英语100篇精读荟萃(中级篇)

PassageOne(ViolenceCanDoNothingtoDiminishRacePrejudice)Insomecountrieswhereracialprejudiceisacute,violencehassocometobetakenforgrantedasameansofsolvingdifferences,thatitisnotevenquestioned.Therearecountrieswherethewhitemanimposeshisrulebybruteforce;therearecountrieswheretheblackmanprotestsbysettingfiretocitiesandbylootingandpillaging.Importantpeopleonbothsides,whowouldinotherrespectsappeartobereasonablemen,getupandcalmlyargueinfavorofviolence-asifitwerealegitimatesolution,likeanyother.Whatisreallyfrightening,whatreallyfillsyouwithdespair,istherealizationthatwhenitcomestothecrunch,wehavemadenoactualprogressatall.Wemaywearcollarsandtiesinsteadofwar-paint,butourinstinctsremainbasicallyunchanged.Thewholeoftherecordedhistoryofthehumanrace,thattediousdocumentationofviolence,hastaughtusabsolutelynothing.Wehavestillnotleamtthatviolenceneversolvesaproblembutmakesitmoreacute.Thesheerhorror,thebloodshed,thesufferingmeannothing.Nosolutionevercomestolightthemorningafterwhenwedismallycontemplatethesmokingruinsandwonderwhathitus.Thetrulyreasonablemenwhoknowwherethesolutionsliearefindingitharderandherdertogetahearing.Theyaredespised,mistrustedandevenpersecutedbytheirownkindbecausetheyadvocatesuchapparentlyoutrageousthingsaslawenforcement.Ifhalftheenergythatgoesintoviolentactswereputtogooduse,ifoureffortsweredirectedatcleaninguptheslumsandghettos,atimprovingliving-standardsandprovidingeducationandemploymentforall,wewouldhavegonealongwaytoarrivingatasolution.Ourstrengthissappedbyhavingtomopupthemessthatviolenceleavesinitswake.Inawell-directedeffort,itwouldnotbeimpossibletofulfilltheidealsofastablesocialprogramme.Thebenefitsthatcanbederivedfromconstructivesolutionsareeverywhereapparentintheworldaroundus.Genuineandlastingsolutionsarealwayspossible,providingweworkwithintheframeworkofthelaw.Beforewecanevenbegintocontemplatepeacefulco-existencebetweentheraces,wemustappreciateeachother'sproblems.Andtodothis,wemustlearnaboutthem:itisasimpleexerciseincommunication,inexchanginginformation.Talk,talk,talk/theadvocatesofviolencesay,'allyoueverdoistalk,andwearenonethewiser.'It'sratherlikethestoryofthefamousbarristerwhopainstakinglyexplainedhiscasetothejudge.Afterlisteningtoalengthyargumentthejudgecomplainedthatafterallthistalk,hewasnonethewiser.'Possible,mylord,'thebarristerreplied,'nonethewiser,butsurelyfarbetterinformed/Knowledgeisthenecessaryprerequisitetowisdom:theknowledgethatviolencecreatestheevilsitpretendstosolve.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?AdvocatingViolence.ViolenceCanDoNothingtoDiminishRacePrejudice.ImportantPeopleonBothSidesSeeViolenceAsaLegitimateSolution.TheInstinctsofHumanRaceAreThirstyforViolence.Recordedhistoryhastaughtusviolenceneversolvesanything.nothing.thebloodshedmeansnothing.everything.Itcanbeinferredthattrulyreasonablemencan'tgetahearing.arelookeddownupon.arepersecuted.|D|Havedifficultyinadvocatinglawenforcement.“Hewasnonethewiser"meanshewasnotatallwiseinlistening.Hewasnotatallwiserthannothingbefore.|C|Hegainsnothingafterlistening.Hemakesnosenseoftheargument.Accordingtheauthorthebestwaytosolveraceprejudiceislawenforcement.knowledge.nonviolence.Moppinguptheviolentmess.Vocabularyacute严重的,剧烈的,敏锐的loot v.抢劫，掠夺:n.赃物pillage v.抢劫，掠夺crunch v.吱嘎吱嘎咬或嚼某物:n.碎裂声whenitcomestothecrunch=ifYwhenthedecisivemomentcomes，当关键【时亥リ来至即寸。war-paint 出战前涂于身上的颜料。（美印第安战士用）cometolight=becomeknown 显露，为人所知sap 剥削,使伤元气，破坏Iwassappedbymonthsofhospitaltreatment.我住院治疗几个月，大伤元气。mopup 擦去，对付，处理wake 船迹，航迹inthewakeofsth.=comeafter随某事之后到来。难句译注Whatisreallyfrightening,whatreallyfillsyouwithdespairistherealizationthatwhenitcomestothecrunch,wehavemadenoactualprogressatall.【结构简析】whenitcomestothecrunch=when/ifthedecisivemomentcomes.当关键时刻来到时。【参考译文】真正令人可怖的,令人绝望的是,在关键时刻,人们意识到我们一点儿也没有进步/前进。Ourstrengthissappedbyhavingtomopupthemessthatviolenceleavesinitswake.【结构简析】inthewakeof在...之后。【参考译文】由于我们不得不清理掉暴力之后所留下的烂摊子,我们的力量因此削弱「。3.Afterlisteningtoalengthyargumentthejudgecomplainedthatafterallthistalk,hewasnonethewiser.【结构简析】none+the+比较级。固定用法，义:notatall一点儿也不。EX:Afterthetreatment,heisnonethebetter.治疗后，他并没有因此见好，（・一点儿也不见好）。【参考译文】听了律师的长篇解释,法官抱怨说他ー无所获,并不因此变得聪明些。Knowledgeisthenecessaryprerequisitetowisdom.【参考译文】知识是智慧的必要的先决条件。结合上下文这里意思是:了解情况是解决问题的先决条件。句子后面的解释:知识是指」‘解它欲以解决暴力制造的恶行。写作方法与文章大意作者主要以对比的手法写出了暴力是有些国家用以解决种族差异的公认方法,这是人本性没有进步的表现,真正理智的人提出「法制オ是解决问题的唯・途径,而这些人遭人轻视、迫害。作者指出如果我们把使用暴力的・半精力放在消除贫民窟,改善生活水平,提供教育和就业,淸除暴力造成的后果，也就是通过对它以法治理是能真正解决种族问题的。尽管这些暴力者采取充耳不闻的态度。发案详解B暴力难以消除种族偏见。文章开始就提出有些国家种族偏见严重,而暴力却是公认的ー种解决方法。白人采用暴力镇压,黑人以防火、掠抢为反抗。而双方的大人物平静地论及暴力,似乎这是一种合法的解决方案。作者就此指出人类的进歩只在于表面ーー衣饰等,人类的本能没有改变。整个有记录历史的文件没有教会人类任何东西。这是真正令人可怕的事件。第二段论及真正有理智的懂得解决方案所在的人鼓吹法制,人们不停。他们反而收到轻视、迫害。作者就此提出假设，答出真正的解决方案嗜法制,以法治理。第三段进ー步说明“交流、对话・"是了解双方问题的前提,即使暴力者不同意，但知道暴力制造它假装耍解决的罪恶,是智慧聪明的必要前提。A.鼓吹暴力。C.双方币:耍人物都把暴力作为合法的解决方案。D.人类的本性是嗜暴性。B没有什么。第一段中就明确提出整个人类有记录历史又长又臭的暴力文件记录，一点都没有教给我们任何东西。A.暴力解决不了任何事情。C.杀戮（流血）没有任何意义。D.一切。D在鼓吹法制方面有困难。答案在第二段,真正有理智的人鼓吹法制,遭到同类们的轻视、不信任和迫害。他们发现要人倾听他们的意见越来越困难。A.人们不听。B.遭人轻视。C.遭人迫害。这三项都包含在D项内。C听后无所得。Nonethewiser一点也不比以前聪明（这是按字面翻译）。实际就是C项。A.在倾听别人ト.他ー点也不聪明。B.他和以前・个样。D.他听不懂论点。A法制。第二段最后・句，如果我们在法律的构架屮进行工作，真正的持久的解决总是能实现的。第二段第二句，他们遭到迫害是因为他们鼓吹法制这种显然令人不能容忍的事〇B.丸识。C.非暴力。D.处理暴力带来的混乱。PassageTwo(TheTouristTradeContributesAbsolutelyNothingto

IncreasingUnderstandingbetweenNations)Thetouristtradeisbooming.Withallthiscomingandgoing,you'dexpectgreaterunderstandingtodevelopbetweenthenationsoftheworld.Notabitofit!Superbsystemsofcommunicationbyair,seaandlandmakeitpossibleforustovisiteachother'scountriesatamoderatecost.Whatwasoncethe'grandtour',reservedforonlytheveryrich,isnowwithineverybody'sgrasp?Thepackagetourandcharteredflightsarenottobesneeredat.Moderntravelersenjoyalevelofcomfortwhichthelordsandladiesongrandtoursintheolddayscouldn'thavedreamedof.Butwhat'sthesenseofthismassexchangeofpopulationsifthenationsoftheworldremainbasicallyignorantofeachother?Manytouristorganizationsaredirectlyresponsibleforthisstateofaffairs.Theydeliberatelysetouttoprotecttheirclientsfromtoomuchcontactwiththelocalpopulation.Themoderntouristleadsacosseted,shelteredlife.Helivesatinternationalhotels,whereheeatshisinternationalfoodandsipshisinternationaldrinkwhilehegazesatthenativesfromadistance.Conductedtourstoplacesofinterestarecarefullycensored.Thetouristisallowedtoseeonlywhattheorganizerswanthimtoseeandnomore.Astrictschedulemakesitimpossibleforthetouristtowanderoffonhisown;andanyway,languageisalwaysabarrier,soheisonlytoohappytobeprotectedinthisway.Atitsveryworst,thisleadstoanewandhideouskindofcolonization.Thesummerquartersoftheinhabitantsoftheciteuniversitaire:aretemporarilyreestablishedontheislandofCorfu.BlackpoolisrecreatedatTorremolinoswherethetravelergoesnottoeatpaella,butfishandchips.Thesadthingaboutthissituationisthatitleadstothepersistenceofnationalstereotypes.Wedon'tseethepeopleofothernationsastheyreallyare,butaswehavebeenbroughtuptobelievetheyare.Youcantestthisforyourself.rFakefivenationalities,say,French,German,English,AmericanandItalian.Nowinyourmind,matchthemwiththesefiveadjectives:musical,amorous,cold,pedantic,native.Farfromprovidinguswithanyinsightintothenationalcharacteristicsofthepeoplesjustmentioned,theseadjectivesactuallyactasbarriers.Sowhenyousetoutonyourtravels,theonlycharacteristicsyounoticearethosewhichconfirmyourpreconceptions.Youcomeawaywiththehighlyunoriginalandinaccurateimpressionthat,say,*Anglo-Saxonsarehypocrites*ofthat'Latinpeoplesshoutalot'.Youonlyhavetomakeafewforeignfriendstounderstandhowabsurdandharmfulnationalstereotypesare.Buthowcanyoumakeforeignfriendswhenthetouristtradedoesitsbesttopreventyou?Carriedtoanextreme,stereotypescanbepositivelydangerous.Wildgeneralizationsstirupracialhatredandblindustothebasicfact—howtriteitsounds!-Thatallpeoplearehuman.Weareallsimilartoeachotherandatthesametimeallunique.localsight-seeingisinvestigatedbythetouristorganization.peopleenjoythefirst-ratecomforts.[DIeverybodycanenjoythe"grandtour\Vocabulary1.superb卓.越的,杰出的,第一流的2.moderate中庸的,中等的,适度的3.grandtour业必经阶段。大旅行,指旧时英国富家子弟教育中，到欧洲大陆观光的旅行，为学4.packagetourholidayo由旅行社代办而费用与路线、日程固定的假日旅游。也可用package5.charteredflight包机航班6setouttodosth.=beginajobwithaparticularaim 开始做某事,决心/打算做 7.cosset宠爱,溺爱,纵容8.conductedtour=guidedtour 有人指导ノ引到下的参观,有导游的旅游9.censor检查10.wanderoff离开原处/正道，离群,漫步,漫游11.quarters住处,营12.paella西班牙什锦饭13.chip炸马铃薯条（土豆条）14.amorous多情的，色情的15.pedantic学究式的，卖弄学问的16.generalization归纳,概括17.stirup惹起,煽动，挑起18.trite陈腐的,老・套的难句译注LWhatwasoncethe4grandtour\reservedforonlytheveryrich,isnowwithineverybody'sgrasp.【结构简析】withinsb「sgrasp.某人理解ノ了解,为某人所能抓到的。【参考译文】一度只有最富有者专享的“大旅行”现在人人都可获得。Thepackagetourandcharteredflightsarenottobesneeredat.【参考译文】旅行社包办的旅游,包机航班决不会遭人耻笑。Theydeliberatelysetouttoprotecttheirclientsfromtoomuchcontactwiththelocalpopulation.【参考译文】旅行社有意使他们的谷底和当地居民少接触。Themoderntouristheadsacossetedshelteredlife.【参考译文】现代旅行者过的使爱护有加与世隔绝的生活。Conductedtourstoplacesofinterestarecarefullycensored.【参考译文】有人指导下参观一些静电收到组织者ーー旅行社仔细的检查核准。Astrictschedulemakesitimpossibleforthetouristtowanderoffonhisown;andanyway,languageisalwaysbarrier,soheisonlytoohappytobeprotectedinthisway.【结构简析】onlytoo+形容词ノ分局=very非常。【参考译文】严格致密的计划值得旅行者不可能自己一个人到处闲逛;再说,至少语言总是个障碍,所以他对这样保护非常高兴。Atitsveryworst,thisleadstoanewandhideouskindofcolonization.【结构简析】atone'sworst在情况最坏的时候。【参考译文】最糟的时候,这种保护会导致形成•种新型而又可怕的殖民现象。Carriedtoanextreme,stereotypescanbepositivelydangerous.【结构简析】carriedtoanextreme（toanexcess）如果做得过分。【参考译文】如果走向极端,模式化的想法会非常危险。Wildgeneralizationsstirupracialhatredandblindustothebasicfact.【参考译文】野蛮（乱七八糟）的概括/归纳会激起种族仇恨,使我们对这基本事实视而不见。写作方法与文章大意文章主要采用因果写法。虽然旅游亚发展,人们可享受以前只有最富有者享受的大旅游,但由于旅行社种种限制/呵护及其它,使旅游者难以和当地居民接触。陈旧的固定的想ーー对民族的模式化想法,只有通过接触才能接触模式。而旅行社的种种都使人相互难以理解。答案详解A旅游对增进民族了解毫无建树。第二段开始点出,许多旅游组织直接负责旅游事宜,他们有意识不让旅游者接触当地居民,让他们过着・种关怀备至乂与此隔绝的生活。住的是国际饭店，吃的是国际食品，喝的是国际饮料，在原处观看当地居民。严格有序的计划使旅游者难以自己•人闲逛,语皆的障碍,乂使他们乐意接受保护。第三段涉及坚持民族模式化ーー老•套的想法,所以・开始旅游,你见到的民族特性就只是证实了你自己设想的基本事实ーー所有人民都是人类。只有交朋友才能知道民族模式是多么荒谬、有害，可是旅行社竭力制止,你又怎么能交上外国朋友呢?这・切说明A项对。B.旅游很累。C.导游观光很单调乏味。D.旅游确实对国家有贡献。C批评。B吵吵闹闹的。B旅游的方式应改变。整篇文章（除第一段外）都环绕旅游方式不理想来进行批评。第二段集中在导游观光使旅游者难以和巧地人民接触。第三段,见到的只是证实了旅游者本人事先形成的思想/先入之见,旅游根本达不到了解对方的目的。第四段讲「民族固定模式（先入之见的模式）的可怕后果。要使人懂得所有的人们都是人类，彼此相似,又各具特点，就得改变旅游的方式。A.导游观光令人失望。C.旅游时，你见到的特性证实了你的先入之见。D.民族模式应当改变。这三条都是批评的具体内容。D人人都能享受大旅游。大旅行是专指英国富家子弟上学屮的一门课程一到欧洲大陆观光。不是人人都能享受。这里用grandtour表示人人都能享受类似grandtour的・切,甚至超过,如第一段指出:现代旅游者享受的舒适设施，达到了大旅行中老爷、小姐们做梦都没有想到的水平。海陆空高级交流联络通讯系统，使人们有可能钱花得不多就能访问、观光别的国家。所以说,曾是有钱人专享的大旅行，普通人也能领略。“grandtour”有引号，表明作为比喻。A.费用不高。文内是费用合适、中等、恰当。B.当地观光受组织审查。C.人们喜欢一流舒适设施。PassageThree（PopStarsEarnMuch）PopstarstodayenjoyastyleoflivingwhichwasoncetheprerogativeonlyofRoyalty.Wherevertheygo,peopleturnoutintheirthousandstogreetthem.Thecrowdsgowildtryingtocatchabriefglimpseoftheirsmiling,colorfullydressedidols.ThestarsaretransportedintheirchauffeurdrivenRolls-Royces,privatehelicoptersorexecutiveaeroplanes.Theyaresurroundedbyapermanententourageofmanagers,pressagentsandbodyguards.Photographsofthemappearregularlyinthepressandalltheircomingsandgoingsarereported,for,likeRoyalty,popstarsarenews.IftheyenjoymanyoftheprivilegesofRoyalty,theycertainlysharemanyoftheinconveniencesaswell.Itisdangerousforthemtomakeunscheduledappearancesinpublic.Theymustbeconstantlyshieldedfromtheadoringcrowdswhichidolizethem.Theyarenolongerprivateindividuals,butpublicproperty.Thefinancialrewardstheyreceiveforthissacrificecannotbecalculated,fortheirratesofpayareastronomical.Andwhynot?Societyhasalwaysrewardeditstopentertainerslavishly.ThegreatdaysofHollywoodhavebecomelegendary:famousstarsenjoyedfame,wealthandadulationonanunprecedentedscale.Bytoday'sstandards,theexcessesofHollywooddonotseemquitesospectacular.Asinglegramophonerecordnowadaysmayearnmuchmoreinroyaltiesthanthefilmsofthepasteverdid.Thecompetitionforthetitle"TopofthePops'isfierce,buttherewardsaretrulycolossal.Itisonlyrightthatthestarsshouldbepaidinthisway.Don'tthetopmeninindustryearnenormoussalariesfortheservicestheyperformtotheircompaniesandtheircountries?Popstarsearnvastsumsinforeigncurrency-oftenmorethanlargeindustrialconcerns-andthetaxmancanonlybegratefulfrotheirmassiveannualcontributionstotheexchequer.Sowhowouldbegrudgethemtheirrewards?It'sallverywellforpeopleinhumdrumjobstomoanaboutthesuccessesandrewardsofothers.Peoplewhomakeenviousremarksshouldrememberthatthemostfamousstarsrepresentonlythetipoftheiceberg.Foreveryfamousstar,therearehundredsofothersstrugglingtoearnaliving.Amanworkinginasteadyjobandlookingforwardtoapensionattheendofithasnorighttoexpectveryhighrewards.Hehaschosensecurityandpeaceofmind,sotherewillalwaysbealimittowhathecanearn.Butamanwhoattemptstobecomeastaristakingenormousrisks.Heknowsattheoutsetthatonlyahandfulofcompetitorsevergettotheverytop.HeknowsthatyearsofconcentratedefFortmayberewardedwithcompletefailure.Butheknows,too,thattherewardsforsuccessareveryhighindeed:theyaretherecompenseforthehugerisksinvolvedandifheachievesthem,hehascertainlyearnedthem.That'stheessenceofprivateenterprise.ThesentencePopstars'styleoflivingwasoncetheprerogativeonlyofRoyaltymeanstheirlifewasasluxuriousasthatofroyalty.Theyenjoywhatonceonlybelongedtotheroyalty.Theyareratherrich.[DITheirwayoflivingwasthesameasthatoftheroyalty.Whatistheauthor\attitudetowardtopstars'highincome?[AlApproval.Disapproval.Ironical.Critical.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethereexistsfiercecompetitioninclimbingtothetop.Peopleareblindinidolizingstars.SuccessfulPopstarsgivegreatentertainment.Thetaxtheyhavepaidaregreat.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?Successfulmanshouldgethigh-incomerepayment.Popstarsmadegreatcontributiontoacountry.Popstarscanenjoythelifeofroyalty.Successfulmenrepresentthetipoftheiceberg.Whichparagraphcoversthemainidea?Thefirst.Thesecond.Thethird.Thefourth.Vocabulary1.prerogative权カ,（尤指）特权2.chauffeur受雇开车人,（尤指富人、要人的）司机3.entourage随行人员,伴随者,近侍;建筑物周围4.astronomical庞大的，天文的5.adulation奉承6.gramophone灌音7.colossal巨大的8.exchequer国库，财源ExchequerBond国库债券9.begrudge感到不快/不满,忌妒10.humdrum平淡的，单调的11.moan呻吟声moanabout发牢骚难句译注theprerogativeofRoyalty或theroyalprerogative皇家的特权（再英国指国王名义上享有不经议会认可而采取行动的权カ）。Peopleturnoutintheirthousandstogreetthem.【结构简析】turnout露面、集合、出席。EX:Avastcrowdturnedouttowatchthematch.大批观众到场观看比赛。【参考译文】成千上万的人们出来欢迎他们。ThegreatdaysofHollywoodhavebecomelegendry.【参考译文】好莱坞鼎盛时期成了神话。Bytoday'sstandards,theexcessesofHollywooddonotseemquitesospectacular.【参考译文】按今天的标准来看,好莱妈的奢华（过分的行为）似乎并不那么引人注目。Asinglegramophonerecordnowadaysmayearnmuchmoreinroyaltiesthanthefilmsofthepasteverdid.【参考译文】今天单张录音唱片挣的版税要比过去ー步电影还要多得多。写作方法与文章大意作者以对比、因果写作手法,写出歌星享受者贵族般生活方式,出口受千万人群欢迎,出入高级车、机，身后保镖、经纪人、新闻记者，来去都有报道，这・切是社会对高级演员的慷慨赠予。公司的高级人员享受高薪,歌星也应享受。再则顶尖歌星冒有很大风险。答案详解B他们享:受一度只属于贵族享用的一切。第一段集中谈了这些:他们走到哪里,成千上万人们出来欢迎,却中发疯地要看一眼穿着花哨的偶像的笑容。这些歌星坐着司机开动的Rolls-Royces汽车、私人直升セ机，高级长官飞机到处走,永远围着批经纪人、报界记者和保镖随从人员。他们的照片定期登在报刊上,因为歌星象贵族ー样是新闻人物。A.他们的生活和贵族样奢侈。C.他们很富。D.他们的生活方式和贵族生活方式•个样。A赞成。在第一段最后一句:“他们为他们的牺牲所获取的报酬难以计算，支付率惊人。”第二段ー开始就点明“为什么不惊人?社会对高级表演者总是慷慨解囊。好莱坞的鼎盛时期名扬天下，著名歌星先手空前绝后的名、利、奉承。”第三段更明确指出：应该这样支付星族,这完全正确。企、ル中的顶尖人物因为他们为公司和国家所作的一切不也挣得高额エ资?税务员应感谢他们每年为国库做出了巨大的贡献。所以谁会忌妒他们的报酬呢?最后・段进一步说明：欲成为星族的人冒着很大的风险，谁都知道只有・小撮人能成为顶尖人物，也可能多年的努力以彻底失败而告终，而成功的报酬确实很高，这是对他们冒险的补偿。这些内容都说明作者赞成巨额报酬。A.不同意。C.讽刺的。D.批评的。A在攀登顶峰中存在着激烈的竞争。这在第三段最后•句明确指出：获取顶尖的流行歌星的称号竞争激烈，但其报酬确实惊人。最后一段的风险说。还有最后•段第二句：说忌妒话的人应记住:最有名的星族代表的只是冰山之巅ーー人极少。每个成名的歌星身后就有成千上百个其他歌者为生存而奋斗。这都说明“竞争激烈”。B.人们!'TH崇拜偶像歌星。C.成功的流行歌星演出给人极大的享受。D.他们支付的税收巨大。D成功者只是冰山的顶尖ーー少极了。A.成功的人应当获得高收入。B.流行歌星对国家做出巨大贡献。C.流行歌星能享受贵族生活。D第四段。主旨句是倒数第一、二句，成功的报酬确实很高，这是对其高度风险的还报补偿，如果他成功了，他肯定挣得多。那就是私人事业的根本/本质。A.第一段。这段之对比了贵族和歌星的生活方式。B.第二段。这段讲了挣得多，但竞争激烈。C.第三段。歌星和企业顶尖人物対比。PassageFour(ExaminationsExertaPerniciousInfluenceonEducation)Wemightmarvelattheprogressmadeineveryfieldofstudy,butthemethodsoftestingaperson'sknowledgeandabilityremainasprimitiveasevertheywere.Itreallyisextraordinarythatafteralltheseyears,educationistshavestillfailedtodeviceanythingmoreefficientandreliablethanexaminations.Forallthepiousclaimthatexaminationstextwhatyouknow,itiscommonknowledgethattheymoreoftendotheexactopposite.Theymaybeagoodmeansoftestingmemory,ortheknackofworkingrapidlyunderextremepressure,buttheycantellyounothingaboutaperson'strueabilityandaptitude.Asanxiety-makers,examinationsaresecondtonone.Thatisbecausesomuchdependsonthem.Theyarethemarkofsuccessoffailureinoursociety.Yourwholefuturemaybedecidedinonefatefulday.Itdoesn'tmatterthatyouweren'tfeelingverywell,orthatyourmotherdied.Littlethingslikethatdon'tcount:theexamgoeson.Noonecangiveofhisbestwhenheisinmortalterror,orafterasleeplessnight,yetthisispreciselywhattheexaminationsystemexpectshimtodo.Themomentachildbeginsschool,heentersaworldofviciouscompetitionwheresuccessandfailureareclearlydefinedandmeasured.Canwewonderattheincreasingnumberof'drop-outs':youngpeoplewhoarewrittenoffasutterfailuresbeforetheyhaveevenembarkedonacareer?Canwebesurprisedatthesuiciderateamongstudents?Agoodeducationshould,amongotherthings,trainyoutothinkforyourself.Theexaminationsystemdoesanythingbutthat.Whathastobelearntisrigidlylaiddownbyasyllabus,sothestudentisencouragedtomemorize.Examinationsdonotmotivateastudenttoreadwidely,buttorestricthisreading;theydonotenablehimtoseekmoreandmoreknowledge,butinducecramming.Theylowerthestandardsofteaching,fortheydeprivetheteacherofallfreedoms.Teachersthemselvesareoftenjudgedbyexaminationresultsandinsteadofteachingtheirsubjects,theyarereducedtotrainingtheirstudentsinexamtechniqueswhichtheydespise.Themostsuccessfulcandidatesarenotalwaysthebesteducated;theyarethebesttrainedinthetechniqueofworkingunderduress.Theresultsonwhichsomuchdependsareoftennothingmorethanasubjectiveassessmentbysomeanonymousexaminer.Examinersareonlyhuman.Theygettiredandhungry;theymakemistakes.Yettheyhavetomarkstacksofhastilyscrawledscriptsinalimitedamountoftime.Theyworkunderthesamesortofpressureasthecandidates.Andtheirwordcarriesweight.Afterajudge'sdecisionyouhavetherightofappeal,butnotafteranexaminer's.Theremustsurelybemanysimplerandmoreeffectivewaysofassessingaperson'strueabilities.Isitcynicaltosuggestthatexaminationsaremerelyaprofitablebusinessfortheinstitutionsthatrunthem?Thisiswhatitboilsdowntointhelastanalysis.Thebestcommentonthesystemisthisilliteratemessagerecentlyscrawledonawall:1wereateenagedrop-outandnowIareateenagemillionaire.,Themainideaofthispassageisexaminationsexertaperniciousinfluenceoneducation.examinationsareineffective.examinationsareprofitableforinstitutions.examinationsareaburdenonstudents.Theauthor'sattitudetowardexaminationsis[A]detest.approval.critical.indifferent.Thefateofstudentsisdecidedbyeducation.institutions.examinations.studentsthemselves.Accordingtotheauthor,themostimportantofagoodeducationistoencouragestudentstoreadwidely.totrainstudentstothinkontheirown.toteachstudentshowtotackleexams.tomasterhisfate.Whydoestheauthormentioncourt?|A]Giveanexample.Forcomparison.Itshowsthatteachers'evolutionsdependontheresultsofexaminations.|D|Itshowstheresultsofcourtismoreeffectise.Vocabulary1.pernicious有害的,恶性的,破坏性的2.knack窍门，诀窍3.embark乘船，登记4.writeoff勾销，注销。确认某食物已损失或无效5.syllabus薮学大纲6.cram塞入，把某物塞进，突击式学习（尤指应考），以注入方式教人7.duress威胁,逼迫8.stack堆,垛9.scrawl写/画（的内容不エ整，不仔细）潦草的笔迹,七扭ハ歪的字10.script讲稿,剧本,脚本，笔试答卷11.cynical愤世嫉俗的,自私得为人不齿的12.boildown熬浓，浓缩，归纳难句译注Forallthepiousclaimthatexaminationstestwhatyouknow,itiscommonknowledgethattheymoreoftendotheexactopposite.【参考译文】尽管所有那些虔诚的说法说考试能测定你所知道的东西,但其结果常常是适得其反,这是众所周之的常识。Asanxiety-makers,examinationsaresecondtonone.【结构简析】secondtonone固定搭配,义:不亚于任何人或事物。【参考译文】（测）考试作为忧虑的制造者,真是出类拔萃。inducecramming诱人采用突击隹学习方式。Cram尽力塞入,应试突击学习。EX:cramforachemistrytest.为应付化学考试而临时抱佛脚。Crampupils以填鸭式教学生。Yetyouhavetomarkstacksofhastilyscrawledscriptsinalimitedamountoftime.【参考译文】他们不得不在限定的时间内,给•大堆匆忙涂写而成的笔试答卷批分。Andtheirwordcarriesweight.【参考译文】可他们的话ノ文字（这里指分数）有份量（有影响）。Thisiswhatitboilsdowntointhelastanalysis.【参考译文】这就是最终分析所归纳的一切。写作方法与文章大意这是ー篇类似分类写作的文章。罗列了考试种种恶果。作者首先指出考试难以测定人的真正能力和水平,反而是适得其反。二是考试是忧虑的制造者,因为它决定了人的成败命运。三是考试促使学校进行应试技巧教育，否定了教会人独立思考、扩大视野。四是教师或者说测试人又累又饿，犯错误,还得在限定时间披阅成堆的试卷，他们的压カ和考试者ー样很大，而他们的话ーー分数有份量,审判官的裁决，你有权上诉,而他们的裁决ーー・笔定终身。最后引用“辍学者成为百万富翁”来点明测试这种形式对教育的坏影响。答案详解A考试对教育具有有害的影响。文章第一段就点明:考试是测试记忆的好方法,是测试在巨大压カ下快速工作的技巧的好方法，却测不出ー个人的真正能力和水平。第三段集屮指出:考试不是促进学生广泛阅读,反而限制其阅读;考试不能使学生追求更多的知识,而是诱导学生进行应付考试的突击式学习。他们降低了教学水平，因为他们剥夺广老师的・切自由。常常以考试结果而不是所教课程来评定老师,是他们不得不以他们所轻视的考试技巧来培训学生。第二段和第四段也涉及其后果。B.考试无效。这是考试后果的ー个方面。C.考试对教育机构有利。这也是ー个方面。D.考试对学生是•种负担。C批评的。第一段屮作者明确指出,考试方法依I日，不能测出人的能力和水平。第二段点名,这种无用的考试决定人生的成败。第三段说考试最成功的考试者经常不是最佳的受教育者，他们是在胁迫下最佳获得考试技巧者,而好的教育应能培养人的独立思考。第四段涉及阅卷者乂累乂饿,常犯错误，不得不在限定时间披阅一大堆匆忙中七扭ハ歪写出的卷子。最后一句“我过去是ー个是来岁的辍学者,现在我是一个年轻的百万富翁”画龙点睛地指出,考试指挥下的教育的失败。这一切都说明作者对考试的批评态度。A.嫌恶，厌恶。此答案从意义上说是对的。但语法不通,因为这是个东西,而is后要求是名词或形容诃。B.赞成。D.漠不关心的。C考试。答案在第二段，考试是最终忧虑制造者，那是因为许多事情取决于考试：它们是我们社会中成功或失败的标志。你的未来可能全取决于•这决定性的一天。A.教育。B.教育机构。D.学生自己。B培养学生进行独立思考。第三段第一句话点明:好的教育应该是培养学生自己独立思考A.蕨励学生广泛阅读。教学生如何应考。C.教学生如何应考。D.掌握自己命运。B作对比,答案在最后•段倒数第二句’‘审判官裁决后，你有权カI:诉,而披阅考卷人给分后，学生可没有上诉权”后面又谈及’'--想到考试只对进行考试的机构有礼,未免太自私了。这酒是最终分析归纳的东西。”所以作者呼吁，可定还有许多更简便，更有效的评估人真止能力的方法。A.给出ー个例子。C.表示老师是由考试结果评定好坏。这是第三段讲的不分内容，教师他们自己常由考试结果而不是所教课程优劣来评定。所以他们不得不对学生进行应试技巧教育,降低教学水平。D.表明审判官裁决更有效。PassageFive（KillingintheNameofGodUgandanDeaths

SpotlightRiseofCults）Howcouldfaithbegetsuchevil?AfterhundredsofmembersofaUgandancult,theMovementfortheRestorationoftheTenCommandmentsofGod,diedinwhatfirstappearedtobeasuicidalfireinthevillageofKanungutwoweeksage,policefound153bodiesburiedinacompoundusedbythecultinBuhunga,25milesaway.Wheninvestigatorssearchedthehouseofacultleaderinyetanothervillage,theydiscovered155bodies,manyburiedundertheconcretefloorofthehouse.Thenscoresmoreweredugupatacultmember'shome.Somehadbeenpoisoned;others,often-youngchildren,strangled.Byweek'send,Ugandanpolicehadcounted924victims-includingatleast530whoburnedtodeathinsidethesealedchurch-exceedingthe1978JonestownmasssuicideandkillingsbyfollowersofAmericancultleaderJimJonesthatclaimed913lives.Authoritiesbelievetwoofthecult'sleaders,JosephKibwetere,a68-year-oldformerRomanCatholiccatechismteacherwhostartedthecultin1987,andhis"prophetess,“CredoniaMwerinde,bysomeaccountsaformerprostitutewhoclaimedtospeakfortheVirginMary,maystillbealiveandontherun.ThepairhadpredictedtheworldwouldendonDec.31,1999.Whenthatdidn'thappen,followerswhodemandedthereturnoftheirpossessions,whichtheyhadtosurrenderonjoiningthecult,mayhavebeensystematicallykilled.TheUgandancarnagefocusesattentionontheproliferationofreligiouscultsinEastAfrica'simpoverishedruralareasandcityslums.AccordingtotheinstituteforthestudyofAmericanreligion,whichresearchescultsandsects,therearenowmorethan5,000indigenouschurchesinAfrica,somewithapocalypticorrevolutionaryleanings.OnesuchgroupistheJerusalemChurchofChristinNairobi'sKawangwaraslums,ledbyMarySnaida-Akatsa,or“mommy"assheisknowntoherthousandsoffollowers.Sheprophesiesabouttheendoftheworldandaccusessomemembersofbeingwitches.Onedaythebroughta"specialvisitor"tochurch,anIndianSikhmansheclaimedwasJesus,andtoldherfollowersto"repentorpaytheconsequences."MostexpertssayAfrica'shardshipspushpeopletoseekhopeinreligiouscults."Thesegroupsthrivebecauseofpoverty,"saysCharlesOnyangoObbo,editoroftheMonitor,anindependentnewspaperinUganda,andacloseobserverofcults."Peoplehavenosupport,andthey'resusceptibletoanyonewhoisabletotapintotheirinsecurity."Additionally,theysay,AIDS,whichhasravagedEastAfrica,mayalsobreedafatalismthathelpsapocalypticnotionstakeroot.SomeAfricansturntocultsafterrejectingmainstreamChristianchurchesas"Western"or"non-African."AgnesMasitsa,30,whousedtoattendaCatholicchurchbeforeshejoinedtheJerusalemChurchofChrist,saysofCatholicism:"It'sdull."Catholicicons.Yet,theUgandandoomsdaycult,likemanyofthesects,drewonfeaturesofRomanCatholicism,astrongforceintheregion.Catholiciconswereprominentinitsbuildings,andsomeofitsleadersweredefrockedpriests,suchasDominicKataribabo,32,whoreportedlystudiedtheologyintheLosAngelesareainthemid-1980s.Hehadtoldneighborshewasdiggingapitinhishousetoinstallarefrigerator;policehavenowrecovered81bodiesfromunderthefloorand74fromafieldnearby.PoliceareunsurewhetherKataribabodiedinthechurchfire.Still,thereisthequestion:Howcouldsomanykillingshavebeencarriedoutwithoutdrawingatt