考研考博-英语-山东工商学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东工商学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Inaworldfoodsystemthattheyhavedescribedinthebook,food（）transportedatreasonablecostandproducedanywhereintheworldisactuallyorpotentiallyavailabletoanypersonwiththemeanstopurchaseit.

问题1选项

A.canbe

B.tobe

C.thatcanbe

D.being

【答案】C

【解析】语法题。根据题意，句子的主语是food，谓语动词是is，所以空格部分应该填入非谓语动词或从句。选项A可排除。动词不定式表将来，-ing分词表现在进行。空格中填入的动词形式体现一般现在时态即可。所以that引导定语从句，从句构成被动语态。选项C符合题意。

2.写作题

Forthispartyouarerequiredtowriteacompositionofnolessthan150wordsaccordingtothefollowingtopic.PleasewriteyourcompositionclearlyontheAnswerSheetprovided.

TOPIC:

InChinathereisagroupofgirlscalled"leftovergirls,"generallyreferringtothosegirlswhoarewellbeyondthenormalmarriageagebutstillremainsingle,andwhoalsousuallyhaveahighersalary,andadvancedacademicdegree.Inreality,itisnotthattheycannotfindapartnerfrommany.Therearevariousreasons.Pleaseanalyzethissocialphenomenonfromyourownpointofview.Pleaseuseenoughsupporttoillustrateyourposition.

【答案】MyViewon“LeftoverGirls”3.问答题

Normal

0

7.8磅

0

2

false

false

false

EN-US

ZH-CN

X-NONE

Insomequarters(A)qualitativeeasingisstillataintedterm,

associated(B)bothwithmercantilism,asaweaponinacurrencywar,or

(C)monetaryadventurism.Butthestigmaisfading.Indeedsomecentral

banksnowsaytheyaredoingQEevenwhen(D)theydon't.TheBankof

Korea,forexample,(E)hasresolvedtobuyunlimitedamountsofbondsfromfinancialinstitutionsthatpromiseto(F)repurchasethem

afterthreepurchases.FeweconomistswoulddescribethemasQE.Butfarfrom(H)resist

theterm,（）.(I)Everin

thefieldofcentralbankinghavesomanyworriedsolittleaboutbuyingso

much.

【答案】1.A，改成quantativeeasing。

2.B，改成eitherwith。

3.D，改成theyaren’t。

4.H，改成resisting。

5.I，改成Neverinthefieldof。

【解析】1.句意：在某些领域，QE仍是一个有污点的术语…。此段讲的是“量化宽松(QE)”,其全程应为quantativeeasing。

2.句意：要么与重商主义（作为货币战争中的武器）有联系，要么与货币冒险主义有联系。根据后面的连词or可知，B处应该是“eitherwith”，“either…or…”表示“要么…要么…”。

3.句意：一些央行现在确实表示自己正在实施量化宽松政策，尽管他们并没有这么做。这里用了省略，实际上应该是“whentheyarenotdoingQE”。

4.句意：但韩国银行并没有抵制这一术语…。Farfrom在此表示“远飞，绝不，并没有”，后面应该接doingsth.。

5.句意：在中央银行领域，从来没有这么多人对购买这么多债券如此不担心。根据句意可知，这里表示否定，所以应该是否定词never放句首，后面用了倒装。

4.单选题

Whileit’struethattechniquesofactivelisteningcan（）thevalueoflecture,fewstudentspossesssuchskillsatthebeginningoftheircollegecareers.

问题1选项

A.enhance

B.enlarge

C.access

D.exaggerate

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。enhance“提高，加强，增加”；enlarge“扩大，增大”；access“使用；存取；接近”；exaggerate“夸张”。句意：积极倾听能够提高演讲的价值，但是很少有大学生在入学之初就有这样的技能。选项A符合题意。

5.单选题

Atmosphericpressurecansupportacolumnofwaterupto10metershigh.Butplantscanmovewatermuchhigher:thesequoiatreecanpumpwatertoitsverytop,morethan100metersabovetheground.Untiltheendofthenineteenthcentury,themovementofwaterintreesandothertallplantswasamystery.Somebotanistshypothesizedthatthelivingcellsofplantsactedaspumps.Butmanyexperimentsdemonstratedthatthesteinsofplantsinwhichallthecellsarekilledcanstillmovewatertoappreciableheights.Otherexplanationsforthemovementofwaterinplantshavebeenbasedonrootpressure,apushonthewaterfromtherootsatthebottomoftheplant.Butrootpressureisnotnearlygreatenoughtopushwatertothetopsoftalltrees.Furthermore,theconifers,whichareamongthetallesttrees,haveunusuallylowrootpressures.

Ifwaterisnotpumpedtothetopofatalltree,andifitisnotpushedtothetopofatalltree,thenwemayask:Howdoesitgetthere?Accordingtothecurrentlyacceptedcohesion-tensiontheory,waterispulledthere.Thepullonarisingcolumnofwaterinaplantresultsfromtheevaporationofwateratthetopoftheplant.Aswaterislostfromthesurfaceoftheleaves,anegativepressure,ortension,iscreated.Theevaporatedwaterisreplacedbywatermovingfrominsidetheplantinunbrokencolumnsthatextendfromthetopofaplanttoitsroots.Thesameforcesthatcreatesurfacetensioninanysampleofwaterareresponsibleforthemaintenanceoftheseunbrokencolumnsofwater.Whenwaterisconfinedintubesofverysmallbore,theforcesofcohesion(theattractionbetweenwatermolecules)aresogreatthatthestrengthofacolumnofwatercompareswiththestrengthofasteelwireofthesamediameter.Thiscohesivestrengthpermitscolumnsofwatertobepulledtogreatheightswithoutbeingbroken.

1.Howmanytheoriesdoestheauthormention?

2.Thepassageanswerswhichofthefollowingquestions?

3.Howbotanistsknowthatrootpressureisnottheonlyforcethatmoveswaterinplants?

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport?

5.Whatcausesthetensionthatdrawswaterupaplant?

问题1选项

A.OneC.Three

B.C.ThreeB.

C.ThreeB.Two

D.Four

问题2选项

A.Whatistheeffectofatmosphericpressureonfoliage?

B.Whendodeadcellsharmplantgrowth?

C.Howdoeswatergettothetopsoftrees?

D.Whyisrootpressureweak?

问题3选项

A.Someverytalltreeshaveweakrootpressure.

B.Rootpressuresdecreaseinwinter.

C.Plantscanliveaftertheirrootsdie.

D.Waterinaplant’srootsisnotconnectedtowaterinitsstem.

问题4选项

A.Waterispushedtothetopsoftrees.

B.Botanistshaveproventhatlivingcellsactaspumps.

C.Atmosphericpressuredrawswatertothetopsoftalltrees.

D.Botanistshavechangedtheirtheoriesofhowwatermovesinplants.

问题5选项

A.Humidity

B.Plantgrowth

C.Rootpressure

D.Evaporation

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Accordingtothecurrentlyacceptedcohesion-tensiontheory,waterispulledthere.（根据目前公认的内聚力张力理论，水是被拉到那里的。）”，全文就只提及这一种理论，因此A选项正确。

2.主旨大意题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Ifwaterisnotpumpedtothetopofatalltree,andifitisnotpushedtothetopofatalltree,thenwemayask:Howdoesitgetthere?（如果水不是被抽到高树的树顶，也不是被推到树顶，那么我们会问：它是怎么到树顶的?）”，由此可知全文是围绕水是怎么被送到树顶描写的。A选项“大气压力对树叶有什么影响？”；B选项“死细胞什么时候会损害植物生长？”；C选项“水是如何到达树顶的？”；D选项“为什么根压弱？”。因此C选项正确。

3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Butrootpressureisnotnearlygreatenoughtopushwatertothetopsoftalltrees.Furthermore,theconifers,whichareamongthetallesttrees,haveunusuallylowrootpressures.（但是根系的压力还不足以把水推到高大的树顶。此外，针叶树是最高的树木之一，它们的根系压力非常低。）”，由此可知来自树根的压力不足以使水分运输到树顶，这其中肯定还有其他运输渠道存在。A选项“一些很高的树的根压很弱”；B选项“根系压力在冬季下降”；C选项“植物的根死后还能存活”；D选项“植物根中的水与茎中的水是不相连的”。因此A选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段的第一句话“Atmosphericpressurecansupportacolumnofwaterupto10metershigh.（大气压可以支撑一个高达10米的水柱。）”，由此可知该篇文章支持大气压把水吸引到高高的树顶。A选项“水被推到树顶”；B选项“植物学家已经证明活细胞起到泵的作用”；C选项“大气压力把水吸引到高高的树顶”；D选项“植物学家已经改变了他们关于水在植物中移动的理论”。因此C选项正确。

5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Thepullonarisingcolumnofwaterinaplantresultsfromtheevaporationofwateratthetopoftheplant.（植物中上升的水柱的拉力是植物顶部水分蒸发的结果。）”，由此可知是水分的蒸发使然。A选项“湿度”；B选项“植物的生长”；C选项“根压”；D选项“蒸发”。因此D选项正确。

6.单选题

“HELLisacitymuchlikeLondon,”opinedPercyByssheShelleyin1819.Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.Butexactlyhowtheinnerworkingsoftheurbanandruralmindscausethisdifferencehasremainedobscure—untilnow.AstudyjustpublishedinNaturebyAndreasMeyer-LindenbergoftheUniversityofHeidelbergandhiscolleagueshasusedascanningtechniquecalledfunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimaging(FMRI)toexaminethebrainsofcitydwellersandcountrybumpkinswhentheyareunderstress.

InDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sfirstexperiment,participantslyingwiththeirheadsinascannertookmathsteststhattheyweredoomedtofail(theresearchershaddesignedsuccessratestobejust25%-40%).Tomaketheexperiencestillmorehumiliating,theteamprovidednegativefeedbackthroughheadphones,allthewhilecheckingparticipantsforindicationsofstress,suchashighbloodpressure.

Theurbanites’generalmentalhealthdidnotdifferfromthatoftheirprovincialcounterparts.However,theirbrainsdealtwiththestressimposedbytheexperimentersindifferentways.Thesedifferenceswerenoticeableintworegions:theamygdalasandtheperigenualanteriorcingulatecortex(PACC).Theamygdalasareapairofstructures,oneineachcerebralhemisphere,thatarefounddeepinsidethebrainandareresponsibleforassessingthreatsandgeneratingtheemotionoffear.ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.

Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.Thoselivingintownshadhigherlevels.Citydwellershadthehighest.Notthatsurprising,tothoseofaShelleyesquedisposition.InthecaseofthePACC,however,whatmatteredwasnotwheresomeonewaslivingnow,butwhereheorshewasbroughtup.Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.

Theamygdalasthusseemtorespondtothehere-and-nowwhereasthePACCisprogrammedearlyon,anddoesnotreactinthesame,flexiblewayastheamygdalas.Second-to-secondchangesinitsactivitymight,though,beexpectedtobecorrelatedwithchangesintheamygdalas,becauseofitsroleinregulatingthem.FMRIallowssuchcorrelationstobemeasured.

Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside,regardlessofwheretheynowlive,thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.Furtherevidence,then,forShelley’spointofview.Moreover,itisalsoknownthatthePACC-amygdalalinkisoftenoutofkilterinschizophrenia,andthatschizophreniaismorecommonamongcitydwellersthancountryfolk.Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergiscarefulnottoclaimthathisresultsshowthecauseofthisconnection.Buttheymight.

Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergandhisteamconductedseveralsubsequentexperimentstochecktheirfindings.Theyaskedparticipantstocompletemoremathstests—andalsotestsinwhichtheymentallyrotatedanobject—whileinvestigatorschidedthemabouttheirperformance.Theresultsmatchedthoseofthefirsttest.Theyalsostudiedanothergroupofvolunteers,whoweregivenstress-freetaskstocomplete.TheseexperimentsshowednoactivityineithertheamygdalasorthePACC,suggestingthattheearlierresultswereindeedtheresultofsocialstressratherthanmentalexertion.

Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.Thatassociationis,nevertheless,interesting.Livingincitiesbringsmanybenefits,butDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sworksuggeststhatShelleyandhisfellowRomanticshadatleasthalfapoint.

16.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

17.WhydoestheauthormentionShelly’swordsatthebeginningofthetext?

18.“outofkilter”(Paragraph6)isclosestinmeaningwith________.

19.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthefindingsofthestudy?

20.Whichofthefollowingisamongthelimitationsofthestudymentionedinthetext?

问题1选项

A.Whythecityisnotasuitableplacetolive.

B.Howtodetecttheinnerworkingofpeopledealingwithstress.

C.Howurbanandruralresidentsdifferintermsofmentalmechanism.

D.Whycitydwellerssufferahigherriskofmooddisorderthancountrymen.

问题2选项

A.ToexpresshisaversiontobigcitieslikeLondon.

B.Tointroducethefollowingdiscussionabouturbanandruraldwellers.

C.Toshowhisfamiliaritywithliteraryworks.

D.Toindicatetheoriginofdifferencesobservedbetweenthecityandcountryside.

问题3选项

A.unexpected

B.outofcontrol

C.ill-informed

D.contradictory

问题4选项

A.CitydwellershadthehighestlevelofPACCactivityintimeofpressure.

B.Theplacewheretheparticipantswerebroughtupmattersmoreinpredictingtheirmentalactivity.

C.Ruralresidentshadthelowestlevelsofamygdalasactivitywhenconfrontedwithstress.

D.TheregulatorymechanismofPACCfailsamongpeoplewhonowliveinthecity.

问题5选项

A.Thescanningtechniqueusedtoexaminethebrains.

B.Therandomnessofchoosingparticipants.

C.Itsinadequatedesignofmathproblemsthattheparticipantsareaskedtosolve.

D.Itsinabilitytoclaimacausalrelationshipbetweensocialstressandmental.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】16.主旨大意题。文章开头引出城乡居民在患心理疾病上的差异，随后抛出实验来阐述城乡居民在生理和心理的不同，所以C选项“城乡居民心理机制的差异”正确。A选项“为什么城市不适合居住”：文章没有讨论这个话题，故错误。B选项“如何发现应对压力的人的内心活动”和D选项“为什么城市居民比乡村居民患情绪障碍的风险更高”：是文章内容的一部分，不能概括全文，故错误。因此C项正确。

17.推理判断题。根据第一段第二、三句Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.（现代学者同意这个观点。去年，荷兰研究人员发现，城市居民患焦虑症的风险比平静的农村居民高21%，患情感障碍的风险比乡村居民高39%。），引用雪莱的话以后，紧接着提出城乡居民在患精神类疾病风险的不同，所以B选项“引入以下关于城市和农村居民的讨论”正确。A选项“表达对伦敦这样的大城市的厌恶”和C选项“显示对文学作品的了解”：不是文章想要表达的重点，故错误。D选项“指出城市和农村差异的起因”：这里不能得出城乡差异的起因，故错误。因此B选项正确。

18.语义推测题。outofkilter的意思是“失常，失衡”，根据第六段Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside…thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.（对于那些在农村长大的人来说，这种相关性在意料之中。然而，对于那些在城市长大的人来说，这种相关性就不存在了。换句话说，土生土长的都市人的调节机制似乎失衡了。），对于生长在农村的人来说，这种相关性可以预料，也就是有规律可循，处于正常的状态，而对于生长在城市的人来说，这种相关性已经消失，也就是说不是正常该有的状态，所以B选项“失控的”正确。A选项“想不到的”，C选项“所知不多的”和D选项“矛盾的”不符合题意，故错误。因此B选项正确。

19.推理判断题。根据第四段第一句Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.（生活在农村的人杏仁核的活动水平最低。），可知实验的结果是C选项“面对压力时，农村居民的杏仁核活动水平最低”，故正确。A选项“城市居民有压力时扣带皮层活动水平最高”：根据第四段最后一句Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.（一个人的童年生活在城市的时间越长，他的扣带皮层部位就越活跃，无论他在实验期间住在哪里。），可知扣带皮层活跃与否与压力无关，而与生长环境有关，故错误。B选项“参与者成长的地方对于预测心理活动更重要”：文章没有强调参与者成长的地方对于实验结果的重要性，在实验过程中需要参考参与者成长的地方，故错误。D选项“扣带皮层的调节机制在现在居住在城市的人群中失效”：根据第三段最后一句ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.（扣带皮层是大脑皮层的一部分（同样存在于两个大脑半球），负责调节杏仁核。）和第四段第三句Citydwellershadthehighest.（城市居民的比例最高。），可知居住在城市中的人的扣带皮层没有失效，故错误。因此C选项正确。

20.事实细节题。根据第八段第一句Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.（就像这类研究中的常见情况，样本量很小（因此不像期望的那么可靠），结果显示的是一种关联，而不是一种确定的因果关系。），可知这个研究的局限在于不能得出因果关系，所以D选项“不能得出社会压力和精神之间有因果关系的结论”正确。A选项“扫描技术用于检查大脑”，B选项“选择参与者的随机性”和C选项“要求参与者解决的数学问题设计不合理”文章没有提到，故错误。因此D选项正确。

7.单选题

This（）girlisMary'scousin.

问题1选项

A.prettylittleSwedish

B.Swedishlittlepretty

C.Swedishprettylittle

D.littleprettySwedish

【答案】A

【解析】考查多个形容词修饰名词时的词序。通常顺序是: 限定词—表示说话人评价的形容词—表示大小、形状、新旧的形容词—表示颜色的形容词—表示国别、来源、材料的形容词—表示用途或目的的形容词或分词,名词等类别词—名词中心词。根据规则,选项A正确。

8.单选题

Theyworkedforthecomplete（）ofslaveryforsolongthattheycontributedtheiryouthtothisideal.

问题1选项

A.abortion

B.absorption

C.abolition

D.abomination

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项abortion“流产，堕胎，（计划等）失败”；B选项absorption“吸收；全神贯注，专心致志”；C选项abolition“废除；废止”；D选项abomination“厌恶；憎恨；令人厌恶的事物”。句意：他们为彻底废除奴隶制度工作了如此长的时间，以至于将自己的青春奉献给了这个理想。结合句意，C选项正确。

9.单选题

ItwaswithgreatdelightthatIreadinyourFebruary（）thelettertotheEditorwrittenbyProf.Johnson.

问题1选项

A.copy

B.issue

C.magazine

D.printing

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项copy“抄送，副本”；B选项issue“问题，期号”；C选项magazine“杂志”；D选项printing“印刷”。句意：我非常高兴在贵刊二月的一期中读到了约翰逊教授写给编辑的信。这里指的是某杂志二月份的那一期，所以选项B符合语境。

10.翻译题

Itissimpleenoughtosaythatsincebookshaveclasses-fiction,biography,poetryweshouldseparatethemandtakefromeachwhatisrightthateachshouldgiveus.Yetfewpeopleaskfrombookswhatbookscangiveus.Mostcommonlywecometobookswithblurredanddividedminds,askingoffictionthatitshallbetrue,ofpoetrythatitshallbefalse,ofbiographythatitshallbeflattering,ofhistorythatitshallenforceourownprejudices.Ifwecouldbanishallsuchpreconceptionswhenweread,thatwouldbeanadmirablebeginning.Donotdictatetoyourauthor;trytobecomehim.Behisfellow-workerandaccomplice.Ifyouhangback,andreserve,andcriticizeatfirst,youarepreventingyourselffromgettingthefullestpossiblevaluefromwhatyouread.Butifyouopenyourmindaswidelyaspossible,thensignsandhintsofalmostimperceptiblefineness,fromthetwist,andturnofthefirstsentences,willbringyouintothepresenceofahumanbeingunlikeanyother.Steepyourselfinthis,acquaintyourselfwiththis,andsoonyouwillfindthatyourauthorisgivingyou,orattemptingtogiveyou,somethingfarmoredefinite.

【答案】既然书有小说、传记、诗歌之分，我们就应该把它们分类，从中吸收它们应该给予的知识。这说起来很容易。然而很少有人要求书本应该给予的知识。我们总是囫囵吞枣般去看书，要求小说必须真实，要求诗歌必须虚构，要求传记谄媚，要求历史书能加强自己的偏见。如果我们读书之前能抛开这些偏见，将会是一个好的开始。不要去强加你的想法给作者，而是要去理解他，成为他的伙伴。如果你将自己置身事外，并且从一开始就批判他，你就无法从书中获得最大的价值。但是如果你敞开心扉，那么书中精细入微的寓言和暗示便会让你从开头那些晦涩的句子中绕出来，把你带到一个独特的人物面前。把自己沉浸在里面去钻研，你很快会发现，作者正向你阐述的或者是试图向你阐述的东西是一些比原来要明确得多的东西。

11.单选题

Withintenyearstheyhavetamedthe（

）hillintogreenwoods.

问题1选项

A.vacant

B.barren

C.weird

D.wasteful

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项vacant“空虚的；空的；空闲的”；B选项barren“贫瘠的，荒芜的；不生育的；无益的”；C选项weird“怪异的；超自然的”；D选项wasteful“浪费的；不经济的；奢侈的”。句意：十年之内，他们将那座……山开垦成了绿林。由句意可知此处表示“荒山”，能表示此义的只有B选项barrenhill“荒山”。

12.单选题

Atthepartywefoundthattheshygirl（）hermotherallthetime.

问题1选项

A.dependingon

B.coincidingwith

C.adhering

D.clingingto

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项dependingon“取决于，根据”；B选项coincidingwith“符合，与……一致”；C选项adhering“附着”；D选项clingingto“坚持，依靠，依附”。句意：在聚会上我们发现那个害羞的女孩一直（）她的母亲。通过判断句意可以得知意思应该是“小女孩很害羞，所以一直挨着妈妈”，只有C选项可以表达这种具象的依靠，因此C选项符合题意。

13.单选题

Mac’sclose（

）tohisbrothermadepeoplemistakethemforoneanother.

问题1选项

A.resemblance

B.identity

C.appearance

D.relationship

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。resemblanceto“与…相像”。句意：麦克和弟弟长得很相像，人们常常把他们俩认错。由后文“peoplemistakethemforoneanother”可知Mac两兄弟长得很像。答案A

14.单选题

TheEgyptiansusedtobelievethatliteracywasdivine.Scholarsnolonger________thattheory,butwhyancientcivilizationsdevelopedwritingwasamysteryforalongtime.

问题1选项

A.embrace

B.involve

C.formulate

D.comprehend

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.embrace接受，采纳B.involve包含，牵涉

C.formulate制订，规划D.comprehend理解，领悟

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】空格处和下文的“theory（理论）”构成动宾逻辑，表示学者们不再怎么样这一理论，该理论指的是上一句的“埃及人过去一度认为读写能力是一种天赐技能（literacywasdivine）”。由but可知，此处存在转折的逻辑关系，下文说到“古代文明为什么会发展书写能力（writing）一直是一个谜（mystery）”，说明虽然学者们不认同这一理论，但他们还不清楚为什么古代文明为什么会发展书写能力。embrace指接受一个想法、建议、信念等，因此A选项embrace“接受，采纳”最符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

B选项involve“包含，牵涉”指包括某人或某物作为某事物的一部分，不符合题干的语义逻辑；

C选项formulate“制订，规划”指精心制作或准备，特别注意细节，不符合题干的语义逻辑；

D选项comprehend“理解，领悟”指充分理解某事物，此处说的是学者不接受、认同这一理论，而不是不能理解理论的内涵。

【句意】埃及人过去一度认为读写能力是一种天赐技能。虽然学者们不再接受这一理论，但古代文明为什么会发展书写能力一直是一个谜。

15.单选题

Speakingtwolanguagesratherthanjustonehasobviouspracticalbenefitsinanincreasinglyglobalizedworld.Butinrecentyears,scientistshavebeguntoshowthattheadvantagesofbilingualismareevenmorefundamentalthanbeingabletoconversewithawiderrangeofpeople.Beingbilingual,itturnsout,makesyousmarter.Itcanhaveaprofoundeffectonyourbrain,improvingcognitiveskillsnotrelatedtolanguageandevenshieldingagainstdementia（痴呆）inoldage.

Thisviewofbilingualismisremarkablydifferentfromtheunderstandingofbilingualismthroughmuchofthe20thcentury.Researchers,educatorsandpolicymakerslongconsideredasecondlanguagetobeaninterference,cognitivelyspeaking,thathinderedachild’sacademicandintellectualdevelopment.

Theywerenotwrongabouttheinterference:thereisampleevidencethatinabilingual’sbrainbothlanguagesystemsareactiveevenwhenheisusingonlyonelanguage,thuscreatingsituationsinwhichonesystemobstructs（痴呆）theother.Butthisinterference,researchersarefindingout,isn’tsomuchahandicapasablessingindisguise.Itforcesthebraintoresolveinternalconflict,givingthemindaworkoutthatstrengthensitscognitivemuscles.

Thecollectiveevidencefromanumberofsuchstudiessuggeststhatthebilingualexperienceimprovesthebrain’sso-calledexecutivefunction.Acommandsystemdirectstheattentionprocessesthatweuseforplanning,solvingproblemsandperformingvariousothermentallydemandingtasks.Theseprocessesincludeignoringdistractionstostayfocused,switchingattentionwillfullyfromonethingtoanotherandholdinginformationinmind—likerememberingasequenceofdirectionswhiledriving.

Whydoesthetussle（搏斗）betweentwosimultaneouslyactivelanguagesystemsimprovetheseaspectsofcognition?Untilrecently,researchersthoughtthebilingualadvantagestemmedprimarilyfromanabilityforinhibitionthatwashoned（磨炼）bytheexerciseofsuppressingonelanguagesystem:thissuppression,itwasthought,wouldhelptrainthebilingualmindtoignoredistractionsinothercontexts.Butthatexplanationincreasinglyappearstobeinadequate,sincestudieshaveshownthatbilingualsperformbetterthanmonolingualsevenattasksthatdonotrequireinhibition,likethreadingalinethroughanascendingseriesofnumbersscatteredrandomlyonapage.

Thekeydifferencebetweenbilingualsandmonolingualsmaybemorebasic:aheightenedabilitytomonitortheenvironment.“Bilingualshavetoswitchlanguagesquiteoften—youmaytalktoyourfatherinonelanguageandtoyourmotherinanotherlanguage,”saysAlbertCosta,aresearcherattheUniversityofPompeaFabrainSpain.“Itrequireskeepingtrackofchangesaroundyouinthesamewaythatwemonitoroursurroundingswhendriving.”InastudycomparingGerman-ItalianbilingualswithItalianmonolingualsonmonitoringtasks,Mr.Costaandhiscolleaguesfoundthatthebilingualsubjectsnotonlyperformedbetter,buttheyalsodidsowithlessactivityinpartsofthebraininvolvedinmonitoring,indicatingthattheyweremoreefficientatit.

Thebilingualexperienceappearstoinfluencethebrainfrominfancytooldage,andthereisreasontobelievethatitmayalsoapplytothosewholearnasecondlanguagelaterinlife.

1.Accordingtothepassage,themorerecentandoldviewsofbilingualismdiffermainlyin（

）.

2.Thefactthatinterferenceisnowseenasablessingindisguisemeansthat

（

）.

3.WhatistheroleofParagraphFourinrelationtoParagraphThree?

4.Whichofthefollowingcanaccountforbetterperformanceofbilingualsindoingnon-inhibitiontasks?

5.Whatisthemainthemeofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.itspracticaladvantages

B.perceivedlanguagefluency

C.itsroleincognition

D.itsroleinmedicine

问题2选项

A.itspotentialbenefitshaveremainedundiscovered

B.ithasledtounexpectedlyfavorableresults

C.itseffectsoncognitivedevelopmenthavebeenminimal

D.onlyafewresearchershaverealizeditsadvantages

问题3选项

A.ItprovidescounterevidencetoParagraphThree.

B.Itoffersanotherexampleoftheroleofinterference.

C.Itservesasatransitionalparagraph