考研考博-英语-合肥共达职业技术学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-合肥共达职业技术学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Howmightwestabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphere?Thatquestionloomslargeintheeyesofscientistsandpoliticalleadersasthelevelsofcarbondioxidegrow.Carbondioxideandmethanehavelonglivesintheatmosphereand,oncetheyarethere,Earthmaybedestinedtobecomewarmer.Ifwefindthattheclimateisbecomingtoowarm,thereisnoeasyorrapidwaytoremovethegasesandreturntoanearlierclimatepattern.

Wemaybeabletocontrolfossilfueluseandratesofdeforestation,butthereisnodirectwaytocontroltheaccelerationofdecayexceptbystoppingthewarming.Tostabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphereimmediately,wewouldhavetocutpresentreleaseabout4billiontonsofcarbonannually.Itisnotnowpossibletoaccomplishthiswithoutreducingbothdeforestationandourconsumptionoffossilfuels.

Mostscientistsbelievethatifimmediateglobalactionisnottaken,therapidincreasesofatmosphericcarbonfromdecaywillexceedthereductionsmadepossiblethroughcontroloffossilfueluseandmanagementofforests.In1990,theUnitedNationsgatheredmanyscientistsfromaroundtheworldtoreviewtheseissues.Thisgroup,theIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,concludedthatanimmediate60percentreductioninfossilfuelusewouldbenecessary.ButbyApril1992,nonationhadacceptedthegoal,thoughseveralhadrecognizedaneedforreducingemissionsby20percent.

AttheEarthSummitinJune1992,leadersfrommostindustrializednationsagreedinprincipletoreturntoearlierlevelsofcarbondioxideemissions—thoughoppositionfromtheUnitedStatespreventedthemfromagreeingtospecifictargetsforemissions,asmanyscientistshadhoped.Theleadersalsoagreedtoassistdevelopingnationsinlimitingtheirreleasesofgreenhousegases.

Humanbeingsareonlyoneofmillionsoforganismssufficientlydifferentoneanothertoberecognizedasspecies.Untilthe1980s,scientistsestimatedthattherewerebetween3millionand10millionspeciesonEarth.Then,scientistsbegantoexaminepopulationsofinsectslivinginthehighfoliageoftreesintropicalforest,andtheexperiencecausedthemtoincreasetheirestimateto30millionspecies.Afterscientistsbegantoconsiderthepopulationsofmicroorganismsinthetropics,theupperlimitoftheirestimatesroseto10(Jmillionspecies.Weshallprobablyneverhaveanaccuratecountofthedifferentkindsoforganismsthatshareourplanet.

Wedoknow,however,thatthesespecies—plantsandanimalstogether—keeptheplanetfunctioningasahabitatsuitableforall.WealsoknowthathumanactivitiesarereducingboththenumbersofspeciesonEarthandthepotentialoflandandwaterforsupportingthem.Thisprocessiscommonlycalledbioticimpoverishment—thelossoftherichbiologicalofEarth.

1.Thereasonwhyitisnoteasytocorrectglobalwarmingisthat（

）.

2.Tostoptheglobalwarming,wehaveto

（

）.

3.Itisimpliedthat,atthe1992EarthSummit,

（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutspeciesonearth?

5.Thetextismainlyabout（

）.

问题1选项

A.mostscientistsandpoliticalleadershavenotawakenedtotheseverityoftheproblem

B.deforestationisrampantinmanypartsoftheworld

C.thereisnoeasywaytorestoretheatmospheretoitsnormalstateoncedamaged

D.theUnitedStatesisunwillingtocutdownonitscarbondioxideemissions

问题2选项

A.cutbothdeforestationanduseoffossilfuels

B.removecarbondioxidefromtheatmosphere

C.findanewsourceofenergyotherthanfossilfuel

D.cutpresentreleasesto4billiontonsofcarbonayear

问题3选项

A.manyscientistshadhopedspecifictargetsforemissionsmightbereached

B.theU.S.showeditsunwillingnesstoreducethelevelofcarbondioxideemissions

C.severalcountrieshadrecognizedaneedforreducingemissionsby20percent

D.mostcountriespromisedtocuttheircarbondioxideemissionstoearlierlevels

问题4选项

A.Thereareabout100millionofthemonearth.

B.Aboutonethirdofthemarefoundintropicalforest.

C.Thehumanpopulationhaswellexceededthatofotherspecies.

D.Humanandotherspeciesarecloselylinkedforsurvival.

问题5选项

A.thesurvivalofdiversespeciesonearth

B.thepreventionofglobalwarming

C.thebioticimpoverishment

D.thecompositionoftheatmosphere

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的thereisnoeasyorrapidwaytoremovethegasesandreturntoanearlierclimatepattern（没有一种简单或快速的方法可以清除这些气体并恢复到早期的气候模式）可知选C。

2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Tostabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphereimmediately,wewouldhavetocutpresentreleaseabout4billiontonsofcarbonannually.Itisnotnowpossibletoaccomplishthiswithoutreducingbothdeforestationandourconsumptionoffossilfuels.（为了立即稳定大气的成分，我们必须每年减少约40亿吨的碳排放。现在要做到这一点，就必须同时减少森林砍伐和化石燃料的消耗）可知选A。

3.细节事实题。由文章第四段中的leadersfrommostindustrializednationsagreedinprincipletoreturntoearlierlevelsofcarbondioxideemissions（大多数工业化国家的领导人原则上同意恢复到早先的二氧化碳排放水平）可知D选项“大多数国家承诺将其二氧化碳排放量削减到早先的水平”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的Wedoknow,however,thatthesespecies—plantsandanimalstogether—keeptheplanetfunctioningasahabitatsuitableforall.WealsoknowthathumanactivitiesarereducingboththenumbersofspeciesonEarthandthepotentialoflandandwaterforsupportingthem.（然而，我们知道，植物和动物这些物种一起使地球作为一个适合所有人的栖息地发挥作用。我们还知道，人类活动正在减少地球上物种的数量，以及可供它们使用的土地和水资源）可知D选项“人类和其他物种的生存息息相关”符合题意。

5.主旨大意题。文章主要讨论了全球变暖的问题以及需要采取的措施，因此B选项“防止全球变暖”符合题意。

2.单选题

Thesystemhasbeendesignedtogivestudentsquickandeasy（）tothedigitalresourcesofthelibrary.

问题1选项

A.acquaintance

B.accuracy

C.access

D.acquisition

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。acquaintance“熟人；相识；了解”；accuracy“准确性”；access“进入；通道；有使用权”，与介词to搭配；acquisition“获得物，获得”。句意：这套系统设计的目的是为了让学生能快速并且容易使用图书馆资源。选项C符合题意。

3.单选题

Theword“foolish”istoomildtodescribeyourbehavior,Iwouldprefertheword“（

）".

问题1选项

A.ideological

B.idyllic

C.idiotic

D.idiomatic

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。ideological“思想的；意识形态的”；idyllic“安恬的；田园诗般的”；idiotic“白痴的；愚蠢的”；idiomatic“惯用的；符合语言习惯的”。句意：“愚蠢”这个词用来描述你的行为太温和了，我更喜欢用“白痴的”这个单词。选项C符合题意。

4.单选题

Theevilmannerswouldbeeradicatedroot-and-branchduetotheforcefulactiontakenbythelocalgovernment.

问题1选项

A.exterminated

B.exemplified

C.rendered

D.harbored

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.exterminated灭绝；根除B.exemplified举例说明；例证

C.rendered使成为；使变得D.harbored窝藏，庇护（罪犯等）

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键信息duetotheforcefulactiontakenbythelocalgovernment（由于当地政府的有力措施）和关键词evilmanners（不良行为）可知，该句是表示不良行为被有力措施根治，eradicated在这里表示“消除”的意思，故该题选择A项词义恰当。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D项词义不符合句中所选词汇。

【句意】由于当地政府的有力措施，这种不良行为将被根治。

5.单选题

Socialchangeismorelikelytooccurinheterogeneoussocietiesthaninhomogenousones,simplybecausetherearemorediversepointsofviewavailableintheformer.Therearemoreconflictsofinterest,andmoregroupsandorganizationofdifferentpersuasions.Inaddition,thereisusuallyagreaterworldlyinterestandtoleranceinheterogeneoussocieties.Allthesefactorstendtopromotesocialchangebyopeningmoreareasoflifetodecisionratherthansubjectingthemtoauthority.Inaquitehomogenoussociety,therearefeweroccasionsforpeopletoperceivetheneedortheopportunityforchange,becauseeverythingseemstobethesameand,ifnotsatisfactory,atleastcustomaryandundisputed.

Withinasociety,socialchangeisalsolikelytooccurmorefrequentlyandmorereadily(1)inthematerialaspectsoftheculturethaninthenon-material,forexample,intechnologyratherthaninvalues;(2)inwhathasbeenlearnedlaterinliferatherthanwhatwaslearnedearly;(3)inthelessbasic,lessemotional,orlesssacredaspectsofsocietythanintheiropposites,likereligionorasystemofprestige;(4)inthesimpleelementsratherthaninthecomplexones.(5)Informratherthaninsubstance;and(6)inelementscongenialtothecultureratherthaninstrangeelements.

Furthermore,socialchangeiseasierifitisgradual.Forexample,itcomesmorereadilyinhumanrelationsonacontinuousscaleratherthanonewithsharpdichotomies.ThisisonereasonwhychangehasnotcomemorequicklytoBlackAmericansascomparedtootherAmericanminorities,becauseofthesharpdifferenceinappearancebetweenthemandtheirwhitecounterparts.

1.Accordingtothepassage,themaindifferencebetweenahomogenoussocietyandaheterogeneousoneliesin（

）.

2.Theauthorwouldmostprobablyagreethatchangesaremorelikelytobesuccessfulin（

）.

问题1选项

A.thenumberofopportunitiesoffered

B.thenatureofconflictsofinterest

C.theawarenessoftheneedforchange

D.theroleofsocialorganizations

问题2选项

A.productionmethods

B.ideologicalconcept

C.religiousbeliefs

D.socialbehavior

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。由第一段的第一句话后半句“…，simplybecausetherearemorediversepointsofviewavailableintheformer”可以看出在由不同种族组成的社会中会存在更多的不同的观点，因此要求改变的意识就更强。或者此题也可从反面看出，从第一段的第五句话中“Inaquitehomogeneoussociety,therearefeweroccasionsforpeopletoperceivetheneedortheopportunityforchange,...”看出由同种族构成的社会中，没什么情况会让人们觉察到需要改变，因此从反面可推出由不同种族组成的社会肯定是因为觉得要改变的意识更强，所以才会变化的快。因此C选项正确。

2.推理判断题。根据第二段内容尤其是第（5）点Informratherthaninsubstance可推知作者讲述了一个社会中六种容易改变的方面，其中第一个方面就是文化中物质的方面比非物质的方面要变化的快些，比如说是科技比价值观变化的快。A选项中的productionmethods“生产商品的方法”属于科技，所以A选项正确。

6.单选题

The（

）windinthisareaisfromthenortheast.

问题1选项

A.prevailing

B.controlling

C.reigning

D.persisting

【答案】A

【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项prevailing“盛行的，流行的”；B选项controlling“控制欲强的”；C选项reigning“统治的”；D选项persisting“坚持”。句意：这个地区盛行的风来自东北方向。选项A符合句意。

7.单选题

Iwantyoutocheckthis（）becauseitmayhavebeenbasedoninsufficientinformation.

问题1选项

A.inference

B.reference

C.preference

D.conference

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项inference“推理；推论”；B选项reference“参考；涉及；引用”；C选项preference“倾向”；D选项conference“会议”。句意：我想要你检查一下这个……，因为它可能是基于不充分的信息。根据关键信息basedoninsufficientinformation“基于不充分的信息”，可以知道是缺乏足够的信息不足以支持理论，所以需要再次检查一下推论的可信度。因此A选项符合题意。

8.单选题

Theloveofpoetrywas____inhimbyherreaching.

问题1选项

A.banished

B.kindled

C.hardened

D.smashed

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.banished放逐；驱除B.kindled激起（兴趣、情感等）

C.hardened硬化；更严厉D.smashed打碎；猛烈碰撞

【答案】B

【考查点】语义衔接

【解题思路】前文内容为“对诗歌的热爱”，后文内容为“她的到达”，空格处所填动词搭配的内容为“对诗歌的热爱”，B选项kindled“激起（兴趣、情感等）”与原句语义衔接最恰当。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合原句语义衔接。

【句意】她的到达激起了他对诗歌的热爱。

9.单选题

Modemindustryisbasedonthe（）ofthemaximumproductionatthelowestcost.

问题1选项

A.plan

B.project

C.conception

D.idea

【答案】C

【解析】句意：现代产业所基于的理念是低成本高产量。选项C符合语境。

10.单选题

Haveyouwinterizedyourhorseyet?Eventhoughglobalwarmingmayhavemadeourclimatemilder,manyanimalsarestillhibernating.It'stoobadthathumanscan'thibernate.Infact,asaspecies,wealmostdid.

Apparently,attimesinthepast,peasantsinFrancelikedasemi-stateofhumanhibernation.SowritesGrahamRobb,aBritishscholarwhohasstudiedthesleepinghabitsoftheFrenchpeasants.AssoonastheweatherturnedcoldpeoplealloverFranceshutthemselvesawayandpracticedtheforgottenartofdoingnothingatallformonthsonend.

Inlinewiththis,JeffWarren,aproduceratCBCRadio'sTheCurrent,tellsusthatthewaywesleephaschangedfundamentallysincetheinventionofartificiallightingandtheelectricbulb.

WhenhistoriansbeganstudyingtextsoftheMiddleAges,theynoticedsomethingreferredtoas“firstsleep”,whichwasnotclarified,though.Nowscientistsaretellingusourancestorsmostlikelysleptinseparateperiods.Thebusinessofeighthours'uninterruptedsleepisamoderninvention.

Inthepast,withouttheartificiallightofthecitytobathein,humanswenttosleepwhenitbecamedarkandthenwokethemselvesaroundmidnight.Thelatenightperiodwasknownas“TheWatch”.Itwaswhenpeopleactuallykeptwatchagainstwildanimals,althoughmanyofthemsimplymovedaroundorvisitedfamilyandneighbors.

Accordingtosomesleepresearchers,ashortperiodofinsomniaatmidnightisnotadisorder.Itisnormal.Humanscanexperienceanotherstateofconsciousnessaroundtheirsleeping,whichoccursinthebriefperiodbeforewefallasleeporwakeourselvesinthemorning.Thisperiodcanbeanextraordinarilycreativetimeforsomepeople.Theimpressiveinventor,ThomasEdison,usedthisstatetohituponmanyofhisnewideas.

Playingwithyoursleeprhythmscanbeadventurous,asanxietymaysetin.Medicalsciencedoesn'thelpmuchinthiscase.Itoffersusmedicinesforafullnight'scontinuoussleep,whichsoundsnatural;however,accordingtoWarren'stheory,itisreallytheoppositeofwhatweneed.

1.TheexampleoftheFrenchpeasantsshowsthefactthat（）.

2.Thelatenightwascalled“TheWatch”becauseitwasatimeforpeople（）.

3.ThomasEdisoniscitedtoshow（）.

4.Whatdoestheauthoradvisepeopletodo?

5.Whatismostpossiblythesourceofthisarticle?

问题1选项

A.peoplemightbecomelazyasaresultoftoomuchsleep

B.thereweresignsofhibernationinhumansleepinghabits

C.peopletendedtosleepmorepeacefullyincoldweather

D.winterwasaseasonforpeopletosleepformonthsonend

问题2选项

A.tosettrapstocatchanimals

B.towakeuptheirfamilyandneighbors

C.toremindothersofthetime

D.toguardagainstpossibledangers

问题3选项

A.insomniaisharmfultopeople

B.humanbeingcannotovercomeinsomnia

C.ashortperiodofconsciousnessduringsleepingisnormalforhumanbeing

D.greatscientistsmustsleeplesstomakegreatinventions

问题4选项

A.Sleepinthewayanimalsdo.

B.Consultadoctoriftheycan'tsleep.

C.Followtheirnaturalsleeprhythm.

D.Keeptotheeight-hoursleeppattern.

问题5选项

A.scientificjournals

B.historybooks

C.sciencefictions

D.fairytales

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“文中用法国农民的例子来体现一个什么事实呢？”。第二段讲述了过去的法国农民等天气一变冷就会把自己关在屋子里几个月，什么都不做；这一例子是用来论证第一段的论点Infact,asaspecies,wealmostdid.”中，did指代前面提到的hibernate，表达的意思是“事实上，作为一个物种，我们都会冬眠”。A项“因为睡太多的觉人们可能会变懒”和C项“在冬天人们睡得更安稳”没有提到；D项“冬天是人们可以睡好几个月的季节”，文中只是提到天气变冷，法国农民就会把自己关到屋子里，并没有说一直睡觉。因此此题B项正确。

2.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“深夜被叫作‘TheWatch’是因为这个时间是人们要干……的时候？”。从第五段最后一句Itwaswhenpeopleactuallykeptwatchagainstwildanimals,althoughmanyofthemsimplymovedaroundorvisitedfamilyandneighbors.（那时人们实际上是在监视野生动物，尽管许多动物只是四处走动或者逗留一会。）可以看出TheWatch是代表到了人们要监视外面可能的危险的时间。A项“设陷阱抓动物”，没有提到；B项“叫醒他们的邻居和家人”，文中只是提到这些动物只是在邻居门前逗留一会，该项不符合题意；C项“提醒其他人时间”，这个时间只是提醒守夜的人要开始监视外面，没有提醒其他人。因此该题D项正确。

3.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“在这里引用托马斯·爱迪生是用来表示……？”。第六段提到在午夜短时间的失眠是正常的，第三句接着提到Humanscanexperienceanotherstateofconsciousnessaroundtheirsleeping,whichoccursinthebriefperiodbeforewefallasleeporwakeourselvesinthemorning.Thisperiodcanbe…ThomasEdison,usedthisstatetohituponmanyofhisideas.（人类在睡眠时还会经历另一种意识状态，这种状态发生在我们入睡前或早上醒来之前的短暂时间里。对某些人来说，这段时期是极具创造力的时期。令人印象深刻的发明家，托马斯·爱迪生，就是在这种状态下想出了他的许多想法。）可知睡眠时短暂的意识状态对人来说是正常的。A项“失眠对人类有伤害”，倒数第二段第一句ashortperiodofinsomniaatmidnightisnotadisorder（午夜时分短暂的失眠并不是一种疾病），提到短暂失眠是正常的，而失眠对人类有伤害没有提到；B项“人类不能克服失眠”，最后一段有提到可以服用药物，但是这不是引用爱迪生例子的目的；D项“为了发明科学家睡得都很少”，文中只是说这种短暂的意识状态适合创造，没有说科学家睡得少。因此该题C项正确。

4.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“作者建议人们去做什么？”。最后一段说Playingwithyoursleeprhythmscanbeadventurous,asanxietymaysetin.（调整你的睡眠节奏可能是冒险的，因为焦虑可能会出现），但最后一句Itoffersusmedicinesforafullnight'scontinuoussleep,whichsoundsnatural;however,accordingtoWarren'stheory,itisreallytheoppositeofwhatweneed.（医学为我们提供了整夜不会间断睡眠的药物，这听起来很自然；然而，根据沃伦的理论，这确实与我们所需要的相反），由此看出，作者是建议人们跟随自己自然的睡眠规律。A项“和动物的睡觉方式一样”，只是建议遵循自己的睡眠规律，没有一定要和动物睡眠规律一样；B项“如果不能睡着咨询医生”，这不是作者阐述的建议；D项“保持八小时睡眠模式”最后一段没有提到。因此C项“跟随自然的睡眠规律”正确。

5.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“这篇文章的来源最有可能是来自于哪里？”。本文论述了研究者发现在过去人类也像其他动物一样有冬眠时期，现在的八小时睡眠只是现代被改变的睡眠方式，文章有论有据，可以推断出这是一篇科普类文章。B项“历史书”，C项“科幻小说”，D项“神话故事”；因此A选项正确。

11.单选题

“HELLisacitymuchlikeLondon,”opinedPercyByssheShelleyin1819.Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.Butexactlyhowtheinnerworkingsoftheurbanandruralmindscausethisdifferencehasremainedobscure—untilnow.AstudyjustpublishedinNaturebyAndreasMeyer-LindenbergoftheUniversityofHeidelbergandhiscolleagueshasusedascanningtechniquecalledfunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimaging(FMRI)toexaminethebrainsofcitydwellersandcountrybumpkinswhentheyareunderstress.

InDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sfirstexperiment,participantslyingwiththeirheadsinascannertookmathsteststhattheyweredoomedtofail(theresearchershaddesignedsuccessratestobejust25%-40%).Tomaketheexperiencestillmorehumiliating,theteamprovidednegativefeedbackthroughheadphones,allthewhilecheckingparticipantsforindicationsofstress,suchashighbloodpressure.

Theurbanites’generalmentalhealthdidnotdifferfromthatoftheirprovincialcounterparts.However,theirbrainsdealtwiththestressimposedbytheexperimentersindifferentways.Thesedifferenceswerenoticeableintworegions:theamygdalasandtheperigenualanteriorcingulatecortex(PACC).Theamygdalasareapairofstructures,oneineachcerebralhemisphere,thatarefounddeepinsidethebrainandareresponsibleforassessingthreatsandgeneratingtheemotionoffear.ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.

Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.Thoselivingintownshadhigherlevels.Citydwellershadthehighest.Notthatsurprising,tothoseofaShelleyesquedisposition.InthecaseofthePACC,however,whatmatteredwasnotwheresomeonewaslivingnow,butwhereheorshewasbroughtup.Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.

Theamygdalasthusseemtorespondtothehere-and-nowwhereasthePACCisprogrammedearlyon,anddoesnotreactinthesame,flexiblewayastheamygdalas.Second-to-secondchangesinitsactivitymight,though,beexpectedtobecorrelatedwithchangesintheamygdalas,becauseofitsroleinregulatingthem.FMRIallowssuchcorrelationstobemeasured.

Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside,regardlessofwheretheynowlive,thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.Furtherevidence,then,forShelley’spointofview.Moreover,itisalsoknownthatthePACC-amygdalalinkisoftenoutofkilterinschizophrenia,andthatschizophreniaismorecommonamongcitydwellersthancountryfolk.Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergiscarefulnottoclaimthathisresultsshowthecauseofthisconnection.Buttheymight.

Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergandhisteamconductedseveralsubsequentexperimentstochecktheirfindings.Theyaskedparticipantstocompletemoremathstests—andalsotestsinwhichtheymentallyrotatedanobject—whileinvestigatorschidedthemabouttheirperformance.Theresultsmatchedthoseofthefirsttest.Theyalsostudiedanothergroupofvolunteers,whoweregivenstress-freetaskstocomplete.TheseexperimentsshowednoactivityineithertheamygdalasorthePACC,suggestingthattheearlierresultswereindeedtheresultofsocialstressratherthanmentalexertion.

Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.Thatassociationis,nevertheless,interesting.Livingincitiesbringsmanybenefits,butDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sworksuggeststhatShelleyandhisfellowRomanticshadatleasthalfapoint.

16.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

17.WhydoestheauthormentionShelly’swordsatthebeginningofthetext?

18.“outofkilter”(Paragraph6)isclosestinmeaningwith________.

19.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthefindingsofthestudy?

20.Whichofthefollowingisamongthelimitationsofthestudymentionedinthetext?

问题1选项

A.Whythecityisnotasuitableplacetolive.

B.Howtodetecttheinnerworkingofpeopledealingwithstress.

C.Howurbanandruralresidentsdifferintermsofmentalmechanism.

D.Whycitydwellerssufferahigherriskofmooddisorderthancountrymen.

问题2选项

A.ToexpresshisaversiontobigcitieslikeLondon.

B.Tointroducethefollowingdiscussionabouturbanandruraldwellers.

C.Toshowhisfamiliaritywithliteraryworks.

D.Toindicatetheoriginofdifferencesobservedbetweenthecityandcountryside.

问题3选项

A.unexpected

B.outofcontrol

C.ill-informed

D.contradictory

问题4选项

A.CitydwellershadthehighestlevelofPACCactivityintimeofpressure.

B.Theplacewheretheparticipantswerebroughtupmattersmoreinpredictingtheirmentalactivity.

C.Ruralresidentshadthelowestlevelsofamygdalasactivitywhenconfrontedwithstress.

D.TheregulatorymechanismofPACCfailsamongpeoplewhonowliveinthecity.

问题5选项

A.Thescanningtechniqueusedtoexaminethebrains.

B.Therandomnessofchoosingparticipants.

C.Itsinadequatedesignofmathproblemsthattheparticipantsareaskedtosolve.

D.Itsinabilitytoclaimacausalrelationshipbetweensocialstressandmental.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】16.主旨大意题。文章开头引出城乡居民在患心理疾病上的差异，随后抛出实验来阐述城乡居民在生理和心理的不同，所以C选项“城乡居民心理机制的差异”正确。A选项“为什么城市不适合居住”：文章没有讨论这个话题，故错误。B选项“如何发现应对压力的人的内心活动”和D选项“为什么城市居民比乡村居民患情绪障碍的风险更高”：是文章内容的一部分，不能概括全文，故错误。因此C项正确。

17.推理判断题。根据第一段第二、三句Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.（现代学者同意这个观点。去年，荷兰研究人员发现，城市居民患焦虑症的风险比平静的农村居民高21%，患情感障碍的风险比乡村居民高39%。），引用雪莱的话以后，紧接着提出城乡居民在患精神类疾病风险的不同，所以B选项“引入以下关于城市和农村居民的讨论”正确。A选项“表达对伦敦这样的大城市的厌恶”和C选项“显示对文学作品的了解”：不是文章想要表达的重点，故错误。D选项“指出城市和农村差异的起因”：这里不能得出城乡差异的起因，故错误。因此B选项正确。

18.语义推测题。outofkilter的意思是“失常，失衡”，根据第六段Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside…thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.（对于那些在农村长大的人来说，这种相关性在意料之中。然而，对于那些在城市长大的人来说，这种相关性就不存在了。换句话说，土生土长的都市人的调节机制似乎失衡了。），对于生长在农村的人来说，这种相关性可以预料，也就是有规律可循，处于正常的状态，而对于生长在城市的人来说，这种相关性已经消失，也就是说不是正常该有的状态，所以B选项“失控的”正确。A选项“想不到的”，C选项“所知不多的”和D选项“矛盾的”不符合题意，故错误。因此B选项正确。

19.推理判断题。根据第四段第一句Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.（生活在农村的人杏仁核的活动水平最低。），可知实验的结果是C选项“面对压力时，农村居民的杏仁核活动水平最低”，故正确。A选项“城市居民有压力时扣带皮层活动水平最高”：根据第四段最后一句Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.（一个人的童年生活在城市的时间越长，他的扣带皮层部位就越活跃，无论他在实验期间住在哪里。），可知扣带皮层活跃与否与压力无关，而与生长环境有关，故错误。B选项“参与者成长的地方对于预测心理活动更重要”：文章没有强调参与者成长的地方对于实验结果的重要性，在实验过程中需要参考参与者成长的地方，故错误。D选项“扣带皮层的调节机制在现在居住在城市的人群中失效”：根据第三段最后一句ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.（扣带皮层是大脑皮层的一部分（同样存在于两个大脑半球），负责调节杏仁核。）和第四段第三句Citydwellershadthehighest.（城市居民的比例最高。），可知居住在城市中的人的扣带皮层没有失效，故错误。因此C选项正确。

20.事实细节题。根据第八段第一句Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.（就像这类研究中的常见情况，样本量很小（因此不像期望的那么可靠），结果显示的是一种关联，而不是一种确定的因果关系。），可知这个研究的局限在于不能得出因果关系，所以D选项“不能得出社会压力和精神之间有因果关系的结论”正确。A选项“扫描技术用于检查大脑”，B选项“选择参与者的随机性”和C选项“要求参与者解决的数学问题设计不合理”文章没有提到，故错误。因此D选项正确。

12.单选题

Despitealmostuniversal_______ofthevitalimportanceofwomen’sliteracy,educationremains