考研考博-英语-四川大学锦江学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-四川大学锦江学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Successfulbusinessmentodayarelikelytobeyoungaggressiveandwell-educated.（

）theyarewillingtotakeriskstoachievesuccess.

问题1选项

A.Afterall

B.Allinall

C.Overall

D.Aboveall

【答案】D

【解析】考查副词辨析。afterall意为“毕竟”；allinall意为“总的来说，大体而言”；overall意为“大致上，总体上”；aboveall意为“首要的是，尤其”。

句意：今天成功的商人可能是年轻、有进取心和受过良好教育的人。重要的是，他们愿意冒险取得成功。

2.单选题

Growth,reproduction,anddailymetabolismallrequireanorganismtoexpendenergy.Theexpenditureofenergyisessentiallyaprocessofbudgeting,justasfinancesarebudgeted.Ifallofone’smoneyisspentonclothes,theremaybenonelefttobuyfoodorgotothemovies.Similarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallitsenergyongrowingabigbodyifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisisthesurestwaytoextinction.

Allorganisms,therefore,allocateenergytogrowth,reproduction,maintenance,andstorage.Nochoiceisinvolved;thisallocationcomesaspartofthegeneticpackagefromtheparents.Maintenanceforagivenbodydesignofanorganismisrelativelyconstant.Storageisimportant,butultimatelythatenergywillbeusedformaintenance,reproduction,orgrowth.Thereforetheprincipaldifferencesinenergyallocationarelikelytobebetweengrowthandreproduction.

Almostallofanorganism’senergycanbedivertedtoreproduction,withverylittleallocatedtobuildingthebody.Organismsatthisextremeare“opportunists.”Attheotherextremeare“competitors,”almostallofwhoseresourcesareinvestedinbuildingahugebody,withabareminimumallocatedtoreproduction.

Dandelionsaregoodexamplesofopportunists.Theirseedheadsraisedjusthighenoughabovethegroundtocatchthewind,theplantsarenobiggerthantheyneedbe,theirstemsarehollow,andalltherigiditycomesfromtheirwatercontent.Thus,aminimuminvestmenthasbeenmadeinthebodythatbecomesaplatformforseeddispersal.Theseveryshort-livedplantsreproduceprolifically;thatistosaytheyprovideaconstantrainofseedintheneighborhoodofparentplants.Anewplantwillspringupwhereveraseedfallsonasuitablesoilsurface,butbecausetheydonotbuildbigbodies,theycannotcompetewithotherplantsforspace,water,orsunlight.Theseplantsaretermedopportunistsbecausetheyrelyontheirseeds’fallingintosettingswherecompetingplantshavebeenremovedbynaturalprocesses,suchasalonganerodingriverbank,onlandslips,orwhereatreefallsandcreatesagapintheforestcanopy.

Opportunistsmustconstantlyinvadenewareastocompensateforbeingdisplacedbymorecompetitivespecies.Humanlandscapesoflawns,fields,orflowerbedsprovidesettingswithbaresoilandalackofcompetitorsthatareperfecthabitatsforcolonizationbyopportunists.Hence,manyofthestronglyopportunisticplantsarethecommonweedsoffieldsandgardens.

Becauseeachindividualisshort-lived,thepopulationofanopportunistspeciesislikelytobeadverselyaffectedbydrought,badwinters,orfloods.Iftheirpopulationistrackedthroughtime,itwillbeseentobeparticularlyunstable―soaringandplummetinginirregularcycles.

Theoppositeofanopportunistisacompetitor.Theseorganismstendtohavebigbodies,arelong-lived,andspendrelativelylittleefforteachyearonreproduction.Anoaktreeisagoodexampleofacompetitor.Amassiveoakclaimsitsgroundfor200yearsormore,outcompetingallotherwould-becanopytreesbycastingadenseshadeanddrawingupanyfreewaterinthesoil.Theleavesofanoaktreetastefoulbecausetheyarerichintannins,achemicalthatrendersthemdistastefulorindigestibletomanyorganisms.Thetanninsarepartofthedefensemechanismthatisessentialtolongevity.Althoughoaksproducethousandsofacorns,theinvestmentinacropofacornsissmallcomparedwiththeenergyspentonbuildingleaves,trunk,androots.Onceanoaktreebecomesestablished,itislikelytosurviveminorcyclesofdroughtandevenfire.Apopulationofoaksislikelytoberelativelystablethroughtime,anditssurvivalislikelytodependmoreonitsabilitytowithstandthepressuresofcompetitionorpredationthanonitsabilitytotakeadvantageofchanceevents.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatthepureopportunistorpurecompetitorisrareinnature,asmostspeciesfallbetweentheextremesofacontinuum,exhibitingablendofsomeopportunisticandsomecompetitivecharacteristics.

1.Inparagraph1,theauthorexplainstheconceptofenergyexpenditureby

（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theclassificationoforganismsas“opportunists”or“competitors”isdeterminedby（

）.

3.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph7ascontributingtothelongevityofanoaktreeEXCEPT

（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,oaktreesareconsideredcompetitorsbecause

（

）.

5.Inparagraph7,theauthorsuggeststhatmostspeciesoforganisms（

）.

问题1选项

A.identifyingtypesoforganismsthatbecameextinct

B.comparingthescientificconcepttoafamiliarhumanexperience

C.arguingthatmostorganismsconserveratherthanexpendenergy

D.describingtheprocessesofgrowth,reproduction,andmetabolism

问题2选项

A.howthegeneticinformationofanorganismisstoredandmaintained

B.thewayinwhichtheorganisminvestsitsenergyresources

C.whethertheclimateinwhichtheorganismlivesismildorextreme

D.thevarietyofnaturalresourcestheorganismconsumesinitsenvironment

问题3选项

A.thecapacitytocreateshade

B.leavescontainingtannin

C.theabilitytowithstandmilddroughtsandfire

D.thelargenumberofacornsthetreeproduces

问题4选项

A.theygrowinareasfreeofopportunists

B.theyspendmoreenergyontheirleaves,trunksandrootsthanontheiracorns

C.theirpopulationtendstoincreaseordecreaseinirregularcycles

D.unlikeotherorganisms,theydonotneedmuchwaterorsunlight

问题5选项

A.areprimarilyopportunists

B.areprimarilycompetitors

C.beginasopportunistsandevolveintocompetitors

D.havesomecharacteristicsofopportunistsandsomeofcompetitors

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Theexpenditureofenergyisessentiallyaprocessofbudgeting,justasfinancesarebudgeted.（能量支出本质上是一个预算过程，就像财政预算一样）可知B选项“将科学概念与人类熟悉的经验进行比较”符合题意。

2.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的Almostallofanorganism’senergycanbedivertedtoreproduction,withverylittleallocatedtobuildingthebody.Organismsatthisextremeare“opportunists.”Attheotherextremeare“competitors,”（几乎所有的生物体能量都可以被转移到繁殖上，而很少被分配到身体生长上。在这个极端的生物体是“机会主义者”，在另一个极端的生物体是“竞争者”）可知B选项“生物体投资能量的方式”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的Althoughoaksproducethousandsofacorns,theinvestmentinacropofacornsissmallcomparedwiththeenergyspentonbuildingleaves,trunk,androots.（虽然橡树能产出数千颗橡子，但与建造树叶、树干和树根的能源相比，对橡子作物的投资很小）“橡子”属于橡树的繁殖方式，不属于橡树生命长的原因，因此D选项“橡树产生大量的橡子”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Attheotherextremeare“competitors,”almostallofwhoseresourcesareinvestedinbuildingahugebody,withabareminimumallocatedtoreproduction.（另一个极端是“竞争对手”，它们几乎把所有的资源都投资到建设一个巨大的身体上，只有很少的一部分用于繁殖）可知B选项“它们花在叶、干和根上的精力比花在橡子上的精力多”符合题意。

5.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的asmostspeciesfallbetweentheextremesofacontinuum,exhibitingablendofsomeopportunisticandsomecompetitivecharacteristics（当大多数物种处于这两个极端组成的区域中，表现出一些机会主义和一些竞争特征的混合）可知D选项“具有机会主义者和竞争对手的一些特点”符合题意。

3.单选题

WoodrowWilson（）topreserveworldpeacebysupportingtheestablishmentofanorganizationtosettleinternationaldisputes.

问题1选项

A.endeavoured

B.incited

C.granted

D.offered

【答案】A

【解析】endeavour竭力，尽力，企图；incite促使，激励；grant授予，同意；offer提供。句意：WoodrowWilson通过支持成立一个解决国际争端的组织，努力维护世界和平。选项A符合句意。

4.单选题

Thehopes,goals,fearsanddesires（

）widelybetweenmenandwomen,betweentherichandthepoor.

问题1选项

A.alter

B.vary

C.transfer

D.shift

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。alter改变，更改；vary改变，变化；transfer转移，转变；shift转移，变换。

句意：希望、目标、恐惧和欲望在男人和女人之间、富人和穷人之间大不相同。这几个词都有改变的意思，但是只有vary能和后面的between搭配，意为“在...之间变化、有差异”，所以选项B正确。

5.单选题

Thepresidentexplainedthatthepurposeoftaxationwasto（

）governmentspending.

问题1选项

A.finance

B.expand

C.enlarge

D.budget

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析。句意:总统解释说，税收的目的是为政府开支（

）。

Finance为...提供资金;expand扩大;enlarge扩大;budget安排开支,预算。故选A。

6.单选题

Thedirectionswereso（）thatitwasimpossibletocompletetheassignment.

问题1选项

A.ingenious

B.ambitious

C.notorious

D.ambiguous

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。ingenious有独创性的，机灵的；ambitious野心勃勃的，有雄心的；notorious声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的；ambiguous模糊不清的，模棱两可的。能修饰directions的只有D项“模糊不清的”，故D项正确。句意：该指示如此模糊不清以致于不可能完成这项任务。

7.单选题

Thereare（）differencesbetweentheoryandpractice.

问题1选项

A.legible

B.laden

C.radical

D.medieval

【答案】C

【解析】形容词辨析。句意:理论和实践之间有根本的区别。故选C。

8.单选题

Thelampwouldnotworkbecauseofa（

）intheswitch.

问题1选项

A.defect

B.blot

C.foul

D.shortcoming

【答案】A

【解析】句意:由于开关有问题，所以台灯不亮。

考查名词辨析。Defect缺陷,不足;blot污点;foul犯规;shortcoming缺点,短处,多形容人。故A符合句意。

9.单选题

ThesummersessioninGeorgetownUniversitywasareallywonderfuloccasionwhichwewill（

）formanyyearstocome.

问题1选项

A.discount

B.acquit

C.cherish

D.blur

【答案】C

【解析】考察动词词义辨析。discount“打折扣”；acquit“无罪释放”；cherish“珍惜”；blur“使……模糊不清”。句意：乔治敦大学暑期班是个很棒的场合，我们将在今后的许多年里都会珍惜它。选项C符合题意。

10.翻译题

Severalyearsago,aformerSaudioilministerissuedwhathassincebecomeanoft-quotedprophecy:“TheStoneAgedidnotendforlackofstone,andtheOilAgewillendlongbeforetheworldrunsoutofoil”.Itwasalament,andacknowledgementthatadayofreckoningwascomingthatwouldchangetheglobalbalanceofwealthandpower.AflukeofgeologyhadmadethevastemptinessoftheSaudidesertthenumberonesourceofthemostimportantcommodityonearth.Butthegoodtimeswouldnot,andcouldnot,lastforever,andheknewit.

Ifyougobackfarenough,youcantracetheprosperityandsecurityofnations,corporations,andevenindividualstoenergy.Andinourpetroleum-dependentworld,that,forthemostpart,meansOilGovernmentriseandfallonit,armiesrunonit,companiesrelyonit,andconsumersdependonitfromthetimetheywaketotheirclockradiostothemomenttheyturnofftheirTVsandfallasleep.Forthepastcentury,despiterisingpricesandoccasional“crises”—moreoftenthannotmanufacturedeventsresultingfrompoliticaloreconomicforces—therehasalwaysbeenenoughoilavailabletokeeptheenginesofglobalgrowthhumming.Butthatisaluxuryofthepast.Inthefuture,anewanduncertainenergyageisemerging.

【答案】几年前，一位前沙特石油部长发表了这一预言，后来成为人们经常引用的预言：“石器时代并没有因为缺少石头而结束，石油时代将在世界石油枯竭之前结束。”他哀痛地承认，清算的日子即将到来，全球财富与权力的平衡将会被改变。地理上的意外收获使广袤空旷的沙特沙漠成为地球上最重要商品的最重要的来源。但是，美好的时光不可能永远持续下去，他很清楚这一点。

如果你追溯到足够久远的时代，你可以将国家的安全和繁荣、企业甚至个人都能与能源联系起来。在我们这个依赖石油的世界上，在很大程度上，这意味着石油政府依赖于石油而起起落落，军队依赖于它而运行，公司依赖它，消费者也依赖它，当他们从收音机的闹钟中醒来的时候，直到他们关掉电视睡着的那一刻。在过去的一个世纪里，尽管价格不断上涨，偶尔也会发生危机，但往往是政治或经济力量造成的事件，使得总有足够的石油供应提供动力，来维持全球经济的增长。但这是过去的奢侈。未来，一个新的、不确定的能源时代正在形成。

11.单选题

Thepower（

）intheofficeofPresidentmustnotbeabused.

问题1选项

A.inherit

B.inherent

C.instinctive

D.inhibitory

【答案】B

【解析】inherit继承，遗传而得；inherent固有的，内在的，与生俱来的；instinctive本能的，直觉的，天生的；inhibitory禁止的，抑制的。句意：总统办事处的固有职权不能滥用。选项B符合句意。

12.翻译题

Stanfordopeneditsdoorsin1891,andmorethanacenturylater,itremainsdedicatedtofindingsolutionstothegreatchallengesofthedayandtopreparingourstudentsforleadershipintoday’scomplexworld.

Stanfordstudentsstandoutfortheiracademicexcellence.TheycomefromthroughouttheUnitedStatesandtheworld,representingdemographic,economicandculturaldiversity.Studentsareadmittedonaneed-blindbasis,andtheuniversityensuresthatnoadmittedstudentisunabletoattend.Oncehere,studentsdiscoverthatexploration,challengeandcuriosityarelimitedonlybytheirdesires.

Stanfordisunusualamonggreatuniversitiesinhavingsevenschoolsononecampus:HumanitiesandSciences,Law,Medicine,Business,EarthSciences,EngineeringandEducation.Thisbreadthprovidesstudentswithunparalleledfreedomtocrossdepartmentalboundariesanddiscoverintellectualandpersonalpassions.Creativethinking,problem-solving,andresearcharecentraltotheacademicprogramsatStanfordandlearningtakesplaceinanenvironmentofintimatecollaboration.

FromNobelPrizewinnerstoundergraduates,allmembersofStanfordareengagedincreatingnewknowledge,whetherinsciences,business,artsorwherevertheirinterestslie.Stanfordisparticularlynotedforitsopennesstomultidisciplinaryresearchnotonlywithinitsschoolsanddepartments,butalsoinitslaboratories,institutes,librariesandresearchcenters.

LivingandlearningareintimatelyintertwinedatStanford.Extra-curricularprograms,organizations,performances,forumsandathleticsbeckonstudents,facultyandstaff,aswellasneighborsfromthecommunitiesaroundus.

Directions:TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChineseandwritetheansweronyourANSWERSHEET.

【答案】【参考译文】斯坦福大学成立于1891年，在之后的一个多世纪，一直致力于寻求应对如今巨大挑战的方法并且为学生在当今复杂世界中成为领导阶层而做准备。

斯坦福大学的学生因其优异的学业而引人注目。他们来自于美国及世界各地，体现着人口、经济和文化的多样性。该校招生不考虑学生支付能力，并确保所有被录取学生都能上学。只要进入这里，学生们发现探索、挑战和好奇的唯一制约因素就是自身的渴望。

和其他著名大学的不同在于，斯坦福大学一个校区有七所学院：人文科学院、法律学院、医学院、商学院、地球科学院、工程学院和教育学研究院。这使得学生可以自由跨越不同的学院界限，发掘个人的求知欲。在斯坦福大学的课程体系中，创造性思维、问题解决和研究能力是非常重要的，而学习也是在一种密切协作的环境中进行的。

斯坦福大学的所有成员，从诺贝尔奖得主到在校本科生，都致力于创造新知识，不论是在科学、经济还是艺术领域，还是在任何其兴趣所在的领域。斯坦福大学因其公开性的多领域研究而著名。研究既可以在院校范围之内进行，也可以在实验室、研究所、图书馆或者研究中心进行。

在斯坦福大学，生活和学习是互为一体的。课外活动、组织机构、表演、论坛以及体育运动不仅吸引着学生和教职员工，也吸引着附近社区的邻居。

13.单选题

Afterfouryearsinthesamejobhisenthusiasmfinally（

）.

问题1选项

A.deteriorated

B.dispersed

C.dissipated

D.drained

【答案】D

【解析】动词词义辨析。Deteriorated“恶化”；dispersed“散开，驱散”；dissipated“驱散，消散”；drained“使流干”。句意：四年后，对于同一份工作，他的热情最终逐渐消失了。选项D符合题意。

14.单选题

OnJan.17,1995,Kobewashitbya6.9-magnitudequake.TheGreatHanshinEarthquakekilled6,400people.Damagewasestimatedatmorethan$100billion,similartocurrentestimatesofthetolloflastweek’s9.0-magnitudetemblorintheTohokuregionofnorthernJapan.Yet,within18months,economicactivityinKobehadreached98percentofitspre-quakelevel.Astate-of-the-artoffshoreportfacilitywasbuilt,housingwasmodernized—andascruffyportcitybecameaninternationalshowpiece.

TheMarch11earthquakeandtsunamidevastatedasocietythat,forallitswealth,wasstuckinarut.Overthepasttwodecades,Japan’seconomicgrowthaveragedananemic1percentayear.Politically,thecountrywasrudderless.TheLiberalDemocraticParty,whichhadgovernedalmostcontinuouslysincetheendoftheU.S.militaryoccupationfollowingtheWorldWarII,hadfinallywornoutitswelcome.AndthenoviceDemocraticPartyofJapan,whichhadassumedpowerin2009,wasflailing.

Forfourdecadesafterthewar,Japanexperiencedcozypoliticsbackedbyarobusteconomy.Lightlypopulatedruraldistricthadadisproportionateeffectonnationalpolitics.Thegovernmentfinancedmultibillion-dollarbridgestonowhere,expensiveportfacilitiesforsmallfishingvillageandbullettrainstotraversebucolicruralareas—andseeminglylinedeveryriverbedinJapaninconcrete.

Butin1900,thebubbleburst.Theworking-ageshareofthepopulationbegantofall.In1998,thelaborforcestartedtoshrink,andadecadelater,thecountry’spopulationbegantodecline.Eventually,votersconcernedaboutthemountingcostsofwastefulprojectstossedouttheLDP.

BeforetheearthquakeandtsunamidevastatedtheTohokuregiononMarch11,thecountrywasalreadyfacingaslowingeconomy,fiscalstrainanddeflation,anddecadesofwastefulspendinghadsaddledthecountrywithadebtmorethantwicethesizeoftheeconomy.Now,beyondthetragedy’shumantoll,theeconomiccostsarestillbeingcounted—andcouldbevastlyexpandedifthenuclearreactordamageisclosertothatofChernobylthantoThreeMileIsland.Butifrebuildingishandledskillfully,thereishopethatadifferentkindofJapanwillemerge.

Despiteitsweakstartingpoint,thegovernmentholdsafewcards.Ninety-fivepercentofJapan’sdebtisownedbyitscitizens,noforeignhedgefunds;it’sunlikelythatthosecitizenswoulddumptheirbondholdingsifthegovernmenttakesonmoredebttorebuildthecityofSendai,forexample.Financially,thegovernmenthasmoremaneuveringroomthanmightseemapparent.

Somerebuildingcanbefinancedbyredirectingspendingfromuselesswhite-elephantprojectstothehigherpriorityofremakingTohoku.Thequalityofpublicinvestmentinthenationcouldimprove,perhapspermanently,asaresultofthiscrisis.

Whatisreallyatstake—andwhatwilldeterminewhethertheseotherchangeshaveanychanceofcomingtopass—isthestructureofJapanpolitics.IftheincumbentDPJsuccessfullymanagesthisemergency,theepisodecouldreassureJapanesevotersthatthisfledglingpartyrepresentsacrediblealternativetotheLDP.Japanwouldthenhaveatruetwo-partysysteminwhichpoliticalpowerandideasaregenuinelycontested.TheGreatTohokuEarthquakecouldbetheshockthatpushesJapannotonlytorebuildacity,buttoremakeitselfpoliticallyforthe21stcentury.

21.Theauthorwrotethefirstparagraphinanattemptto________.

22.Accordingtothetext,theauthorsuggeststhatDemocraticPartyofJapan________.

23.ExcepttheMarch11earthquakeandtsunami,thehindrancesthatJapan’seconomicgrowthconfrontsEXCLUDE________.

24.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?

25.Whichofthefollowingisthemostpropertitleofthetext?

问题1选项

A.exemplifyhowseveretheconsequencesoftheGreatHanshinEarthquakeare

B.indicatethattheMarch11disastercouldbringoutanewJapanlikeGreatHanshinEarthquakedid

C.makeananalogybetweentheGreatHanshinEarthquakeandtheGreatTohokuEarthquake

D.statethepost-quakereconstructionisdisproportionatetothedamagecausedbythequake

问题2选项

A.hasbeentherulingpartyforapproximately50-oddyears

B.isfailinginleadingtheJapanoutofthedifficulties

C.isanewlyemergentpartinJapan’spoliticalcommunity

D.hassuccessfullymanagedthisemergency

问题3选项

A.deflation

B.theaginglaborforce

C.massivedebts

D.fiscaldeficit

问题4选项

A.CriticismismixedwithoptimismforJapan’seconomicandpoliticallandscape.

B.Theburstingbubbleofeconomyresultsinthedecreasingworking-agepopulation.

C.Japan’spartysystemhasbeenaone-partyonesinceWorldWarIItillDPJ’soffice.

D.ThemeritsJapancanderivefromthequakeoverwhelmtherisksandconsequencesofit.

问题5选项

A.WilltheCrisisCreateaNewJapan?

B.TheHistoryofGreatEarthquakesinJapan.

C.HowJapaneseGovernmentWillCopeWiththe311Emergency.

D.VirtuesandVicesofMarch11EarthquakeandTsunami.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】21.推理判断题。根据第一段第三句Damagewasestimatedatmorethan$100billion,similartocurrentestimatesofthetolloflastweek’s9.0-magnitudetemblorintheTohokuregionofnorthernJapan.（地震造成的损失估计超过1,000亿美元，与上周日本北部东北地区9.0级地震造成的损失类似。），作者分别列出两个地震的损失情况，所以C选项“将阪神大地震与东北大地震进行类比”正确。A选项“举例说明阪神大地震的后果有多严重”和D选项“说明震后重建与地震造成的损失不成比例”：作者只是陈述了事实，没有这样的意思，故错误。B选项“表明3月11日的灾难可能带来一个像阪神大地震那样的新日本”：作者没有要预示的意图，故错误。因此C选项正确。

22.事实细节题。根据第二段最后一句AndthenoviceDemocraticPartyofJapan,whichhadassumedpowerin2009,wasflailing.（2009年刚上台的日本民主党也陷入了困境。），可知民主党没有解决掉问题，所以B选项“没有成功领导日本走出困难”正确，D选项“成功地处理了这一紧急情况”和A选项“已经执政了大约50多年”错误。C选项“是日本政治共同体中一个新兴的部分”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此B选项正确。

23.推理判断题。根据第四段第二句Theworking-ageshareofthepopulationbegantofall.（劳动年龄人口的比例开始下降。），第五段第一句thecountrywasalreadyfacingaslowingeconomy,fiscalstrainanddeflation,anddecadesofwastefulspendinghadsaddledthecountrywithadebtmorethantwicethesizeoftheeconomy.（日本已经面临着经济放缓、财政紧张和通货紧缩的问题，数十年的浪费开支使日本背负了超过经济规模两倍的债务。），可知日本经济增长的障碍包括了A选项“通货紧缩”，B选项“劳动力老龄化”和C选项“巨额债务”，符合文章意思，故错误，D选项“财政赤字”没有提到，不符合文章意思，因此D选项正确。

24.观点态度题。根据最后一段第一句Whatisreallyatstake—andwhatwilldeterminewhethertheseotherchangeshaveanychanceofcomingtopass—isthestructureofJapanpolitics.（真正利害攸关的是日本的政治结构，这将决定这些其他变化是否有机会实现。）和最后一句TheGreatTohokuEarthquakecouldbetheshockthatpushesJapannotonlytorebuildacity,buttoremakeitselfpoliticallyforthe21stcentury.（日本东北大地震可能不仅会促使日本重建一座城市，还会促使日本在21世纪重塑自己的政治形象），可知作者对于日本的前景处于中立态度，所以A选项“对于日本的经济和政治前景，既有批评也有乐观”正确。B选项“经济泡沫的破裂导致了劳动年龄人口的减少”：根据第四段第一、二句Butin1900,thebubbleburst.Theworking-ageshareofthepopulationbegantofall.（但在1900年，泡沫破裂了。劳动人口的比例开始下降。），这里没有提到经济泡沫破裂和劳动人口减少的直接关系，故错误。C选项“日本的政党制度自二战以来一直是一党执政，直到民主党上台”：根据第二段倒数第二句TheLiberalDemocraticParty,whichhadgovernedalmostcontinuouslysincetheendoftheU.S.militaryoccupationfollowingtheWorldWarII（自二战后美国军事占领结束以来，自民党几乎一直持续执政），自民党几乎一直持续执政不代表一直执政，故错误。D选项“日本可以从地震中获得的优点压倒了它的风险和后果”：根据第五段最后一句Butifrebuildingishandledskillfully,thereishopethatadifferentkindofJapanwillemerge.（但如果重建工作处理得当，一个不同类型的日本将有望出现。），文章没有提到地震带来的好处比损失大，只有处理得当，益处才会呈现，故错误。因此A选项正确。

25.主旨大意题。文章第一段指出神户因为地震而现代化，后面提到日本的各种问题，再在文章最后展望日本在政治经济方面可能的情况，所以A选项“危机会创造一个新日本吗”正确。B选项“日本大地震的历史”，C选项“日本政府将如何应对311紧急事件”和D选项“3月11日地震和海啸的利弊”是文章的部分内容，不足以概括全文，故错误。因此A选项正确。

15.单选题

Everydaytherearereportsof_______thathavebeencommittedagainstinnocentpeople.

问题1选项

A.behaviors

B.fixtures

C.subordinates

D.atrocities

【答案】D

【解析】behavior举止,行为；fixture设备,固定装置;subordinate下属;atrocity暴行，残暴。句意：每天都有关于对无辜人民实施暴行的报道。选项D符合句意。

16.单选题

Everymoderngovernment,liberalorotherwise,hasaspecificpositioninthefieldofideas;itsstabilityisvulnerabletocriticsinproportiontotheirabilityandpersuasiveness.

问题1选项

A.futile

B.susceptible

C.feasible

D.flexible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。横线单词vulnerable意为“易受攻击的，易受……的攻击；易受伤害的；有弱点的”；A选项“futile”意为“无用的；无效的；没有出息的”；B选项“susceptible”意为“易受影响的；易感动的；容许……的”；C选项“feasible”意为“可行的；可能的；可实行的”；D选项“flexible”意为“灵活的；柔韧的；易弯曲的”。句意：每一个现代政府，无论是自由的还是不自由的，在思想领域都有一个特定的位置；它的稳定性易受批评家的影响，与他们的能力和说服力成比例。由题干可知，itsstability（政府的稳定性）与critics（批评家）之间应该是被影响的关系，也就是批评家的能力和说服力越强，政府的稳定性越容易受影响受伤害。由此可知，vulnerable在此处最可能是“易受伤害的”的意思。因此B选项符合题意。

17.单选题

Itbestowstheabilitytoovercomelaziness,temptationsandnegativehabits,andtocarryoutactions,eveniftheyrequireeffort,areunpleasantandtediousorcontrarytoone’shabit.

问题1选项

A.monotonous

B.interesting

C.entertaining

D.equitable

【答案】A

【解析】考查同义形容词辨析。A选项monotonous“单调的，千篇一律的，因单调令人厌烦的”；B选项interesting“有趣的，有意思的”；C选项entertaining“令人愉快的，有趣的”；D选项equitable“公平的，公正的”。句意：它赋予人们克服懒惰、诱惑和消极习惯的能力，并且能够采取行动，即使这些行动需要付出努力，是令人不快的、乏味的或与自己的习惯相反的。Tedious“沉闷的；冗长乏味的”，A选项与该词意思最相近，因此A选项正确。

18.单选题

TWAwascriticizedfortryingtocoverupthetruthratherthanpromptlynotifyingvictims’families.

问题1选项

A.briefly

B.quickly

C.accurately

D.earnestly

【答案】B

【解析】考查副词辨析。promptly表示“迅速地，立即地”；A项briefly“简洁地”，B项quickly“迅速地，快速地”，C项accurately“精确地，准确地”，D项earnestly“认真地，诚挚地”。句意：环球航空公司因试图掩盖真相而没有及时通知受害者家属而受到批评。根据句意可知，选择B项正确。

19.单选题

Williamneverworksrapidly,healways（

）ineverythingthathedoes.

问题1选项

A.takeshistime

B.makestime

C.keepsgoodtime

D.losestime

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项“不慌不忙”；B选项“抽出时间”；C选项“（钟表）走的准”；D选项“耽误时间，失去时机”。句意：威廉做事不快，他总是（）做他的事。从前面的句子neverworksrapidly可知，这里答案选A“不慌不忙”，其他选项不符合逻辑。

20.单选题

Pleaseholduponasumofmoneytocoverthecostsofhandling.

问题1选项

A.borrow

B.reserve

C.take

D.carry

【答案】B

【解析】holdupon意为持有，储备。只有选项B与之意思相近。

21.单选题

Thefactisthatmotherhoodmakestheheaviestdemandsin_______theareasofleastexperience.

问题1选项

A.thatitmightbecalled

B.whatmightbecalled

C.whichmightbecalled

D.itmightbecalled/r