隐藏某种意义”。句意：我没有读简介，直接仓促地开始读第一章。因此C选项正确。

10.单选题

Itonlytookafewsecondsforhertosize（）thesituation.

问题1选项

A.over

B.up

C.on

D.to

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定短语搭配。根据题干可知考查sizeup“打量；估计……的大小；判断”，其他的选项都没有这种搭配。句意：她只花了几秒钟审时度势。因此B选项正确。

11.单选题

Oftenthedifficultiesofgrowingupinthepubliceyecausechildprodigiesto（）theworldofachievementbeforereachingadulthood;happily,theysometimeslaterreturntocompetitionandsucceedbrilliantly.

问题1选项

A.ridicule

B.retirefrom

C.examine

D.conquer

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项ridicule“嘲笑，奚落”；B选项retirefrom“退休；退出；从……退休”；C选项examine“检查；调查；检测；考试”；D选项conquer“战胜，征服；攻克，攻取”。句意：在公众的目光下成长的困难往往导致神童在成年之前就从成就的世界中退休；令人高兴的是，他们有时会在竞争中获胜。因此B选项正确。

12.单选题

Takingalow-doseaspirineverydaywillreduceyourchancesofdyingfromcancer,scientistssaytoday,confirmingtheover-the-counterpillsasthemostextraordinarydrugyetdiscovered.

Dailyaspirinhasalreadybeenshowntocutthechancesofheartattacksandstrokeinpeoplewhoareatrisk.ThestudypublictodayintheLancetmedicaljournalrevealsthatitalsohasapowerfulpreventiveactionagainstarangeofcancersandpossiblymoreofthemthanthereiscurrentlyenoughevidencetoprove.

Whilethedoctorswhocarriedoutthestudysayitisnotforthemtomakerecommendations,theleadauthor,46-year-oldProfPeterRothwellfromOxfordUniversity,sayshehasbeentakingaspirinforthelasttwoyears.Thebeneficialdoseis75mg-aquarterofastandardtablet,whichis300mg.Somepharmaciesselllow-dosetablets,butatahigherprice.

Rothwellandhiscolleagueshavealreadyshownthatdailyaspirincutsdeathratesfromcolorectalcancerbymorethanathird.Forthestudypublishedtoday,theyexaminedallthedatatheycouldfindfromwell-conductedtrialsthathadassessedtheuseofaspirinagainstacontroldrugandhadrecordeddeathsfromcancer.

Ineighttrialsinvolvingmorethan25,000patients,theyfoundtherewere21%fewerdeathsafterfiveyearsamongthosewhotookadailyaspirintablet,comparedwiththosewhodidnot.Theeffectwasmostnoticeableingastrointestinalcancers,wheredeathsdroppedby54%.

Patientsinaspirintrials20yearsagowerestill20%lesslikelytodieofasolidtumorand35%lesslikelytodieofgastrointestinalcancer.

Theyfoundthattheeffectsoftheaspirinseemedtokickinforpancreatic,brain,esophagealandlungcancer(generallynotthesorttriggeredbysmoking)afterpatientshadbeentakingitforfiveyearsormore.Forstomachandcolorectalcancer,theeffectswereseenafter10yearsandforprostatecancerafter15years.After20years,theriskofdeathfromprostatecancerwasreducedby10%,forlungcancerby30%,forcolorectalcancerby40%andforesophagealcancerby60%.

Thescientistsbelievebenefitsmaybeevengreaterthantheycouldestablish.

Theimpactonpancreas,stomachandbraincancerswasdifficulttoquantifyexactlybecauseofsmallernumbersofdeaths,theysay.Therecouldbeaneffectinbreastandovariancancers,butthereisnotenoughtrialdatatoproveit.

Thoseinthetrialstookaspirinforonlyfourtoeightyears.Rothwellbelievesthatifpeopletookaspirinfor20-30years,fromtheageofaround45or50,theymightsubstantiallyreducetheriskofcancer,whichsteadilyincreasesaspeopleage.

Rothwellandcolleaguesbelievetheirfindingsshouldtipthebalanceofrisk/benefitinfavourofdailyaspirindosing.Whilemillionsofpeoplestartedtakingthetabletsafterevidencethatitcuttheirchancesofheartattacksandstroke,therehasbeensomethingofamedicalback-pedaling,becauseaspirincancausestomachbleeding.

1.Over-the-counterpillsrefertodrugsthatcanbeobtained（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

3.Theeffectofadailyaspirintabletwasmostnoticeablein（）.

4.Howmanyyearsdidthosepatientstakeaspirinsintheeighttrials?

5.Forcolorectalcancer,theeffectsoftheaspirinwereseenafter（）years.

问题1选项

A.withinthetouchofthecustomersontheshelf

B.withoutaprescriptionfromthedoctor

C.bywayofnotpayingtoomuchmoney

D.underthecoverageofmedicalinsurance

问题2选项

A.Dailyaspirincutsdeathratesfromcolorectalcancerbymorethanathird.

B.Aspirinhasaneffectinbreastandovariancancers.

C.Theriskofcancersteadilyincreasesaspeopleage.

D.Dailyaspirinhasalreadybeenshowntocutthechancesofheartattacksandstrokeinpeoplewhoareatrisk.

问题3选项

A.gastrointestinalcancers

B.esophagealcancers

C.lungcancers

D.pancreaticcancers

问题4选项

A.fourtoeightyears

B.threetosevenyears

C.sixtoeightyears

D.fivetoeightyears

问题5选项

A.15

B.5

C.10

D.20

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。文中提到的over-the-counter(OTC)即我们常说的非处方药，是指为方便公众用药，在保证用药安全的前提下，经国家卫生行政部门规定或审定后，不需要医师或其他医疗专业人员开写处方即可购买的药品，一般公众凭自我判断，按照药品标签及使用说明就可自行使用。A选项“在货架上的顾客接触范围内”说法太宽泛；B选项“不需要医生的处方”说法正确；C选项“不用付太多钱”说法错误；D选项“在医疗保险范围内”说法错误，因此B选项正确。

2.细节事实。根据题干可定位到文章第四段“dailyaspirincutsdeathratesfromcolorectalcancerbymorethanathird.（每天服用阿司匹林可以将结直肠癌的死亡率降低三分之一以上）”；第九段“Therecouldbeaneffectinbreastandovariancancers,butthereisnotenoughtrialdatatoproveit.（这可能对乳腺癌和卵巢癌有影响，但没有足够的试验数据来证明这一点。）”；第十段“Rothwellbelievesthatifpeopletookaspirinfor20-30years,fromtheageofaround45or50,theymightsubstantiallyreducetheriskofcancer,whichsteadilyincreasesaspeopleage.（罗思韦尔认为，如果人们从45岁或50岁左右开始服用阿司匹林20-30年，他们可能会大幅降低患癌症的风险，而癌症风险会随着人们年龄的增长而稳步增加。）”以及第二段“Dailyaspirinhasalreadybeenshowntocutthechancesofheartattacksandstrokeinpeoplewhoareatrisk.（每天服用阿司匹林已经被证明可以降低心脏病和中风的风险。）”。由此可知A选项“每天服用阿司匹林可以将结直肠癌的死亡率降低三分之一以上。”；C选项“随着人们年龄的增长，患癌症的风险稳步增加。”以及D选项“每天服用阿司匹林已经被证明可以降低心脏病和中风的风险。”说法都正确，只有B选项“阿司匹林对乳腺癌和卵巢癌有疗效。”说法错误，因此该题B选项正确。

3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第五段“Theeffectwasmostnoticeableingastrointestinalcancers,wheredeathsdroppedby54%.（这种效果在胃肠道癌症中最为明显，死亡率下降了54%。）”。由此可知A选项“胃肠道癌症”正确；B选项“食管癌”；C选项“肺癌”；D选项“胰腺癌”均不符合题意，因此A选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第七段“Theyfoundthattheeffectsoftheaspirin...afterpatientshadbeentakingitforfiveyearsormore.（他们发现，在患者服用阿司匹林5年或更长时间后，阿司匹林的效果似乎对……更有效）”，由此可知年限的最低值需大于或等于5年的基础之上，A选项“4到8年”；B选项“3到7年”；C选项“6到8年”都不符合该基础，D选项“5到8年”更准确，因此D选项正确。

5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第七段“Forstomachandcolorectalcancer,theeffectswereseenafter10yearsandforprostatecancerafter15years.（对于胃癌和结肠直肠癌，效果是在10年后看到的，而对于前列腺癌则是在15年后看到的。）”，由此可知C选项正确。

13.单选题

Thisissuehasbecomeapoliticalhot（）.

问题1选项

A.potato

B.cake

C.rod

D.bun

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项potato“土豆，马铃薯”；B选项cake“蛋糕，块状物；利益总额”；C选项rod“棒，惩罚，枝条，权力”；D选项bun“小圆面包”。hotpotato为俗语，意思是烫手的山芋，即棘手的事件。句意：这一事件升级为一个棘手的政治事件。因此A选项正确。

14.单选题

Youarenow（）thebenefitofyourformerthrift.

问题1选项

A.reaping

B.drawing

C.enjoying

D.gaining

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定短语搭配。A选项reaping“收获，获得；收割”；B选项drawing“画；拉；吸引”；C选项enjoying“欣赏，享受；喜爱；使过得快活”；D选项gaining“增加；利润；收获；获得；赚到”。根据固定搭配gainthebenefit“得到益处/好处”可知该题选gaining。句意：你现在正受益于你以前的节俭。因此D选项正确。

15.单选题

Ittakesall（）tomakeaworld.

问题1选项

A.peoples

B.colors

C.functions

D.sorts

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项peoples“人；人类；民族；公民”；B选项colors“彩色；颜料；脸色”；C选项functions“功能；智能；函数”；D选项sorts“种类；程度；品质；把……分类，整理；区分；挑选”。Ittakesallsortstomakeaworld.是一句谚语，意为“一种米养百种人”，表示世界是形形色色的人所组成的。因此D选项正确。

16.单选题

Peoplefromupper（）gatheredtogetherattheauctionyesterday.

问题1选项

A.crop

B.crux

C.cult

D.crust

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项crop“产量，农作物，庄稼，平头”；B选项crux“关键，症结，难题，十字架形，坩埚”；C选项cult“狂热，异教团体，宗教信仰，膜拜仪式，时髦的人（或事物），信徒”；D选项crust“地壳，外壳，面包皮，坚硬外皮”。uppercrust“上流社会，上流阶级”。句意：上流社会的人昨天在拍卖会上聚集。因此D选项正确。

17.单选题

Itwasunusualforthere（）sofewstudentsintheclassroom.

问题1选项

A.tobe

B.be

C.being

D.are

【答案】A

【解析】考查句式。介词for后面跟的存在句采用不定式形式。句意：教室里的学生这么少是不寻常的。因此A选项正确。

18.单选题

Howmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblems?Thisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanyways,oursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinners,whenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistence,andwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluence,theriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearner,thegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployed,andimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwagelevel,theoverwhelmingmajorityarefrommultiple-earner,relativelyaffluentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforce,sothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.

Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonth,thosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemployment,eventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttallies,thereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfull-timeworkorelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finally,incometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderly,disabled,anddependent,neglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoor,sothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandin-kindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.

Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultoflabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillions,and,hence,whetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate—thattheexistingpoverty,employment,andearningsstatisticsareinadequatefortheirprimaryapplications,measuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems.

1.Whichofthefollowingistheprincipaltopicofthepassage?

2.Theauthorcontraststhe1930’swiththepresentinordertoshowthat（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingproposalsbestrespondstotheissuesraisedbytheauthor?

4.Accordingtothepassage,onefactorthatcausesunemploymentandearningsfigurestoover-predicttheamountofeconomichardshipisthe（）.

5.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,isthebestcriticismoftheauthor’sargumentconcerningwhypovertystatisticscannotproperlybeusedtoshowtheeffectsofproblemsinthelabormarket?

问题1选项

A.Whatcauseslabormarketpathologiesthatresultinsuffering.

B.Whyincomemeasuresareimpreciseinmeasuringdegreesofpoverty.

C.Howsocialstatisticsgiveanunclearpicture/ofthedegreeofhardshipcausedbylowwagesandinsufficientemploymentopportunities.

D.Whichofthecurrentlyusedstatisticalproceduresarethebestforestimatingtheincidenceofhardshipthatisduetounemployment.

问题2选项

A.unemploymentnowhaslesssevereeffects

B.morepeoplewereunemployedinthe1930’s

C.povertyhasincreasedsincethe1930’s

D.socialprogramsaremoreneedednow

问题3选项

A.Newstatisticalindicesshouldbedevelopedtomeasurethedegreetowhichunemploymentandinadequatelypaidemploymentcausesuffering.

B.Considerationshouldbegiventothewaysinwhichstatisticscanactaspartialcausesofthephenomenathattheypurporttomeasure.

C.Thelaborforceshouldberestructuredsothatitcorrespondstotherangeofjobvacancies.

D.Innovativeprogramsusingmultipleapproachesshouldbesetuptoreducethelevelofunemployment.

问题4选项

A.recurrenceofperiodsofunemploymentforagroupoflow-wageworkers

B.possibilitythatearningsmaybereceivedfrommorethanonejobperworker

C.factthatunemploymentcountsdonotincludethosewhoworkforlowwagesandremainpoor

D.establishmentofasystemofrecord-keepingthatmakesitpossibletocompilepovertystatistics

问题5选项

A.Ashort-termincreaseinthenumberofthoseinpovertycanindicateashortageofjobsbecausethebasicnumberofthoseunabletoacceptemploymentremainsapproximatelyconstant.

B.Forthosewhoareinpovertyasaresultofjoblessness,therearesocialprogramsavailablethatprovideaminimumstandardofliving.

C.Povertystatisticsdonotconsistentlyagreewithearningsstatistics,wheneachistakenasameasureofhardshipresultingfromunemployment.

D.Theelderlyandhandicappedcategoriesincludemanywhopreviouslywereemployedinthelabormarket.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章主要讨论的内容可由第一段结尾和第二段开头得知“…sothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.（因此贫困统计绝不是劳动力市场病态的准确指标。然而，我们的社会统计数据也在很多方面低估了劳动力市场相关困难的程度。）”。由此可知文章主要讲述了为什么收入估算措施对于知晓贫困程度而言是不精确的。A选项“是什么导致了劳动力市场的病态，导致了痛苦”；B选项“为什么收入衡量在衡量贫困程度上不精确”；C选项“社会统计如何不清楚地说明低工资和就业机会不足所造成的困难程度”；D选项“目前使用的统计程序中，哪一种是估计失业造成的困难发生率的最佳方法”。因此B选项正确。

2.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段的第四句“Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinners（今天失业造成的影响不及20世纪30年代那般严重，那时失业的都是养家糊口的人）”，由此可推断出在那个时候失业对一个家庭而言就意味着吃住问题得不到解决，现在失业的影响比那时候小得多。A选项“失业现在的影响不那么严重了”正确；B选项“20世纪30年代，更多的人失业”；C选项“20世纪30年代以来贫困户增加了”；D选项“现在更需要社会项目”都不符合题意，因此A选项正确。

3.主旨大意题。联系71题可知作者提出的问题为“为什么收入估算措施对于知晓贫困程度而言是不精确的”，所以A选项“应该制定新的统计指标来衡量失业和报酬不足造成痛苦的程度”最能回应该问题；B选项“应该考虑到统计数据可以作为他们声称要测量的现象的部分原因的方法”；C选项“劳动力结构应调整，使其与职位空缺范围相适应”；D选项“应该建立使用多种方法的创新项目来降低失业水平”都不符合题意，因此A选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段第二句话“Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.（失业率统计排除了数百万完全就业的工人，他们的工资太低，以至于他们的家庭仍然处于贫困之中。）”，由此可知失业统计不包括那些低工资工作和仍然贫穷的人的事实。A选项“一群低薪工人失业期的反复出现”；B选项“每个工人可能从多个工作中获得收入的可能性”；D选项“建立一个记录制度，使汇编贫困统计数字成为可能”都不符合题意，C选项“失业统计不包括那些低工资工作和仍然贫穷的人的事实”正确，因此C选项正确。

5.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段的最后一句话“Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforce,sothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.（贫困统计中统计的大多数人是老年人、残疾人或因家庭责任而无法进入劳动力市场的人，因此贫困统计绝不是劳动力市场病态的准确指标。）”。A选项“短期内贫困人口数量的增加可能意味着就业机会的短缺，因为无法接受就业的基本人数大致保持不变”；B选项“对于那些因失业而陷入贫困的人，有提供最低生活标准的社会项目”；C选项“贫穷统计数字与收入统计数字并不一致，因为每一项都被视为衡量失业造成的困难的指标”都不符合题意，没有表达作者的批评，D选项“老年人和残疾人类别包括许多以前在劳动力市场工作的人”符合题意，因此D选项正确。

19.单选题

Nick’snewnovelprovesheisn’tjustaflashinthe（）.

问题1选项

A.sky

B.pan

C.house

D.dark

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定短语搭配。aflashinthepan“昙花一现，转瞬即逝，多用来形容某事持续时间短”。句意：尼克的新小说证明他并不是昙花一现。因此B选项正确。

20.翻译题

WhatcantheWest’soverlyindebtedandsluggishnationslearnfromaflourishingAsia?

Firstandforemost,theWestshouldrelearnthevirtueofpragmatism.Justafewdecadesago,Asia’stwogiantswerestagnatingundertheirownpolitico-economicideologies—MarxisminChina,NehruviansocialisminIndiarespectively.However,onceChinabeganembracingfree-marketreformsinthe1980s,followedbyIndiainthe1990s,bothcountriesachievedrapidgrowth.Crucially,astheyopeneduptheirmarkets,neitherChinanorIndiathrewtheproverbialbabyoutwiththebathwater—instead,theybalancedcapitalismwithjudiciousgovernmentdirection.

ContrastthislevelheadedmiddlepathwithAmericaandEurope,whichhaveeachoneideologicallyoverboardintheirownways—andwhoseutterlackofpragmatismhelpedprecipitatetheglobalfinancialcrisis.Sincethe1980s,Americahasbeenincreasinglyinfatuatedwiththeideologyofunfetteredfreemarketsanddismissiveoftheroleofgovernment—followingRonaldReagan’sdictumthat“government”isnotthesolutiontoourproblem;governmentistheproblem.”

Meanwhile,Europehasfallenpreytoad