虚拟语气 (1)课件

SubjunctiveMood虚拟语气的用法一、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法。条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。真实条件句所表示的假设是可能发生或实现的。句中的条件从句与结果主句皆用陈述语气。你如果把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。Oilfloatsifyoupouritonwater.假若明年我有钱，我就去法国。IfIhaveenoughmoneynextyear,IwillgotoFrance.非真实条件句所表示的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆用虚拟语气。条件从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式与现在事实相反If主语＋动词过去式主语＋should/would/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相反If主语＋had+动词过去分词主语＋should/would/could/might+have+过去分词与将来事实相反If主语＋动词过去式

＋should＋动词原形＋wereto＋动词原形主语＋should/would/could/might＋动词原形2与过去的事实相反从句的谓语用had＋过去分词，构成IfI(we,you,he,they)＋had＋过去分词的形式；主句的谓语用should（第一人称）/would（第二、三人称）/could/mighthave＋动词过去分词。如果你仔细一点，这个错误是可以避免的。Ifyouhadbeenmorecareful,themistake

mighthavebeenavoided.假如受过良好的教育，他就不会表现成那样。Hewouldneverhavebehavedlikethatifhehadhadagoodeducation.假如我的表不停，我就会准时的。Ifmywatchhadnotstopped,Ishouldhavebeenontime.3与将来事实相反从句的谓语用IfI(we,you,he,they)＋动词过去式或weretodo或shoulddo形式，主句谓语用should（第一人称）/would（第二、三人称）/could/might＋动词原形。假如他来了，我们对他说什么呢？Ifheweretocome,whatshouldwesaytohim.假如他看见我，就会认识我。Ifheshouldseeme,hewouldknowme.假如我们爬上山顶，我们能有一个好的视野吗？Ifweclimbedtothetopofthemountain,shouldwegetagoodview?4If从句中若含有should,had或者were，那么就可以把它们放在句首，与主语颠倒形成倒装，但动词过去式不可以与主语倒装。如果他在，他会来帮助我们。Werehehere,hewouldcometohelpus.假如你刚才在这里，你就会遇见她。Hadyoubeenherejustnow,youwouldhavemether.假如我明天看见他，我就会告诉他关于这一切。ShouldIseehimtomorrow,Iwouldtellhimaboutit.5当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。如果他早点出发，他现在已到家了。Ifhehadsetoutearlier,hewouldbehomenow.我要是不忙的话，我早就会过来了。IfIwerenotbusy,Iwouldhavecome.假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好的多。Youwouldbemuchbetternowifyouhadtakenmyadvice.6用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词由with,without,butfor等。Whatwouldyoudowithamilliondollars?=ifyouhadamilliondollars二、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法1在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。（1）表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式（be动词一般用were）。我希望知道这个问题的答案。IwishIknewtheanswertothequestion.但愿北京全年是秋天。IwishitwereautumninBeijingalltheyeararound.她希望仍和祖母住在一起。Shewishesshewerestilllivingwithhergrandmother.2在一个坚持（insist）,两个命令（order,command）,三个建议（suggest,advice,propose）,四个要求（ask,demandrequest,require）等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“(should)＋动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。我建议马上动身。Isuggestthatwe(should)setoffatonce.学生们坚持要多上英语课。Thestudentsinsistedthatthey(should)havemoreEnglishclasses.3在主语＋would(had)rather＋that宾语从句中，从句谓语用过去式表示虚拟形式。我倒希望他们和我一起去。Iwouldrathertheywentwithme.四、虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句的用法。在suggestion,proposal,order,plan,idea,request,advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气。其构成是“should＋动词原形”。Myideaisthatweshouldthinkitoverbeforeacceptingit.WeallagreedtohissuggestionthatweshouldgotoDalianforsightseeing.五、在Itis(high)time(that)…的句型中，定语从句的虚拟形式常用过去式或should＋动词原形（should不能省略），表示“现在该……”我们该走了。Itistimeweleft.六、ifonly…表示一种假设情况，意思是“要是······就好了”，相当于主语＋wish。要是今天是星期天就好了。IfonlyitwereSundaytoday.要是他幽默点就好了。Ifonlyhehadasenseofhumor.七、由asif(asthough)或eventhough(eventhough)引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时，从句谓语形式为动词的过去式（be用were）或“had＋过去分词”。他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。HetreatsmeasifI

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astranger.她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。Shetalkedaboutthefilmasifshehadreallyseenit.注意：如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。八、虚拟语气用在含有Ifitwerenotfor或Ifithadnotbeenfor条件句中。Ifitwerenotfortherain,thecropswoulddie.Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp,wecouldn’thavefinishedtheworkaheadoftime.九、虚拟语气表示委婉语气的句型中。Itwouldbebetterforyounottodothat.Wouldyoubesokindastoshowmethewaytotherailwaystation.十、用于“may＋动词原形”表示“祝愿……”，may须置于句首。Mayyousucceed!Mayyoubehappy!需要注意的问题a)含有助动词should的条件句表示语气较强的条件，常译为“一旦…”。该条件句，除了常用于表示未来情况的非真实条件句以外，也可用在主句是陈述语气或祈使语气的句子中。例如：Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldhavetochangeourplan.（条件句）万一明天下雨，我们将不得不改变计划。Askhertoleaveamessageifsheshouldcome.（祈使句）她万一来的话让她留个信。b)suppose(supposing)也可以单独引导一个句子，用于提出建议或假设。Supposewestartedtomorrow.我们明天动身吧。Supposingthelionshouldcomeoutofthecage?万一狮子从笼子里跑出来呢？d)含蓄条件假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句来表示，而是隐含在一个由介词（如：without,butfor,butthat）引导的短语中，或由连词but，副词otherwise，以及比较等级表示的上下文中。例如：Withoutelectricity,therewouldbenomodernindustry.Butforyourcooperation,wecouldnothavesucceededinourexperiment.Butthatshewasafraid,shewouldhavesaidno.要不是害怕的话，她就会拒绝了。Amorecarefulpersonwouldn’thavemadesomanymistakes.e)混合型虚拟语气如果条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生时间不一致，如主句是对现在情况的虚拟，而从句则是对过去情况的虚拟，或者主句是对过去情况的虚拟，从句是对现在情况的虚拟，这时，主句和从句动词的形式要根据各自所表示的时间进行调整。这就是混合型虚拟语气。例如：Ifwehadn’thadsuchamagnificentoptimismtocarryusthroughallthesethings,wewouldn’tbehere.如果不是伟大的乐观精神一路上支持我们，我们就不是现在的样子了。（从句是对过去情况的假设，主句是对现在情况的假设）IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’thaveshoutedathimbeforesomanypeople.Helookedhurt.如果我是你，我就不会当着这么多人的面对他大喊大叫。他看上去很伤心。（从句是对现在情况的假设，主句是对过去情况的假设）2.Jeandoesn’twanttoworkrightawaybecauseshethinksifshe____ajob,sheprobablywouldn’tbeabletoseeherfriendsveryoften.(CET4-9601)A.hastogetB.weretogetC.hadgotD.couldhavegotB4.____fortheactthatshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedtheexam.(TEM4-2002)A.HaditnotbeenB.Hadn’titbeenC.WasitnotD.WereitnotA5.Butforhiscourage,thebattle____.(CET6-9206)A.waslostB.willbelostC.wouldloseD.wouldhavebeenlostD6.Thetrafficwasveryheavy;otherwiseI____here50minutessooner.(CET4-9101)A.wouldbeB.shouldbeC.hadbeenD.wouldhavebeenD8.Janedoesnotwanttoworkrightawaybecauseshethinksifshe____ajobsheprobablywouldn'tbeabletoseeherfriendsveryoften.A.hastoget B.weretogetC.hadgot D.couldhavegotB9.Ifthewholeoperation____beforehand,agreatdealoftimeandmoneywouldhavebeenlost.A.wasnotplanned B.werenotplannedC.hasnotbeenplanned D.hadnotbeenplannedD10.IfI____harderatschool,Iwouldbesittinginacomfortableofficenow.A.workedB.weretowork C.hadworkedD.wereworkingC11.___beforewedepartthedayaftertomorrow,weshouldhaveawonderfuldinnerparty.A.HadtheyarrivedB.WouldtheyarriveC.Weretheyarriving D.WeretheytoarriveD12.Hadheworkedharder,he____theexams.A.musthavegotthrough B.wouldhavegotthroughC.wouldgetthrough D.couldgetthroughB13.____foryourlaziness,youcouldhavefinishedtheassignmentbynow.A.Haditnotbeen B.ItwerenotC.Weren'tit D.HadnotitbeenA14.Thingsmighthavebeenmuchworseifthemother____onherrighttokeepthebaby.A.hasbeeninsisting B.hadinsistedC.wouldinsist D.insistedB15.Wedidn'tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwisewe____him.A.wouldhavetelephoned B.musthavetelephonedC.wouldtelephone D.hadtelephonedAFillintheblankswiththewordsinbrackets.Youmanchangetheformifnecessary.1Ourteachersuggestedthatwe____________(discuss)thequestioningroupsoffour.2Ifhehadnotmademanymistakes,he_________(pass)thetest.3Ifyouhadgonetoseethedoctorearlier