高考阅读理解干扰项设置手法市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件

阅读了解解题策略指导

之

常见干扰项设置手法

第1页阅读了解是高考试卷中分值最大题型。近年来伴随高考命题指导思想发展，阅读了解题考查角度越来越灵活多变。其干扰选项设置不但能检测出考生了解、概括、推理等逻辑思维准确性、深刻性，而且对考生个人心理品质也是一个检验，所以，它常使很多考生陷入误区。阅读了解干扰项设置其实有一定规律可循，假如做题时能够把握干扰项特点，准确捕捉选项错误信息点或不合题目要求信息点，快速排除干扰项，对提升解题准确率必将起到事半功倍作用。第2页LearningaimsAfterlearningthecommontechniquesofsettingdisturbanceoptionsinreadingcomprehension,youareexpectedtobeabletoreducethechanceofmakingawrongchoicewhiletakingareadingcomprehensiontest.第3页1.包含项标准

一个选项包含或概括了其它几个选项，就如花与玫瑰，牡丹，康乃馨关系。第4页Example:Q:Thethreeexamplesarecitedtoshowthat______.A.QuitsmokingisnecessaryB.HealthyhabitsbenefitourhealthC.FruitsandvegetablesarebetterthanmilkD.Weshoulddrinkmorewatereveryday.1．包含项标准√第5页Practice:Q:Whatmustyoulearntobetolerantofifyouliveinadormitory?A.Yourroommate’stelephonecallsB.HabitsthatmaydifferfromyourownC.Visitsbyyourroommate’sfriendsD.Roommateswhoareunsanitary√Livinginaresidencehall（学生宿舍）carriescertainobligation.（义务）.Youhavetobeconsiderateofothers,especiallyduringstudyhours.Telephonecallsandvisitsbyfriendsshouldbeshort.Youhavetocooperateinkeepingtheroomassanitary（卫生）aspossible.Itissometimeshardtobetolerant（容忍）ofanotherperson’shabitsthatmaydifferfromyourown.第6页1.包含项标准包含其它3个选项那个选项就是正确答案。告诉我们：第7页2．正反项标准

所谓正反项，是指两选项陈说命题完全相矛盾。依据形式逻辑排中律知识：两个相互矛盾判断不能都是假，其中必有一真。所以在阅读了解中，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案普通在A、B项当中取其一。第8页2．正反项标准Example:Q:Accordingtothepassage,listeningonlywithearsmayhappentouswhen____A.weareemotionallytiredB.wearephysicallydisabledC.wearesointerestedinthetopicD.weareaskedmanyquestions√Theyfeeltheyarepoorlistenerswhentheythinkaboutsomethingelsewhiletheotheristalkingorwhentheyaretired,ornotinterestedinwhatsheorheistalkingabout.Mostpeoplelistenonlywiththeirears.第9页Practice:Q:ThereisunlikelyanylifeonVenusbecause____.A.ithasverythinatmosphereB.thesurfacetemperatureistoohotC.theweatheristoocoldD.itisextremelyshortofwater√Themainproblemisthatourneighborworldsappeartobeunsuitableforadvancedlifeforms.Themoonmaybethecasefirst,ithashardlyanyatmosphere.Venusislittlebetter,butthesurface’stemperatureisveryhigh.Marswiththinatmosphereandlittlewatercannotsupportthelivingnecessityoftheanimals.第10页陈说内容或基调完全相反两选项往往有一个是正确答案。2．正反项标准告诉我们：第11页3．委婉项标准

所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读了解选项中语气平和、委婉往往是正确答案。这些选项普通含有不十分必定或试探性语气表示，如：probably,possibly,may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively等等第12页Example1:Q:Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,____.A.theuseofwaterisacompletelynewconceptB.theseahasalreadylongbeenusedasawayofpowerC.waterisasourceofenergyfarmoreeconomicalthananyotherenergiesD.water,ifproperlyhandled,maypresentapromisingsolutiontoenergycrisis.3．委婉项标准√第13页Example2:Q:Theopinionofthewriteristhat____.A.theremaybeotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseB.thereareotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseC.peoplelivingontheeartharealmostcertainlytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverseD.peoplelivingontheeartharedefinitelytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverse3．委婉项标准√第14页Practice:Q:Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Workinghardisabasicrequirementofallemployees.B.GoodwritingskillsalonehelpyousucceedinanyfieldC.TheonlyqualificationforgettinghiredbyacompanyisgoodcommunicationskillsD.Whiletheimportanceofone’sabilitytocommunicateincreases,hisprofessionalbackgroundmaybecomeincreasinglylessimportant.√第15页

含有绝对语气表示如：must,always,never,themost,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等，往往不是正确答案。3．委婉项标准告诉我们：第16页4．同形项标准

几个选项如存在形式与结构上相同，那它们就互为同形项。命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后经过语言形式细微改变来考查考生了解能力与分析能力。第17页Example:Q:Therapid-transitraillinesshould______.A.developasquicklyaspossibleB.developwithlocaleconomicdevelopmentC.developafterlocaleconomicdevelopmentD.developwiththeconstructionindustry4．同形项标准√Thedevelopmentofrapidtransitraillinesincitiesshouldparallel(与……平行)localeconomicdevelopmentandblindconstructionofsuchlinesshouldbeavoided…Itstressedthattheamountofdomesticallymadeequipmentusedinsuchinfrastructureprojectsneedstobeincreased.第18页词汇与句法结构相同选项普通存在有正确答案。4．同形项标准告诉我们：第19页5．常识项标准Example:Q:Whatisthemostimportantserviceoftreestomanaccordingtothepassage?A.TheyhelphimmakemoneyB.TheygivehimwoodandotherproductsC.TheyhelphimpreventdroughtsandfloodsD.TheygivehimshadeTreesareusefultomaninthreeimportways:theyprovidehimwithwoodandotherproducts;theygivehimshade;andtheyhelptopreventdroughtsandfloods.Unfortunately,inmanypartsoftheworld,manhasnotrealizedthatthethirdoftheseservicesisthemostimportant.√第20页Practice:Q:Accordingtothepassage,theinsurancecompanywillmakegreatprofits____.A.Ifthepremium（保险费）isincreasedsothecompanycanearnmoremoneyeachyear.B.Ifnobodyaboveseventybuysinsuranceagainstdeath.C.Ifmostinsurancebuyerslivelongerthantheaveragelengthoflife.D.Ifmostinsurancebuyersliveshorterthantheaveragelengthoflife.5．常识项标准IfMrs.Abbydiesafterhehaspaidpremiumsforoneortwoyearsonly,theinsurancecompanywillloseheavily.Butifshelivestotheageofseventyorbeyond,theinsurancecompanywillmakeaprofit.√第21页

那些符合普通常识，意义深刻富有哲理，符合普通规律，属于普遍现象选项往往是正确答案。5．常识项标准告诉我们：第22页Example:文本中：A喜欢篮球，B喜欢足球，C喜欢乒乓选项中：

A喜欢乒乓B喜欢篮球C喜欢足球6.张冠李戴标准第23页Q:Accordingtothepassage,howcanthegovernmenthelpimprovelivesofretiredpeople?A.Setasidesomeprofitstohelppeoplewithproblemsaftertheyretire.B.Increasesavingslevelsofpeopleduringtheirworkingyears.C.Increasethediscountsforfoodandtransportfortheold.D.Makeavailablepensionsforthosewhohaveretired.6.张冠李戴标准Practice:第24页6.张冠李戴标准Example:First,employers

shouldtaketheresponsibilityfortheirretiredemployees.Tomakethispossible,apercentageofprofitsshouldbesetasideforthispurpose.Anotherwayofsolvingtheproblemistoreturntheresponsibility,totheindividual.Thismeanseachpersonmustsaveduringhisworkingyearstopayforhisyearsofretirement.Inaddition,thegovernmentcouldtakeresponsibilityforthecareoftheelderly.Thiscouldbefinancedthroughgovernmenttaxestoincreasethelevelofpensions.第25页6.张冠李戴标准一定要注意：题干主语与选项主语是否一致。选项中所表示观点和描述行为是否与该选项主语一致。告诉我们：第26页7.偷梁换柱标准干扰项用了与原文相同句型结构和大部分相同单词，却在不易引人注意地方换了几个词汇，造成句意改变。第27页Example:LOSANGELES—HearttroubleiskeepingElizabethTaylorhospitalizedinLosAngelesforsometime,butherpublicistsaysthe78-year-oldactressisOKandhasbeenvisitingwithfamilyandfriends.TaylorspokeswomanSallyMorrisonsaidinastatementTuesdaythatthetwo-timeOscarwinneriscomfortableatCedars-SinaiMedicalCenterand“therehasbeensteadyimprovementinhercondition”sinceshewasadmittedlastweek.Q：WhatcanweknowaboutElizabethTaylorfromthenews?A.Shehasbeensufferingfromheartillnessforsometime.B.Shewillgobackhomeinadayortwo.C.SheisfeelingquitewellatCedars-SinaiMedicalCenter.D.ShewillreceiveherOscarAwardinthehospital.7.偷梁换柱标准√第28页仔细琢磨选项中被换掉词所表示意思是否与原文相符。7.偷梁换柱标准告诉我们：第29页8.望文生义标准这一干扰方法普通用于对句子或词语含义考查，即利用某个词或句子字面意义代替当前定语境中详细意义。第30页Example:Universitytuitionfees(学费)arecurrentlycappedat￡3,000annually,butthiswillbereviewednextyearandtheGovernmentisunderenormouspressuretoraisetheceiling.Q：Thephrase“toraisetheprobablymeans“______”.A.toraisethestudentsloansB.toimprovetheschoolfacilitiesC.toincreasetheupperlimitofthetuitionD.tolifetheschoolbuildingroofs8.望文生义标准√第31页对句子或词语含义考查题目，切不可因为认识某个词而窃喜，尤其是词义猜测，万不能简单粗暴地用你所熟悉字面意思代替在语境中含义。8.望文生义标准告诉我们：第32页9.无中生有标准干扰项往往是生活基本常识和普遍接收观点，但在原文中并无相关信息支持点，这种选项设置往往与问题设问毫不相干。

另外，干扰项也可能就是与所阅读文章内容没有任何联络。第33页Example:Inthefirstcase,whenwedon’ttelltheclerk,acoupleofthingswouldhappen.Deepdowninsidewewouldknowourselvesasatypeofthief.Intheprocess,wewouldlosesomepeaceofmindandself-respect...Q：Theauthorthinksthatkeepingsilentabouttheunchargeditemisequalto_______.A.lying B.stealing

C.cheating

D.advertising9.无中生有标准√第34页Practice:...Lastweek,JangreleasedhernewalbumDreamofAsia.TheleadingtrackontheCDisOurDream,aduet(

二重奏；二重唱)dedicatedtotheBeijingOlympics.Q：Theunderlinedpart“dedicatedto”probablymeans________A.especiallyintendedforB.devotedtoC.showingherpersonalcharmtoD.makinggreatprogressin√第35页

不可用自己生活常识，经历或大家普遍接收观点去代替作者在文中陈说。9.无中生有标准告诉我们：第36页这种干扰法惯用于考查文章相关细节题目中，即选项中表示意思正误并存，或者干扰项所表示意思根本就没有错误，只是内容不完整、不全方面罢了，严格起来讲，后面这个情况在没有最正确答案项情况下能够被选作正确答案。10.鱼目混珠标准第37页Example：（高考真题29——PassageB）“Kim,”beganBillWilliams,“Iamverypleasedwiththequalityofyourwork.Ihavenothingbutpraiseforyourdevotionandyourhardwork.Myonlyconcernisthatyouarenotactiveenoughinputtingforwardyoursuggestions.AndIdon’tneedayes-man.”7.Fromthepassagewecanlearnthat______.A.KimhasbeeninvitedtotakechargeofthestaffmeetingsB.themanagerappreciatesthosewhojustdothathetellsthemtodoC.themanagerispleasedwithKim’shardworkandhissuggestionsD.Kimislikelytohaveahighersalaryifhecanpasstheassessment10.鱼目混珠标准第38页11.扩缩范围标准英语文章为了表示准确、严密，很注意对范围限定，有时经过加上almostall，nearly，more

than，normally，usually等词对文意加以限制，“扩缩范围”干扰法就是经过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息中范围、程度、色彩等改变，从而造成错误。第39页Moreandmorecompaniesareallowingtheirofficeworkerstowearcasualtowork.Intheearly1990s,manycompaniesallowedtheiremployeestowearcasualclothesonFriday.Thisbecameknownas“dress-downFriday”or“casualFriday”.“Whatstartedouta