课件讲义-阅读基础

2016阅读基础及长难句解主讲老师欢迎使的逐字稿，还请认真听课，并适当做笔记。任何疑问，请同考研阅读基础讲 OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewsprsduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderunderoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewsprs.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewsprreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewsprreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenfrantedthatthecriticsofmajorprswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeeBernardShawandErnest,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.―Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,‖ wrote,―htatIamtemptedtodefine‗journalism‘as‗atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare‘.‖Unfortunay,thesecriticsarevirtuallyfotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland‘sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabestseller.Hewasknightedin1967,themusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychancethatCardus‘scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistiteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2 ［A］artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-city ［B］English-language rsusedtocarrymorearts rsretainalargebodyof［B］Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobe［C］Writersarelikelytobetemptedinto［D］NotallwritersarecapableofjournalisticWhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwo［A］Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaders［B］Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenin［C］Hisstylecaterslargelytomodern［D］HiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurWhatwouldbethebesttitleforthe rsoftheGoodOld［B］TheLostHorizonin ［C］MournfulDeclineof［D］ProminentCriticsinThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.―ooray!Atlast!‖wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert‘sappointmentintheTimes,callshim―anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim‖.AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintFormypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetostogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto―amarkedlydifferent,morevibrant anization‖.Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestra‘srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica‘soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopestoattract.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert‘sappointment ［B］raised［C］receivedTommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwho Theauthorbelievesthatthedevoted ［A］ignoretheexpensesoflive［B］rejectmostkindsofrecorded［C］exaggeratethevarietyoflive［D］overestimatethevalueofliveAccordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistureof［A］Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsin［B］Theyareeasilyaccessibletoteral［C］Theyhelpimprovethequalityof［D］TheyhaveonlycoveredRegardingGilbert‘sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthor hewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn‘talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon‘tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.AturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirAsthesignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:Ican‘tthinkofasinglesearchI‘vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOs.‖Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven‘talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeago,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.―Thetraditionalrulewasit‘ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat‘sbeenfundamentallyinverted,‖saysoneheadhunter.―Thepeoplewho‘vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho‘vestayedtoolong.‖WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedas ［C］self-AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives‘quittingmaybespurred ［A］theirexpectationofbetterfinancial［B］theirneedtoreflectontheir ［C］theirstrainedrelationswith ［D］theirpursuitofnewcareer［C］topperformerscaremoreabout［D］it‘ssafertosticktothetraditionalWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthe［A］CEOs:Whereto［B］CEOs:AlltheWay［C］TopManagersJumpWithouta［D］TheOnlyWayOutforTopComeon－Everybody‘sngit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood－drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichanizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexamplesofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisrceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypublic-healthnsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.―Daretobedifferent,pleasedon‘tsmoke!‖pleadsonebillboardnaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagerswhodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonteraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit‘spresentedhereisthatitdoesn‘tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There‘snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits—aswellasnegativeones—spreadthroughnetworksof［A］asupplementtothesocial［B］astimulustogroup［C］anobstacletoschool［D］acauseofundesirableRosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocates ［A］recruitprofessional［C］stayawayfromcommercial［D］recognizethelimitationsofIntheauthor‘sview,Rosenberg‘sbookfails ［A］adequayprobesocialandbiological［B］effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocial［C］illustratethefunctionsofstate［C］producealong-lastingsocialParagraph5showsthatourimitationof ［A］isharmfultoournetworksof［B］willmisleadbehavioral［C］occurswithoutourrealizing［D］canproducenegativehealthTheauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressure Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescthecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersagatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossibly technology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity,theinteractionandbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual‘sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity‘scrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess. ,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedas pleteorincorrect.Littlerewardpaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertSzent-Györgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas―eseingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.‖Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandlingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility―happen‖stoadiscoveryclaim—aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.―Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother‘sreasoningandeachother‘sconceptionsofreason.‖Accordingto paragraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedby ［A］uncertaintyand［B］misconceptionand［C］logicalityand［ essandItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocess ［A］strict［B］shared［C］individual［D］persistentParagraph3showsthatadiscovery escredibleafter ［A］hasattractedtheattentionofteral35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthe［A］NoveltyasanEngineofScientific［B］CollectiveScrutinyinScientific［C］EvolutionofCredibilityinng［D］ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoIfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa‘sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericanernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica‘spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions‘thriving.,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica‘spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain‘sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.Atthestaeveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate‘sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers‘unionskeepaneyeonschools,theOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly―backoladed‖public-sectorpaydeals,keethepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers‘unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehas eclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardline［A］Teamstersstillhavealargebodyof［B］JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivil［C］unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sector ernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithWhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph［A］Public-sectorunionsareprudentintaking［B］Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunion［C］LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sector［D］Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheirItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4that einthestatesector TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthat ［A］oftenrunagainstthecurrentpolitical［B］canchangepeople‘spolitical［C］maybeabarriertopublic-sector［D］aredominantin JohnDonahue‘sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisone Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn‘taffecther.Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant‘ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn‘tbemoreoutofdateoratoddsThevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2,300-plusstoresaroundtheworld,itmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabor,orderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals.Overdressedisthefashionworld‘sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan‘sTheOmnivore’sDilemma.Mass-producedclothing,likefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durable,andwasteful,‖Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayear—about64itemsper —andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveaway,thisexcessleadsto ofOverdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumont,whosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes—andbeautifully.ButasClineisthetonote,ittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan‘tbeknockedThoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment—includingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionline—Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshopmoresustainablywhentheycan‘taffordnotto.Priestlycriticizesherassistantfor ［A］poorbargaining［C］obsessionwithhigh［D］lackofAccordingtoCline,mass-marketlabelsurgeconsumers ［A］combatunnecessary［B］shutoutthefeverishfashion［C］resisttheinfluenceof［D］shopfortheirgarmentsmore WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastAnoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted—thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonandsayonline,companiescanaim―behaivoural‖adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouralads?Orshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission?InDecember2010America‘sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)proposedaddinga―donottrack‖(DNT)optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobe ‘sInternetExplorerandApple‘sSafaribothofferDNT;‘sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandDigitalAdvertisingAlliance(DAA)agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespondingtoDNTrequests.OnMay31stsetofftherow.ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwithwindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.Advertisersarehorrified.Humannaturebeingwhatitis,mostpeoplestickwithdefaultsettings.FewswitchDNTonnow,butiftrackingisoffitwillstayoff.BobLiodice,thechiefexecutiveoftheAssociationofNationalAdvertisers,saysconsumerswillbeworseoffiftheindustrycannotcollectinformationabouttheirpreferences.Peoplewillnotgetfewerads,hesays.―The‘yllgetlessmeaningful,lessedads.‖Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.Unabletolwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwith‘sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.Alsouncleariswhyhasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.Ifitistryingtoupset,whichreliesalmostwhollyonadvertising,ithaschosenanindirectmethod:thereisnoguaranteethatDNTbydefaultwill ethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8—thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywith ‘son［A］online［ merce［C］digitalinformation［D］internetbrowserBobLiodiceholdsthatsettingDNTasadefault ［A］maycutthenumberofjunk［B］failstoaffectthead［C］willnotbenefit［D］goesagainsthumanWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph［A］DNTmaynotserveitsintended［B］Advertisersarewillingtoimplement［C］DNTislosingitspopularityamong［D］AdvertisersareobligedtoofferbehaviouralTheauthor‘sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisone Inordertochangelivesforthebetter‖andreducedependenc,‖GeeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe―pufrontworksearch‖scheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefitandthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable?Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker‘sallowance.―Thoesfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon,‖heclaimed.―e‘rengthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster.‖Help?Really？Onhearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,completewith―erforms‖toanobviouslyindulgentstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucial etofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob.ButinOsborneland,yourinstinctistofallintodependency–permanentdependencyifyoucangetit–supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase―ojbseeker‘sallowance‖—inventedin1996—isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasajobseeker‖whohadnomandatoryrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited―alolwance,‖conditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsurance,at£71.70aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousintheEU. eOsborne‘sschemewasintended motivatetheunemployedtoreportprovidetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstoguaranteejobseekers‘legitimaterighttoThephrase―otsignon‖(Line3,Para.2)mostprobably toregister lowancefrom toaccept ernment‘srestrictionsonthetocheckontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobtoattend ernmentaljob-trainingWhatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisAdesiretosecureabetterlifeforAneagernesstoprotecttheAnurgetobegeneroustothesiontoensurefairnessforAccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesone TowhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyAllaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession—withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmerica.Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrrs-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmj