英国地理课件

PartIGeography

2021/2/21PartIGeography2021/2/21ChapterI

ABriefIntroductiontoPhysicalGeography2021/2/22ChapterI

ABriefIntroductiBasicinformationDifferentNamesforBritain

A.Geographicalnames:GreatBritain,England,theBritishIsles.B.Theofficialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.C.SometimespeoplejustcallitBritain,theUnitedKingdomorsimplyUK.ChapterI2021/2/23BasicinformationChapterI202FullName:TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(theU.K.)NationalFlag2021/2/24FullName:TheUnitedKingdomStGeorgeiswhitewitharedcross.

ThewhitecrossonabluebackgroundofStAndrewThereddiagonalcrossofStPatrick2TheUnionJack(theNationalFlag)ChapterIUnionJack—is

thenameofBritishnationalflag.Thecolorblueisthebackgroundanditselementarycolor.Thecrossesrefertotheunityofthisnationbymeansofreligion.

2021/2/25StGeorgeiswhitewithared2021/2/262021/2/26WalesisnotrepresentedintheUnionFlagbecausewhenthefirstversionoftheflagappearedWaleswasalreadyunitedwithEngland,buttheWelshflagisinwidespreadusethroughoutthatcountry.ThenationalflagofWales2021/2/27WalesisnotrepresentedinChapterI

3.NationalMedal(Badge):

EnglandScotland(unicorn)Ireland(harp)

/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5enterforanuclearshieldemblemdesign,thetopleftcornerandlowerontheshieldfortheredlion,thesymbolofthethreeonlyEngland;Forthefirsthalfofthetoprightcornergoldstand,thesymboloftheredlionScotland;Thebottomleftcornerofthegoldenharp,thesymbolofIreland.Shieldemblemoneachsideoftheheadbyawearcrowns,EnglandlionsandarepresentativeoftheScotlandunicornahold.ArmsaroundwritteninFrenchwithaquote,meaning"evilforevil";Hangingbelowthemedaloffinelace,topwrite"daywithgod,Ihavetheright".Shieldemblemonthetopisthesetwiththegoldsilverjewelryhelmet,andempirewearcrownsandheadofthecrownlion.

2021/2/28ChapterI

3.NationalMedal(ChapterI

4.NationalFlower:rose

5.TheNationalDay:

ThursdayofthesecondweekinJune.6.Anthem:GodSavetheQueen

2021/2/29ChapterI

4.NationalFlower:6.UKnationalsong(Anthem):

GodsavethequeenGodsaveourgraciousQueen,LongliveournobleQueen,GodsavetheQueen,Sendhervictorious

Happyandglorious

Longtoreignoverus,GodsavetheQueen.Thychoicestgiftsinstore,onherbepleasedtopour.Longmayshereign,mayshedefendourlaws,andgiveusevercause,tosingwithheartandvoice,GodsavetheQueen.2021/2/2106.UKnationalsong(Anthem):

ChapterI

II.Location:NorthwesternEuropewestofNetherlands&Denmarktotalarea:244100squarekilometersIntheNorthAtlanticOceanoffthenorthcoastofEuropetheEnglishchannelinthesouthandtheNorthSeaintheeast

northofFrance2021/2/211

ChapterI

II.Location:2021TotalAreasU.K.244100sq.kmEngland130400sq.Km.Scotland78800sq.km.Wales20800sq.km.NorthernIreland14100sq.km.2021/2/212TotalAreasU.K.EnglandScotlaIII.Fourpoliticaldivisions:EnglandScotlandWalesNorthernIreland

2021/2/213III.Fourpoliticaldivisions1.England:southernportionofBritainthelargestpart(60%)mostimportantpartinwealth,size,andpopulationincludingLondon2.Scotland:

northernportionofBritain1801,theActofUniondifferentScottishlegalprocedureGaelicisspokeninsomeHighlands.capital:Edinburgh

3.NorthIreland:

6IrishcountiesIn1921othercountriesgotautonomy.population:Protestantmajority(English&Scottishorigin)andRomanCatholicminority(Celticorigin)capital:Belfast

4.Wales:

westpartItjoinedBritaininthe14thcentury.WelshisalsoSpoken.Capital:CardiffChapterI2021/2/2141.England:ChapterI2021/2/21IVTopography14physiographic

provincesThenorthandwest---highlands.Theeastandsoutheast---lowlands

1.Scotland:threenaturalzonesA.ScottishHighlands:easttonortheast,intheNorth,mountainousBenNevis---thehighestmountain

Clyde---themostimportantriverNorthernIrelandfertile,drumlincounty(BelfastLoughandLoughNeagh)north:abroadplateau(Giant’sCauseway)2021/2/215IVTopography14physiographicChapterIB.MidlandValley:centrallowlands,easttonortheast,lowerhills&rollingcountryC.SouthernUplands:broadroundedhills2.Wales:

mountainousnorthpart:hills&moorlandcentralpart:plateauforsheepandcattle

3.NorthernIreland:fertile,drumlin(鼓丘)countryandabroadplateauintheNorth

2021/2/216ChapterIB.MidlandValley:ceChapterI4.England:PenninesThebackboneofEnglandLakeDistrictlowhillsuplandsplateaucultivatedplain

2021/2/217ChapterI4.England:PenninesTh2.ClimatesFeaturesofclimateType:Amaritimeclimate,moderate,milderthanthatofmanyplacesinthesamelatitude.wintersarenottoocoldandsummersarenottoohot.Temperatures:varieswithinasmallrange,rarelyfallingbelow-5℃inwinterorrisingabout24℃insummer

Rainfall:asteadyrainfallthroughthewholeyear.rainineverymonth.Annualrainfallrangesfrom26inches(67cm)intheeasternandsoutheasterndistrictstomorethan100inches(254cm)insomenortheasternmountainsareas.Surfacerunoff:considerable2021/2/2182.ClimatesFeaturesofclimate2Sunshinehoursarefewerthaninmoresouthernlyclimates-averagingbetween3and4hoursadayyear-roundandbetween4.5and6fromJunetoAugust.Thecalamities:Fog,smog,frostandseveregalesoftencausegreatdamagetocropsandpeople’slife.In1952thesulphurdioxideinthefour-dayLondonsmogleft4000peopledeadordying.Theunsteadyandchangeableweatherprovidesanunchangeabletopicofconversationmorningmiddayevening2021/2/219SunshinehoursarefewerthanTheReasons

whyitismild?BytheAtlanticGulfStream:whichisawarmcurrent,passedthewesterncoastofBritishislesandwarmthem.TheWesterlies:whichblowoverthecountryalltheyearroundandbringwarmandwetairfromtheAtlanticOcean.Seawaters:whichcanbalancetheseasonaldifferencesbyheatingupthelandinwinterandcoolingitoffinsummer.2021/2/220TheReasonswhyitismild?202ChapterIVI.Rivers1.longest---theSevernRiver2.secondlargest---theThamesRiver

3.Features

Themainriversparting(河道分汊

)runfromnorthtosouth,keepingtothewestuntilthebasinoftheRiverSevernWestwardflowingstreamsattaintheAtlanticinrelativelyshortreaches.Theriversdrainingeastfromthemainwaterpartingarelonger.2021/2/221ChapterIVI.Rivers2021/2/221Somerungenerallyacrossimpermeablerocks,andtheirdischargesincreaserapidlyafterrain.TheriversflowingintoEnglishChannelaremainlyshort.RiversinBritaindonotfreezeinwinter.ThelargestlakeinBritainistheLoughNeagh(内伊湖)inNorthernIreland.ChapterI2021/2/222SomerungenerallyacrossimpeRiverSevernRiverSevernisthelargestriverinUK.(338km)2021/2/223RiverSevernRiverSevernisthTheRiverThamesReturnThesecondlargest(336km)(thelargestistheSevern)andthemostimportantriverinBritain.Itisfavorablefortransportation.2021/2/224TheRiverThamesReturnThesecoTopicsfordiscussionWhyistheclimateofBritainmuchmilderthanthatofmanyplacesinthesamelatitude?2021/2/225TopicsfordiscussionWhyisthExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:(1)WhereistheU.K.?Andwhatisitmadeupof?What’sthetotalarea?(2)WhatarethepresentfeaturesoftheclimateofBritain?2.Explainthefollowingterms.(1)TheEnglishChannel(2)theActofUnionof18012021/2/226Exercise1.AnswerthefollowinChapterIINaturalResources

Withinitssmallareas,theU.K.isrichincoal,iron,tin,copper,lead,andsilver.TheproximityofthesenaturalresourcestowatertransportationenabledthecountrytoplayacentralroleintheRevolution.Water:abundantsurfacewater;watersupply;undergroundsources.Fuels:thegreatcoalfieldsoftheworld;thediscoveryofoilintheNorthSea.MetalOres:Tinore,leadores,zincores,lead-zine.UsefulRocks:clays,limestone,hardrocks,sandandgravel.2021/2/227ChapterIINaturalResourcesChapterIIIEconomyBritainisfortunateinhavingastablepoliticalsituationandwell-developedeconomy.2021/2/228ChapterIIIEconomyBritaini2021/2/2292021/2/229I.TheCharacteristicsoftheBritishEconomyTheworld’smostadvancedmanufacturingandtradingnations.ThefirsttohavebeenfullyindustrializedAgriculturedoesn’tproduceenoughfoodtomeetthecountry’sbasicneeds,vitalfoodstuffshastobeimported.Industryisoperatedbymanydifferenttypesoffirms.Laborforceisremarkablyhomogeneous.2021/2/230I.TheCharacteristicsofthe

II.IndustryBeforeWWII,theindustrialstructurewasbasedonexporttrade:cotton,wool,linen,shipbuilding,ironandsteelandchemicals.1.DifferentindustriesCoalmining:In1960s,fueleconomydiversified—coal,oil,naturalgas,atomicenergy,andcoalindustrywithered.Iron-oremining:declinedandironandsteelproducersdependonimportedoresforthreefourthsoftheirrequirements.Textiles:encountereddifficulties.Cottonindustryundergoneaseverecontraction;Woolindustryretainsasacraftindustryandmostproductionareinthehandsofsmall,specializedfirms.2021/2/231II.IndustryBeforeWWII,t

d.Motorvehicles:majorenterprise,sincelate1940sbecamechiefexportingindustry,fourlargegroupsareaccountedfor97%oftheoutput.e.chemical:growfaster,oneofthemostcapital-intensive,thevalueofoutputpermanishigher,productionmostlyfromlargefirmsf.Ironandsteel:grewrapidlyafterwar,firstnationalizedin1974,thenreturnedtoprivateenterprisesandnationalizedagainin1967,nowwhollystate-ownedg.Shipbuilding:nolongerBritain’smajorindustry,remainedcraftindustrywithtraditionalmethodsofconstructionafterthelate1950’srapidlydeclined,

2021/2/232d.Motorvehicles:majorenIII.Agriculture10%Forestry10%Urban3%MountainsandOthers77%AgricultureLandUseinU.K.BritishagriculturalindustryisoneofthemostefficientinEurope;Britishfarmersproduceenoughfoodtosupplytwothirdsoftheneedsofapopulation.2021/2/233III.Agriculture10%Forestry128.8%TotalCrops9.1%GrasslandUnder5YearsOld4.1%AllOtherLandIncludingBareFallow30.4%GrasslandOver5YearsOldTotalAgriculturalArea27.2%RoughGrazing2021/2/23428.8%TotalCrops9.1%Grasslan28.1%Barley10%OtherCrops4.1%PeasandBeans40%WheatCrops8.9%OilseedRape3.9%SugarBeet4%HorticultureCropProductionDifferentbranchesA.Crops:70%animalproducts;30%cropsforpeoplea.Wheat:fromexportedtohalfimportedforloafb.Barley:Britain’smaincerealcrop,mainingredientofanimalfeedandbeer,exporttotheContinent2021/2/23528.1%Barley10%OtherCrops4.1

Livestock

CommercialProductionofmeatsandPoultryinBritainhasrisennotonlyinabsolutetermsbutalsoinproportiontorisingdomesticconsumption.Cattle,sheep,pigs,andPoultryaretheimportantindustries.2021/2/236Livestock2021/2/236IVTradeandFinance

ForeigntradeplaysanimportantroleintheBritisheconomy.Overseascommoditytradeaccountsforaboutonesixthofthecountry’snationalincome.TradinglinksconnectBritainwithallmajorpartsoftheworldandprovidenotonlyanaccesstthevitalfood-stuffsandrawmaterialthatBritainneedstosurvivebutalsothefinancialresourcesneededtobuythem.2021/2/237IVTradeandFinance2021/2/23TradeImportsandExports:BritishmanufacturedExportsincreaseyearbyyear,butitsshareofworldmanufacturedexportsfallendramaticallysincethewar.ImportshavegrownfasterthanexportsInvisibleTrade:hasshownasubstantialsurplus.Theinflowofinterest,profits,anddividendshaskeptupbestServicesasawholehavedeclinedEarningsfromfinancialservicescontinuetobesignificant.Capitalinvestmentabroadincreases.2021/2/238Trade2021/2/238FinanceA.TheBankofEnglandisthecentreofBritishfinancialsystem.Itwasfoundin1694andnationalizedin1946.Role:toprotectthegoldandcurrencyreserveandmaintaintheinternationalvalueofpound.Twofinancialpolicies:bankrateandfiscalpolicyB.Economicproblems:adversepaymentbalanceandinflation2021/2/239Finance2021/2/239ChapterIVThePeopleMixedraceImmigrationAging2021/2/240ChapterIVThePeopleMixedracChapterV.TheMainCities1.CitiesinEngland

Englandisahighlyurbanizedcountry.

2021/2/241ChapterV.TheMainCities1.London

TheCapitalcity,alsothelargest.Inthesouthofthecountry,andisdominantintheUnitedKingdominallsortsofways.Itisthepoliticalculturalandbusinesscenter,headquartersofthevastmajorityofBritain’sbigcompanies,ItisthefinancialcentersinUK,itisalsooneofthethreemajorinternationalfinancialcentersintheworld.(theothertwoareTokyoandNewYork)

ScenicSpotandHistoricalSite

BuckinghamPalaceNo.10downingstreet

Westminster

St.Paul'sCathedral

TheBritishMuseum

TrafalgarSquareBigBenTheLondonEyeTheTowerofLondonRoyalObservatoryGreenwichTheLondonEyeHydePark

2021/2/242London

TheCapitalcity,alsoPopularlyknownas"BuckHouse",servedasthemonarch'spermanentLondonresidenceonlysincetheaccessionofVictoria.Buckingham2021/2/243Popularlyknownas"BuckHouse2021/2/2442021/2/244白金汉宫背面Changingofguard

monumentofQueenVictoria

2021/2/245白金汉宫背面Changingofguardmonume

No.10--thePrimeMinisterNo.11DowningStreet–theChancelloroftheExchequer

No.10downingstreet2021/2/246

No.10--thePrimeMinisterNWestminsterAbbeyPoet'sCorneraregularplaceofworshipandthesettingofmanyRoyalcelebrationsandgrievances.Kingsandotherstatelyfiguresareburiedhere.

2021/2/247WestminsterAbbeyPoet'sCornerStPaul'sCathedralItsmosteye-catchingfeaturesisthishugespectaculardome2021/2/248StPaul'sCathedralItsmosteySt.Paul'sCathedralalsoknownasst.paul`schurchmuseum,locatedinLondon,England,inLondon,ThamesStreetandthenorthshoreNiugaiTeangleattheNewYorkmoneyKatStreet,representativeofBaroquearchitecture,withitsknownforthespectaculardome,istheworld‘ssecondlargestdomeofthechurch,whichmimicRome'sSt.Peter'sBasilica,istheUKrepresentativeofclassicalarchitecture.

2021/2/249St.Paul'sCathedralalsoknownAcomprehensivemuseum,theworld'slargestandoneofthemostfamousmuseum,foundedin1753.Mainentranceonbothsides,eachwitheightthickandhighRomanesquecolumns.BritishMuseumEgyptMuseum,GreekandRomanMuseum,MuseumofWesternAsia,Europe,theMiddleAgesMuseumandtheMuseumofOrientalArt.Amongthem,theEgyptianMuseum,Greco-RomanMuseumandthecollectionofOrientalartheritagemostcompellingproducts.Atpresentthemuseumhasacollectionofmorethan600millionpieces.ThesunneversetsfromaroundtheworlddenouncedtheEmpireseizedthetreasure,nowbroughttogetherheretoshowtheworld.Duetospacelimitations,therearestillalargenumberofcollectionsnotonpublicdisplay.Duringavisittothemuseum,inadditiontoenjoytheexhibits,wecanalsoenjoythemuseum'snewdesignandunique.

TheBritishMuseum2021/2/250Acomprehensivemuseum,thewTrafalgarSquare

It’sthesquareforthetallestChristmastreeinLondon2021/2/251TrafalgarSquare

It’sthesqu

BigBen

BigBenisoneofLondon'sbest-knownlandmarks,andlooksmostspectacularatnightwhentheclockfacesareilluminated.Youevenknowwhenparliamentisinsession,becausealightshinesabovetheclockface.

Thefourdialsoftheclockare23feetsquare,theminutehandis14feetlongandthefiguresare2feethigh.Minutelyregulatedwithastackofcoinsplacedonthehugependulum,BigBenisanexcellenttimekeeper,whichhasrarelystopped.

ThenameBigBenactuallyrefersnottotheclock-toweritself,buttothethirteentonbellhungwithin.Thebellwasnamedafterthefirstcommissionerofworks,SirBenjaminHall.2021/2/252BigBen

BigBenisoneofTheTower,withTowerBridge

TowerBridge,London,UKThamesEstuaryfromthedateofthefirstbridge(ontheRiverThamestobuildthebridge15),isasymbolofLondon,the"Londonmainentrance,"said.Thebridgewasbuiltin1886,June30,1894opentothepublic,willconnecttheNorthLondonSouthasawhole.2021/2/253TheTower,withTowerBridgeRoyalObservatoryGreenwich2021/2/254RoyalObservatoryGreenwich202TheLondonEyeNexttoCountyHallOneofthemostmodernLandmark.Theworld’sfourthbiggestFerriswheelCancarry800passengersatatimeonathirty-minuteridePromisesviewofupto25miles2021/2/255TheLondonEyeNexttoCountyHHYDEPARK

OneofthelargestparksincentralLondon,EnglandandoneoftheRoyalParksofLondon,famousforitsSpeakers'CornerCovers142hectaresor350acres.2021/2/256HYDEPARK

OneofthelargestpBirminghamThesecondlargestcityinEngland.Ametropolitandistrictandanindustrialandmanufacturingcity.(pop.977087)(2001)IntheWestMidlands.ThemarketcentreoftheBlackCountry.Famousformetalgoods,hardware,cars,electricalequipment,machinetools,jewellery,smallarmsandplasticsTheUniversityofBirminghamissituatedhere.2021/2/257BirminghamThesecondlargestc2021/2/2582021/2/258Rover2021/2/259Rover2021/2/259LiverpoolThesecondlargestport(pop.439473)(2001)AmetropolitandistrictwithCitystatusinMerseysideontheMerseyestuaryItsindustriesareshipbuilding,engineering,foodprocessingandsugarrefiningTheUniversityofLiverpool(1903)2021/2/260LiverpoolThesecondlargestpoManchesterAnindustrialandcommercialcentre(pop.392819)(2001).AmetropolitandistrictwithCitystatusinGreaterManchester,England,connectedwiththeMerseyestuaryandseabytheManchesterShipcanal(57km.Long,openedin1894)Productsaremachinery,aircraft,cottontextiles,clothing,paper,foodstuffandchemicals.TheUniversityofManchester(1880)2021/2/261ManchesterAnindustrialandcManchesterOneofthemostdynamiccity

TwoPremierLeaguefootballteams：ManchesterUnitedandManchesterCity.

DavidBeckham2021/2/262ManchesterTwoPremierLeaguefTheScots--inventive,hardworking,serious-mindedandcautiouswithmoney.ThemostruggedpartoftheU.K.ThelargestcityisGlasgow.ItscapitalcityisEdinburgh,well-knownforitsbeautifulscenery.particularstyleofspeechandaccenteg:Francewaitbuslove2CitiesinScotland2021/2/263TheScots--inventive,hardwoEdinburghThecapital(pop.449020)(2001)ofScotlandBuildaroundtherockyridgeonwhichitsfortifiescastlestands.Itsadjoiningport,Leith,liesonthesouthshoreoftheFirthofForth.Industriesarebanking,insurance,printing,publishing,shipbuilding,chemicals,distillingandbrewing.2021/2/264EdinburghThecapital(pop.449GlasgowOntheRiverClydeAmanufacturingandshippingcentre.Productsareironandsteel,machinery,chemicals,textileandclothing.TheUniversityofGlasgow(1450)StrathclydeUniversity(1964)UniversityofGlasgow2021/2/265GlasgowOntheRiverClydeUniveCitiesinWales

ThesmallestoneontheBritishmainlandThecapital:Cardiff2021/2/266CitiesinWalesThesmallestAport(pop.305353)(2001)anddistrictinS.Glamorgan,ontheRiverTaff.Industriesareshipping(theBristolChannel),ironandsteel.UniversityCollege,Cardiff(1863),partoftheUniversityofWales.CardiffCardiffCastle

CardiffUniversity2021/2/267Aport(pop.305353)(2001)an4CitiesinNorthernIrelandThecapitalofNorthernIrelandSeaportIndustriesareshipbuildingandlinen.QueensUniversityofBelfastTheUniversityofUlster.Belfast2021/2/2684CitiesinNorthernIrelandThAGiant'sCausewayAWorldHeritageSitebyUNESCOin1986,andaNationalNatureReservein1987bytheDepartmentoftheEnvironmentforNorthernIdasthefourthgreatestnaturalwonderintheUnitedKingdom.Thetopsofthecolumnsformsteppingstonesthatleadfromtheclifffootanddisappearunderthesea.Mostofthecolumnsarehexagonal,althoughthere