考研考博-英语-山东英才学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东英才学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.不定项选择题

Mobilityofindividualmembersandfamilygroupstendstosplitupfamilyrelationships.

Occasionallythemovementofafamilyawayfromasituationwhichhasbeenthesourceoffrictionresultsingreaterfamilyorganization,butonthewholemobilityisdisorganizing.

Individualsandfamiliesareinvolvedinthreetypesofmobility:movementinspace,movementupordowninsocialstatus,andthemovementofideas.Thesearetermedrespectivelyspatial,vertical,andideationalmobility.

Agreatincreaseinspatialmobilityhasgonealongwithimprovementsinrailandwatertransportation,theinventionanduseoftheautomobile,andtheavailabilityofairplanepassengerservice.Spatialmobilityresultsinadeclineintheimportanceofthetraditionalhomewithitsemphasisonfamilycontinuityandstability.Italsomeansthatwhenindividualfamilymembersorthefamilyasawholemoveawayfromacommunity,thepersonorthefamilyisremovedfromthepressuresofrelatives,friends,andcommunityinstitutionsandstability.Evenmoreimportantisthefactthatspatialmobilitypermitssomemembersofafamilytocomeincontactwithandpossiblyadoptattitudes,values,andwaysofthinkingdifferentfromthoseheldbyotherfamilymembers.Thepresenceofdifferentattitudes,values,andwaysofthinkingwithinafamilymay,andoftendoes,resultinconflictandfamilydisorganization.Potentialdisorganizationispresentinthosefamiliesinwhichthehusband,wife,andchildrenarespatiallyseparatedoveralongperiod,orarelivingtogetherbutseeeachotheronlybrieflybecauseofdifferentworkschedules.

Oneindexoftheincreaseinverticalmobilityisthegreatincreaseintheproportionofsons,andtosomeextentdaughters,whoengageinoccupationsotherthanthoseoftheparents.

Anotherindexofverticalmobilityisthedegreeofintermarriagebetweenracialclasses.Thisoccursalmostexclusivelybetweenclasseswhichareadjacenttoeachother.Engaginginadifferentoccupation,orintermarriage,likespatialmobility,allowsonetocomeincontactwithwaysofbehaviordifferentfromthoseoftheparentalhome,andtendstoseparateparentsandtheirchildren.

Theincreaseinideationalmobilityismeasuredbytheincreaseinpublications,suchasnewspapers,periodicals,andbooks,theincreaseinthepercentageofthepopulationowningradios,andtheincreaseintelevisionsets.Allthesetendtointroducenewideasintothehome.

Whenindividualfamilymembersareexposedtoandadoptthenewideas,thetendencyisforconflicttoariseandforthoseinconflicttobecomepsychologicallyseparatedfromeachother.

1.Intermarriageanddifferentoccupationsplayanimportantroleinfamilydisorganizationbecause（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaboutpeoplelivinginatraditionalfamilyaccordingtothepassage?

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementscansummarizethepassage?

4.Potentialdisorganizationexistsinthosefamiliesinwhich（）.

5.Thispassagesuggeststhatawell-organizedfamilyisafamilywhosemembers（）.

问题1选项

A.theypermitonetocomeintocontactwithdifferentwaysofbehaviorandthinking

B.theyenablethechildrentotravelaroundwithouttheirparents’permission

C.theyallowonetofindagoodjobandimproveone’ssocialstatus

D.theyenablethechildrentobetterunderstandthewaysofbehavioroftheirparents

问题2选项

A.Theyarelesslikelytoquarrelwithothersbecauseofconventionalityandstability.

B.Theyhavetodependontheirrelativesandfriendsiftheydonotmoveawayfromit.

C.Theywillhavemorefreedomofactionandthoughtiftheymoveawayfromit.

D.Theycangetmorehelpfromtheirfamilymembersiftheyareintrouble.

问题3选项

A.Socialdevelopmentresultsinadeclineintheimportanceoftraditionalfamilies.

B.Themovementofafamilyisoneofthefactorsinraisingitssocialstatus.

C.PotentialdisorganizationispresentintheAmericanfamily.

D.Familydisorganizationismoreorlesstheresultofmobility.

问题4选项

A.bothparentshavetoworkfulltime

B.thehusband,wife,andchildrenworktoohard

C.thehusband,wife,andchildrenseldomgettogether

D.thefamilymembersaresubjecttosocialpressures

问题5选项

A.neverquarrelwitheachotherevenwhentheydisagree

B.arenotpsychologicallywithdrawnfromoneanother

C.oftenhelpeachotherwithtrueloveandaffection

D.areexposedtothesamenewideasintroducedbybooks,radios,andTVsets

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:客观细节题。由题干关键词“Intermarriageanddifferentoccupations”可以定位到文章第六段最后一句Engaginginadifferentoccupation,orintermarriage,likespatialmobility,allowsonetocomeincontactwithwaysofbehaviordifferentfromthoseoftheparentalhome,andtendstoseparateparentsandtheirchildren.（从事不同的职业或通婚，就像空间流动一样，会让人接触到不同于父母家的行为方式，并有可能让父母和孩子分开。），说明从事不同的职业或通婚会让人接触到不同的行为方式。因此A选项“它们使人能够接触到不同的行为方式和思维方式”正确。B选项“使孩子们能够在未经父母允许的情况下四处旅行”，C选项“能让人找到一份好工作，提高自己的社会地位”，D选项“能让孩子更好地理解父母的行为方式”在文中均没有提及，所以B，C，D错误。

第2题:推理判断题。由题干关键词“traditionalfamily”可以定位到文章第四段第二句Spatialmobilityresultsinadeclineintheimportanceofthetraditionalhomewithitsemphasisonfamilycontinuityandstability.（空间的流动性导致了传统家庭的重要性下降，传统家庭强调家庭的连续性和稳定性。），说明传统家庭十分注重家庭连续性和稳定性，接着第四、五句说到Evenmoreimportantisthefactthatspatialmobilitypermitssomemembersofafamilytocomeincontactwithandpossiblyadoptattitudes,values,andwaysofthinkingdifferentfromthoseheldbyotherfamilymembers.Thepresenceofdifferentattitudes,values,andwaysofthinkingwithinafamilymay,andoftendoes,resultinconflictandfamilydisorganization.（更重要的是，空间的流动性使一些家庭成员能够接触到并可能采取不同于其他家庭成员的态度、价值观和思维方式。在一个家庭中存在不同的态度、价值观和思维方式可能，而且经常会导致冲突和家庭混乱。），说明空间的流动性让部分家庭成员接触并采纳了其他家庭不同的态度、价值观和思考方式，这会导致家庭的冲突和混乱，而传统家庭是反对空间流动性的，那么也就不容易出现冲突、争吵的现象。因此A选项“因为传统和稳定性，他们不太可能与他人争吵”正确。C选项“如果他们离开传统家庭，会有更多的行动和思想自由”，文中提到的态度、价值观和思维方式只涉及了思想方面可能产生的变化，而没有提到行动上的，所以C错误。B选项“他们如果不搬离传统家庭，就必须依靠亲戚朋友”，D选项“如果他们遇到困难，可以从家人那里得到更多的帮助”在文中均没有提及，所以B，D错误。

第3题:主旨大意题。文章首句说到Mobilityofindividualmembersandfamilygroupstendstosplitupfamilyrelationships.（个体成员和家庭群体的流动性往往会导致家庭关系的破裂。）这是文章的主旨句，句中的splitupfamilyrelationships（家庭关系破裂）是mobility（流动性）导致的结果，且与后文的disorganizing（无组织化）相对应，接下来全文都围绕着这一句展开论述，阐述流动性是如何导致家庭关系破裂的。因此D选项“家庭的无组织化或多或少是流动性的结果”最能概括文章主旨。A选项“社会发展导致传统家庭的重要性下降”在文中没有提及，所以A错误。B选项“家庭的流动性是提高其社会地位的因素之一”颠倒了因果关系，应该是社会地位的变化导致了家庭的流动性，所以B错误。C选项“美国家庭中存在潜在的混乱现象”只是文中提及的一个现象，不能全面概括文章主旨，所以C错误。

第4题:推理判断题。由题干关键词“Potentialdisorganization”可以定位到文章第四段最后一句Potentialdisorganizationispresentinthosefamiliesinwhichthehusband,wife,andchildrenarespatiallyseparatedoveralongperiod,orarelivingtogetherbutseeeachotheronlybrieflybecauseofdifferentworkschedules.（在一些家庭中，丈夫、妻子和孩子长时间在空间上分开，或者虽然住在一起但因为工作安排不同而只能短暂地见面，这些家庭就存在潜在的混乱。），说明潜在的混乱存在于那些丈夫、妻子和孩子很少见面的家庭中。因此C选项“丈夫、妻子、孩子很少在一起”正确。A选项“父母都要全职工作”，D选项“家庭成员要承受社会压力”在文中均没有提及，所以A，D错误。B选项“丈夫、妻子、孩子工作太辛苦了”，原文只提到了不同的工作安排，并未提到工作太辛苦，所以B错误。

第5题:推理判断题。文章中提到了三种流动性使家庭变得无组织化，第四段提到spatialmobility（空间的流动性）导致了conflictandfamilydisorganization（冲突与家庭混乱），第六段提到verticalmobility…tendstoseparateparentsandtheirchildren（垂直的流动性可能会让父母和孩子分开），第八段提到Whenindividualfamilymembersareexposedtoandadoptthenewideas,thetendencyisforconflicttoariseandforthoseinconflicttobecomepsychologicallyseparatedfromeachother.（当个别家庭成员接触和采用新观念时，冲突倾向就会产生，冲突中的人在心理上就会彼此分离。），说明空间的流动性、垂直的流动性和思想的流动性会使家庭变得无组织化，由此可以逆向推断出有组织性的家庭不会出现以上问题，即家庭成员之间不会有隔阂。因此B选项“彼此之间没有心理上的隔阂”正确。C选项“常以真情相助，感情深厚”没有涉及问题的实质，所以C错误。A选项“即使意见不一致，也不会相互争吵”，D选项“接触到的都是书本、收音机、电视机所介绍的新思想”表述都过于绝对，所以A，D错误。

2.单选题

Thecomputercanbeprogrammedto（

）awholevarietyoftasks.

问题1选项

A.assign

B.tackle

C.realize

D.solve

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析。句意:计算机可以通过编程来各种各样的任务。

assign指派,分配;tackle处理;realize意识到;solve解决。故B项符合句意。

3.单选题

Ifyoupushhardontheworld,theworldwillpushbackonyou;ifyoutouchtheworldgently,theworldwilltouchyou（）.

问题1选项

A.inreturn

B.inthelongrun

C.inturn

D.inplace

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组。A:inreturn“反过来”；B:inthelongrun“从长远来看”;C:inturn“依次；轮流”；D:inplace“在对的位置；适当的”。句意：如果你在这个世界上努力的话，世界会对你施加压力；如果你对世界温柔，那么世界也会同样待你。句子前后结构一致，可知A符合语境，为正确答案。

4.单选题

Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionary,flyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulation,highlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.However,theideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtothearts,eventhoughitmaybevalidforthesciences.Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoals.Forthesciences,anewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestlingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdata,servingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisverydifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare’sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpower:norisPicasso’spainting“Guernica”primarilyapropositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.Whathighlycreativeartisticactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablishedlimits,butratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploit,inaninnovativeway,thelimitsofanexistingform,ratherthantranscendthatform.

Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdi,whocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvalue,comestomind.Moregenerally,however,whetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichaslittlebearingonitsaestheticworth.Becausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganization,somemusicalworks,suchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerata,areofsignalhistoricalimportance,butfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.Ontheotherhand,Mozart’sTheMarriageofFigaroissurelyamongthegreatworksofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionsrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways.

1.Theauthorconsidersanewtheorythatcoherentlyrelatesdiversephenomenatooneanothertobethe（）.

2.TheauthorimpliesthatBeethoven’smusicwasstrikinglyoriginalbecauseBeethoven（）.

3.ThepassagestatesthattheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerataare（）.

4.ThepassagesuppliesinformationforansweringallofthefollowingquestionsEXCEPT（）.

5.Theauthorregardstheideathatallhighlycreativeartisticactivitiestranscendlimitswith（）.

问题1选项

A.basisforreaffirmingawell-establishedscientificformulation

B.byproductofanaestheticexperience

C.toolusedbyascientisttodiscoveranewparticular

D.resultofhighlycreativescientificactivity

问题2选项

A.strovetooutdohispredecessorsbybecomingthefirstcomposertoexploitlimits

B.fundamentallychangedthemusicalformsofhispredecessorsbyadoptingarichlyinventivestrategy

C.embellishedandinterwovethemelodiesofseveralofthegreatcomposerswhoprecededhim

D.manipulatedtheestablishedconventionsofmusicalcompositioninahighlyinnovativefashion

问题3选项

A.unjustifiablyignoredbymusicologists

B.notgenerallyconsideredtobeofhighaestheticvalueeventhoughtheyareimportantinthehistoryofmusic

C.amongthoseworksinwhichpopularhistoricalthemeswereportrayedinamusicalproduction

D.ofteninappropriatelycitedasexamplesofmusicalworksinwhichanewprincipleoforganizationwasintroduced

问题4选项

A.Hasunusualcreativeactivitybeencharacterizedasrevolutionary?

B.DidBeethovenworkwithinamusicaltraditionthatalsoincludedHandelandBach?

C.Is.Mozart’sTheMarriageofFigaroanexampleofacreativeworkthattranscendedlimits?

D.WhobesidesMonteverdiwrotemusicthattheauthorwouldconsidertoembodynewprinciplesoforganizationandtobeofhighaestheticvalue?

问题5选项

A.deepskepticism

B.strongindignation

C.markedindifference

D.moderateamusement

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.判断推理题。由题干关键词“coherentlyrelatesdiversephenomena”定位到文章第一段“…highlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization…Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.”可知高度创造性的活动超越了现有形式的限制，建立了新的组织原则。创新的科学产生了新的理论，在这个理论中，使不同的现象以更加连贯清晰的方式联系在一起。可判断出作者认为这种将不同的现象更加连贯地联系起来的新理论是高度创造性科学活动的结果。故选项D符合题意。

2.事实细节题。由题干关键词“Beethoven’smusic”定位到文章第二段“IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionsrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways.”可知据说贝多芬推翻了规则，把音乐从沉闷的传统形式中解放出来。但是仔细研究贝多芬的音乐就会发现，他的音乐并没有推翻任何基本规则。相反，他是一位无与伦比的战略家，他从海顿、莫扎特、亨德尔和巴赫等前辈那里继承了一些规则、形式和惯例，并以惊人的独特的方式加以利用。可判断出作者提到贝多芬的音乐具有惊人的独创性是因为贝多芬以一种高度创新的方式操纵着音乐创作的既定的规则。故选项D符合题意。

3.推理判断题。由题干关键词“FlorentineCamerata”定位到文章第二段“…whetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichaslittlebearingonitsaestheticworth.Becausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganization,somemusicalworks,suchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerata,areofsignalhistoricalimportance,butfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.”可知一部作品是否在音乐史上确立了新的原则，与它的美学价值并没有多大的关联。因为它体现了一种新的组织原则。有些音乐作品，如佛罗伦萨的歌剧，具有显著的历史重要性，但是很少有听众或音乐学家会把这些作品列入伟大的音乐作品之列。可判断出作者认为弗罗伦萨的歌剧虽然在音乐史上很重要，带来了巨大的影响，但是并没有认为具有很高的审美价值。故选项B符合题意。

4.判断推理题。根据文章第一段“Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionary…”，可知杰出的创造性活动具有革命性的特征，可回答选项A的问题，故选项A可排除。根据文章第二段“Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways.”可知他是一位无与伦比的战略家，他从海顿、莫扎特、亨德尔和巴赫等前辈那里继承了一些规则、形式和惯例，并以惊人的独特的方式加以利用。可回答选项B的问题，故选项B可排除。根据文章第二段“Mozart’sTheMarriageofFigaroissurelyamongthegreatworksofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.”可知莫扎特的《费加罗的婚姻》无疑是伟大的音乐作品之一，尽管它仅仅体现出对现有方式和规则的扩展创新。可回答选项C的问题，故选项C可排除。文章第二段中，除了提到Monteverdi的音乐作品体现了新的创作原则并且具有很好的审美价值，并未提及其它的音乐家。故选项D符合题意。

5.观点态度题。由题干关键词“allhighlycreativeartisticactivitiestranscendlimits”定位到文章第一段最后两句“Whathighlycreativeartisticactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablishedlimits,butratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploit,inaninnovativeway,thelimitsofanexistingform,ratherthantranscendthatform.”可知具有高度创造性的艺术活动所产生的并不是一种超越既定规则的新的概括，而是一种美学上的特殊产物。极具创造力的艺术家所创造的美学细节，以一种创新的方式，扩展或利用了一种现有的形式规则，而不是超越那种形式。可判断出作者对于所有具有高度创造性的艺术活动都超越了现有的形式和规则的观点是持有怀疑态度的。故选项A符合题意。

5.单选题

Leaddeposits,whichaccumulatedinsoilandsnowduringthe1960'sand70's,wereprimarilytheresultofleadedgasolineemissionsoriginatingintheUnitedStates.InthetwentyyearsthattheCleanAirActhasmandatedunleadedgasuseintheUnitedStates,theleadaccumulationworld-widehasdecreasedsignificantly.

AstudypublishedrecentlyinthejournalNatureshowsthatair-borneleadedgasemissionsfromtheUnitedStatesweretheleadingcontributortothehighconcentrationofleadinthesnowinGreenland.ThenewstudyisaresultofthecontinuedresearchledbyDr.CharlesBoutron,anexpertontheimpactofheavymetalsontheenvironmentattheNationalCenterforScientificResearchinFrance.AstudybyDr.Boutronpublishedin1991showedthatleadlevelsinarcticsnowweredeclining.

Inhisnewstudy,Dr.BoutronfoundtheratiosofthedifferentformsofleadintheleadedgasolineusedintheUnitedStatesweredifferentfromtheratiosofEuropean,AsianandCanadiangasolineandthusenabledscientiststodifferentiatetheleadsources.ThedominantleadratiofoundinGreenlandsnowmatchedthatfoundingasolinefromtheUnitedStates.

InastudypublishedinthejournalAmbio,scientistsfoundthatleadlevelsinsoilintheNorth-easternUnitedStateshaddecreasedmarkedlysincetheintroductionofunleadedgasoline.

Manyscientistshadbelievedthattheleadwouldstayinsoilandsnowforalongerperiod.

TheauthorsoftheAmbiostudyexaminedsamplesoftheupperlayersofsoiltakenfromthesamesitesof30forestfloorsinNewEngland,NewYorkandPennsylvaniain1980andin1990.

Theforestenvironmentprocessedandredistributedtheleadfasterthanthescientistshadexpected.

Scientistssaybothstudiesdemonstratethatcertainpartsoftheecosystemrespondrapidlytoreductionsinatmosphericpollution,butthatthesefindingsshouldnotbeusedasalicensetopollute.

1.Thestudypublishedinthejournal.Natureindicatesthat（）.

2.LeadaccumulationworldwidedecreasedsignificantlyaftertheuseofunleadedgasintheUS（）.

3.HowdidscientistsdiscoverthesourceofleadpollutioninGreenland?

4.TheauthorsoftheAmbiostudyhavefoundthat（）.

5.Itcanbeinferred,fromthelastparagraphthatscientists（）.

问题1选项

A.theCleanAirActhasnotproducedthedesiredresults

B.leaddepositsinarcticsnowareontheincrease

C.leadwillstayinsoilandsnowlongerthanexpected

D.theUSisthemajorsourceofleadpollutioninarcticsnow

问题2选项

A.wasdiscouraged

B.wasenforcedbylaw

C.wasprohibitedbylaw

D.wasintroduced

问题3选项

A.ByanalyzingthedatapublishedinjournalslikeNatureandAmbio.

B.Byobservingtheleadaccumulationsindifferentpartsofthearcticarea.

C.BystudyingthechemicalelementsofsoilandsnowinNortheasternAmerica.

D.Bycomparingthechemicalcompositionsofleadedgasolineusedinvariouscountries.

问题4选项

A.forestsgetridofleadpollutionfasterthanexpected

B.leadaccumulationsinforestsaremoredifficulttodealwith

C.leaddepositsarewidelydistributedintheforestsoftheUS

D.theupperlayersofsoilinforestsareeasilypollutedbyleademissions

问题5选项

A.arepuzzledbythemysteryofforestpollution

B.feelrelievedbytheuseofunleadedgasoline

C.stillconsiderleadpollution,aproblem

D.lacksufficientmeanstocombatleadpollution

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】细节事实题。由题干定位到第二段"AstudypublishedrecentlyinthejournalNatureshowsthatair-borneleadedgasemissionsfromtheUnitedStatesweretheleadingcontributortothehighconcentrationofleadinthesnowinGreenland."最近发表在《自然》（Nature）杂志上的一项研究表明，美国通过空气传播的含铅气体排放是导致格陵兰雪中铅含量高的主要原因。可知该研究表明美国是到导致北极雪中铅污染的主要来源。D项正确。B项与“AstudybyDr.Boutronpublishedin1991showedthatleadlevelsinarcticsnowweredeclining.”不符。AC两项内容与该研究无关。答案D。

细节事实题。根据题干定位到第一段“InthetwentyyearsthattheCleanAirActhasmandatedunleadedgasuseintheUnitedStates,theleadaccumulationworld-widehasdecreasedsignificantly.”在《清洁空气法》强制要求美国使用无铅气体的二十年里，全世界的铅积累量已显著下降。可知对美国使用无铅气体是法律的强制要求。B项正确。

判断推理题。根据题干定位到文中第三段“Inhisnewstudy,Dr.BoutronfoundtheratiosofthedifferentformsofleadintheleadedgasolineusedintheUnitedStatesweredifferentfromtheratiosofEuropean,AsianandCanadiangasolineandthusenabledscientiststodifferentiatetheleadsources.ThedominantleadratiofoundinGreenlandsnowmatchedthatfoundingasolinefromtheUnitedStates.”“在他的新研究中，布隆博士发现美国使用的含铅汽油中不同形式的铅的比例与欧洲、亚洲和加拿大的汽油不同，因此科学家能够区分铅的来源。在格陵兰雪中发现的主要铅含量与在美国汽油中发现的铅含量相当。”由此可知科学家通过将美国含铅汽油中的化学成分与其他国家的对比，找到了格林兰雪中铅的来源。D项正确。

细节事实题。由题干定位到倒数第二段“Theforestenvironmentprocessedandredistributedtheleadfasterthanthescientistshadexpected.森林环境处理和重新分配铅的速度比科学家预期的要快。”可知A项正确。

判断推理题。由最后一段“Scientistssaybothstudiesdemonstratethatcertainpartsoftheecosystemrespondrapidlytoreductionsinatmosphericpollution,butthatthesefindingsshouldnotbeusedasalicensetopollute.科学家们说，这两项研究都表明，生态系统的某些部分对大气污染的减少做出了迅速反应，但这些发现不应被用作污染的许可证。”可知虽然大气污染减少后，生态系统也作出了相应快速积极的反应，但是科学家仍然认为不能抱有侥幸心理，应该仍然控制污染。故C项正确。

6.单选题

Theeradicationofsmallpoxinspiredtheworldtoeradicateotherinfectiousdiseases.Thisoptimismwasinvain,asinfectiousdiseasesarestillabigprobleminsomepartsoftheworld.

问题1选项

A.callous

B.deliberate

C.futile

D.negligent

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.callous无情的；麻木的B.deliberate故意的；深思熟虑的

C.futile无用的D.negligent疏忽的

【答案】C

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】第一句句意为：天花的消灭带动全世界其他传染病的消灭。划线短语后句意为：因为传染病在世界一些地区仍然是一个大问题。根据这两句之间的逻辑可知，这种乐观是徒劳的。因此C选项futile“无用的”正确。划线短语invain“徒劳的，无用的”。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。

【句意】天花的根除激励了全世界去根除其他传染病。这种乐观是徒劳的，因为传染病在世界一些地区仍然是一个大问题。

7.单选题

Thedecisionoftheuniversitytoclosetheswimmingpoolatweekends

anangryreactionamongstudents.

问题1选项

A.nurtured

B.provoked

C.cultivated

D.stimulated

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。nurtured“培育”；provoked“激起，挑衅”；cultivated“发展；耕作”；stimulated“促进；激发”。句意：学校决定在周末封闭游泳池引起学生激烈的反对。选项B符合题意。

8.单选题

Don’tgettheideathatI’veboughtanewcar.SincethemotorofmyoldVolkswagenstartedtomakeanoddnoiselastweek,I’mhavingitrepaired.Idrivethissubstituteforafewdays.

问题1选项

A.gettheideathat

B.I’mhavingitrepaired

C.drive

D.forafewdays

E.没有错误

【答案】C

【解析】时态错误。把drive改成havebeendriving。根据后面的afewdays跟句意可知C处应该用现在完成进行时。

9.单选题

WallsandwallbuildinghaveplayedaveryimportantroleinChineseculture.Thesepeople,fromthedimmistsofprehistoryhavebeenwall-conscious;fromtheNeolithicperiod—whenrampartsofpoundedearthwereused-totheCommunistRevolution,wallswereanessentialpartofanyvillage.Notonlytownsandvillages,thehousesandthetempleswithinthemweresomehowwalled,andthehousesalsohadnowindowsoverlookingthestreet,thusgivingthefeelingofwanderingaroundahugemaze.Thenamefor“city”inChinesemeanswall,andoverthesewalledcities,villages,housesandtemplespresidesthegodofwallsandmounts,whosedutieswere,andstillare,toprotectandberesponsibleforthewelfareoftheinhabitants.Thusagreatandextremelylaborioustasksuchasconstructingawall,whichwassupposedtorunthroughthecountry,mustnothaveseemedsuchanabsurdity.

However,itisindeedacommonmistaketoperceivethegreatwallasasinglearchitecturalstructure,anditwouldalsobeerroneoustoassumethatitwasbuiltduringasingledynasty.Forthebuildingofthewallspannedthevariousdynastiesandeachofthesedynastiessomehowcontributedtothereburbishingandtheconstructionofawall,whosefoundationshadbeenlaidmanycenturiesago.ItwasduringthefourthandthirdcenturyB.C.thateachwarringstatestartedbuildingwallstoprotecttheirkingdoms,bothagainstoneanotherandagainstthenorthernnomads.Especiallythreeofthesestates:theQin,theZhaoandtheYan,correspondingrespectivelytothemodernprovincesofShanxi,ShaanxiandHebei,overandabovebuildingwallsthatsurroundedtheirkindoms,alsolaidthefoundationsonwhichQinShiHuangDiwouldbuildhisfirstcontinuousGreatWall.

TherolethattheGreatWallplayedinthegrowthofChineseeconomywasanimportantone.Throughoutthecenturiesmanysettlementswereestablishedalongthenewborder.Thegarrisontroopswereinstructedtoreclaimwastelandandtoplantcropsonit,roadsandcanalswerebuilt,tomenti