考研考博-英语-兰州大学押题密卷附带答案详解篇1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-兰州大学押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.不定项选择题

FewpeoplewoulddefendtheVictorianattitudetochildren,butifyouwereaparentinthosedays,atleastyouknewwhereyoustood:childrenweretobeseenandnotheard.Freudandcompanydidawaywithallthatandparentshavebeen（71）eversince.Thechild’shappinessisall-important,thepsychologistssay,（72）whatabouttheparents’happiness?Parentssufferconstantlyfromfearandguiltwhiletheirchildren（73）rompaboutpullingtheplaceapart.Agoodold-fashionedspankingisoutofthe（74）;nomodernchild-rearing（75）wouldpermitsuchbarbarity.Thetroubleisyouarenotallowed（76）toshout.Whoknowswhatdeep（77）woundsyoumightinflict?Thepoorchildmayneverrecoverfromthedreadfultraumatic（78）.Soitisthatparent’s（79）toavoidgivingtheirchildrencomplexes（80）ahundredyearsagowasn’tevenheardof.Certainlyachildneedslove,andalotofit.Buttheexcessive（81）ofmodernparentsissurelydoingmoreharmthangood.

Psychologistshavesucceededin（82）parents’confidenceintheirownauthority.Andithasn’ttakenchildrenlongtogetwindofthefact.（83）thegreatmodernclassicsonchildcare,therearecountlessarticlesinmagazinesandnewspapers.Withsomuchunsolicited（84）flyingabout,mumanddadjustdon’tknowwhattodoanymore.Intheend,theydonothingatall.So,fromearlychildhood,thekidsareinchargeandparents’livesare（85）accordingtotheneedsoftheiroffspring.Whenthelittledearsdevelopinto（86）,theytakecompletecontrol.Laxauthorityovertheyearsmakesadolescent（87）againstparentsallthemoreviolent.Iftheyoungpeoplearegoingtohaveaparty,（88）,parentsareaskedtoleavethehouse.Theirpresencemerely（89）thefun.Whatelsecanthepoorparentsdobut（90）?

问题1选项

A.relaxed

B.thrilled

C.bewildered

D.inspired

问题2选项

A.so

B.but

C.and

D.or

问题3选项

A.pleasantly

B.enthusiastically

C.cautiously

D.gaily

问题4选项

A.problem

B.question

C.issue

D.argument

问题5选项

A.brochure

B.pamphlet

C.manual

D.publication

问题6选项

A.even

B.also

C.just

D.as

问题7选项

A.physical

B.emotional

C.psychological

D.sensational

问题8选项

A.experience

B.hazard

C.adventure

D.impact

问题9选项

A.strive

B.hesitate

C.anticipate

D.oblige

问题10选项

A.what

B.it

C.which

D.this

问题11选项

A.penalty

B.barbarity

C.scold

D.permissiveness

问题12选项

A.establishing

B.enhancing

C.detaining

D.undermining

问题13选项

A.Withrelationto

B.Withregardto

C.Inadditionto

D.Intermsof

问题14选项

A.demonstration

B.advice

C.criticism

D.interpretation

问题15选项

A.operated

B.intensified

C.regulated

D.compensated

问题16选项

A.adults

B.teenagers

C.parents

D.veterans

问题17选项

A.resistance

B.objection

C.hostility

D.rebellion

问题18选项

A.atfirst

B.inparticular

C.afterall

D.forinstance

问题19选项

A.devastates

B.spoils

C.manipulates

D.converts

问题20选项

A.refute

B.violate

C.abide

D.obey

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

第6题:A

第7题:C

第8题:A

第9题:A

第10题:C

第11题:D

第12题:D

第13题:C

第14题:B

第15题:C

第16题:B

第17题:D

第18题:D

第19题:B

第20题:D

【解析】第1题:考查逻辑关系。A选项relaxed“松懈的；悠闲的，自在的”；B选项thrilled“非常兴奋的；极为激动的”；C选项bewildered“困惑的”；D选项inspired“有灵感的；受……鼓舞的”。前文提到“butifyouwereaparentinthosedays,atleastyouknewwhereyoustood但如果你是那个年代的父母，至少你知道自己的立场。”和“Freudandcompanydidawaywithallthat弗洛伊德和他的同伴们废除了这一切”，可知这里要表达的意思是“困惑的”。因此C选项正确。

第2题:考查逻辑关系。A选项so“所以；因此”；B选项but“但是”；C选项and“和；就；而且”；D选项or“或者；还是”。前文提到“Thechild’shappinessisall-important,thepsychologistssay心理学家说，孩子的快乐是最重要的”与空格后提到“whatabouttheparents’happiness?父母的幸福呢？”，可看出空格前后明显存在转折关系。因此B选项正确。

第3题:考查词义辨析。A选项pleasantly“愉快地；和蔼地，亲切地”；B选项enthusiastically“热心地；满腔热情地”；C选项cautiously“慎重地，谨慎地”；D选项gaily“华丽地；欢乐地”。下文提到“rompabout嬉戏玩耍”，所以这里“欢乐地”符合语境。因此D选项正确。

第4题:考查固定搭配。A选项outoftheproblem“绝不可能的”；B选项outofthequestion“不予考虑的”；没有outoftheargument与outoftheissue的搭配。下文的nomodernchild-rearing…wouldpermitsuchbarbarity意思是“没有现代的育儿……会允许如此的粗野”，可知这里要表达的意思是“不予考虑的”。因此B选项正确。

第5题:考查词义辨析。A选项brochure“手册；说明书”；B选项pamphlet“小册子”；C选项manual“手册，指南”；D选项publication“出版；出版物；发表”。空格前说到child-rearing“抚养子女”，所以在这里“指南”更符合句意。因此C选项正确。

第6题:考查词义辨析。A选项even“甚至；即使”；B选项also“也；而且”；C选项just“仅仅；正好”；D选项as“同样地；和……一样的”。这里要表达的意思是“甚至不允许你去大喊”。因此A选项正确。

第7题:考查词义辨析。A选项physical“物理的；身体的；物质的”；B选项emotional“情绪的；易激动的；感动人的”；C选项psychological“心理的；心理学的；精神上的”；D选项sensational“轰动的；耸人听闻的；使人感动的”。这里要表达的意思是“心理的创伤”。因此C选项正确。

第8题:考查词义辨析。A选项experience“经验；经历；体验”；B选项hazard“危险，冒险；冒险的事”；C选项adventure“冒险；冒险精神；投机活动”；D选项impact“影响；效果；碰撞；冲击力”。由前文提及的“toshout大喊”以及空格前“dreadfultraumatic可怕的（心理）创伤的”可知这里要表达的意思是“经历”。因此A选项正确。

第9题:考查词义辨析。A选项strive“努力；奋斗；抗争”，striveto“努力去做”；B选项hesitate“踌躇，犹豫；不愿”，hesitateto“犹豫去……”；C选项anticipate“预期，期望；占先，抢先，提前使用”，不与介词to搭配；D选项oblige“迫使；强制”，obligeto“必须；不得不”。前文Thepoorchildmayneverrecoverfromthedreadfultraumatic...的意思是“这个可怜的孩子可能永远无法从可怕的创伤……中恢复过来。”因此父母努力去避免给予他们的孩子变态心理，“努力”符合句意。因此A选项正确。

第10题:考查语法。句意：所以，在一百年前，甚至没有人听说过父母应该避免给他们的孩子带来情结。关系代词which引导从句充当后置定语。“ahundredyearsagowasn’tevenheardof”为修饰空格前“complexes”的后置定语，所以这里需要用关系代词which来引导后置定语。因此C选项正确。

第11题:考查词义辨析。A选项penalty“罚款，罚金；处罚”；B选项barbarity“残暴；粗野”；C选项scold“责骂”；D选项permissiveness“放任；许可”。这里要表达的意思是“现代父母对孩子的过度许可无疑弊大于利”。因此D选项正确。

第12题:考查逻辑关系。A选项establish（其现在分词为establishing）“建立；创办；安置”；B选项enhance（其现在分词为enhancing）“提高；加强；增加”；选项C选项detain（其现在分词为detaining）“拘留；留住；耽搁”；D选项undermine（其现在分词为undermining）“破坏，渐渐破坏；挖掘地基”。由前后文知这里说的是“心理学家已成功地破坏了父母对自己权威的自信”。因此D选项正确。

第13题:考查逻辑关系。A选项withrelationto“关于，涉及”；B选项“withregardto“关于；至于”；C选项inadditionto“除……之外”；D选项intermsof“依据；在……方面；以……措词”。由空格后的内容可知这里指的是“除了关于照顾小孩的极好的现代经典著作外”，inadditionto符合题意。因此C选项正确。

第14题:考查词义辨析。A选项demonstration“示范；证明；示威游行”；B选项advice“建议：忠告：通知”；C选项criticism“批评；考证；苛求”；D选项interpretation“解释；翻译；演出”。前文提到“therearecountlessarticlesinmagazinesandnewspapers在杂志和报纸上有无数的文章”，所以这里说的是“有那么多不请自来的建议满天飞”因此B选项正确。

第15题:考查词义辨析。A选项operate（过去分词为operated）“操作；经营”；B选项intensify（过去分词为intensified）“使加强，使强化；使变激烈”；C选项regulate（过去分词为regulated）“调整；控制；管理”；D选项compensate（过去分词为compensated）“补偿，赔偿；付报酬”。这里要表达的意思是“父母的生活根据儿女的需要来调节”。因此C选项正确。

第16题:考查词义辨析。A选项adult“成年人”；B选项teenage“青少年”；C选项parent“父亲（或母亲）；父母亲”；D选项veteran“富有经验的人；老运动员”。下文提到“adolescent青春期的”，因此这里指的是“当小宝贝长成青少年”，teenage符合题意。因此B选项正确。

第17题:考查词义辨析。A选项resistance“阻力；电阻；抵抗”；B选项objection“异议，反对”；C选项hostility“敌意；战争行动”；D选项rebellion“叛乱；反抗；谋反；不服从”。“adolescent青春期的”与“rebellion反叛”构成“青春期的反叛”。因此D选项正确。

第18题:考查词义辨析。A选项atfirst“起先，首先；最初”；B选项inparticular“尤其，特别”；C选项afterall“毕竟；终究”；D选项forinstance“例如”。“Iftheyoungpeoplearegoingtohaveaparty如果年轻人将开一个派对”，“If”表示假设，所以这里表示举例。因此D选项正确。

第19题:考查词义辨析。A选项devastate“毁灭；毁坏”；B选项spoil“溺爱；糟蹋；破坏；掠夺”；C选项manipulate“操纵；操作；篡改”；D选项convert“使转变；转换”。句意为“父母的在场只是会破坏这种乐趣”。因此B选项正确。

第20题:考查词义辨析。A选项refute“反驳，驳斥；驳倒”；B选项violate“违反；侵犯，妨碍；亵渎”；C选项abide“忍受；停留；遵守”；D选项obey“服从，听从；按照……行动”。由前文可知这里要表达的意思为“可怜的父母除了服从外还有什么其他可做的事情呢？”。因此D选项正确。

2.单选题

ThestatusofwomenincolonialNorthAmericahasbeenwellstudiedanddescribedandcanbebrieflysummarized.Throughoutthecolonialperiodtherewasamarkedshortageofwomen,whichvariedwiththeregionsandwasalwaysgreatestinthefrontierareas.Thisfavorableratioenhancedwomen’sstatusandpositionandallowedthemtopursuedifferentcareers.ThePuritans,thereligioussectthatdominatedtheearlyBritishcoloniesinNorthAmerica,regardedidlenessasasin,andbelievedthatlifeinanunderdevelopedcountrymadeitabsolutelynecessarythateachmemberofthecommunityperformaneconomicfunction.Thusworkforwomen,marriedorsingle,wasnotonlyapproved,itwasregardedasacivicduty.Puritantowncouncilsexpectedwidowsandunattachedwomentobeself-supportingandforalongtimeprovidedneedyspinsterswithparcelsofland.Therewasnosocialsanctionagainstmarriedwomenworking；onthecontrary,wiveswereexpectedtohelptheirhusbandsintheirtradeandwonsocialapprovalfordoingextraworkinoroutofthehome.Needychildren,girlsaswellasboys,wereindenturedorapprenticedandwereexpectedtoworkfortheirkeep.

Thevastmajorityo£womenworkedwithintheirhomes,wheretheirlaborproducedmostarticlesneededforthefamily.Theentirecolonialproductionofclothandclothingandpartiallythatofshoeswasinthehandsofwomen.Inadditiontotheseoccupations,womenwerefoundinmanydifferentkindsofemployment.Theywerebutchers,silversmiths,gunsmiths,upholsterers.Theytanmills,plantations,tanyards,shipyards,andeverykindofshop,tavern,andboardinghouse.Theyweregatekeepers,jailkeepers,sextons,journalists,printers,apothecaries,midwives,nurses,andteachers.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthePuritanwere（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,whatdidthePuritansexpectfrommarriedwomen?

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichproductsweremadeentirelybywomen?

问题1选项

A.Colonialmarriages.

B.ThePuritanreligion.

C.Colonialwomen’semployment.

D.Educationinthecolonies.

问题2选项

A.uneducated

B.hardworking

C.generous

D.wealthy

问题3选项

A.Theyshouldadoptneedychildren.

B.Theyshouldassistintheirhusbands’tradeorbusiness.

C.Theyshouldworkonlywithintheirownhomes.

D.Theyshouldbeapprenticed.

问题4选项

A.Gunpowderandbullets.

B.Cupsandplates.

C.Clothandclothing.

D.Paperandbooks

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】1.主旨题。根据文章第一段，殖民时期因为女性人数很少，所以对她们的社会地位和就业产生了有利影响，女性可以有自己的职业选择。所以文章主要是讨论女性的就业。选项C符合题意。

2.推断题。根据文章第一段，“ThePuritans,thereligioussectthatdominatedtheearlyBritishcoloniesinNorthAmerica,regardedidlenessasasin,”，他们认为懒惰是一种罪恶，可是清教徒是勤劳的。选项B符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“wiveswereexpectedtohelptheirhusbandsintheirtradeandwonsocialapprovalfordoingextraworkinoroutofthehome.”丈夫期待妻子可以在他们的领域内帮助他们，并且可以从事额外的行业。选项B符合题意。

4.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Theentirecolonialproductionofclothandclothingandpartiallythatofshoeswasinthehandsofwomen.”可知，布料和服装都是女性亲手做的。选项C符合题意。

3.单选题

Thepressisconstantlyremindingusthatthedramaticincreaseintheageofourpopulationoverthenext30orsoyearswillcausenationalhealthcaresystemstocollapse,economiestocrumpleunderthestrainofpensiondemandsanddisintegratingfamiliestobuckleunderincreasingcarecommitments.YetresearchatOxfordisbeginningtoexposesomeofthewidespreadmythsthatunderliethisrhetoric.Demographicagingisundoubtedlyareality.Lifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieshasrisencontinuouslyoverthepastcentury,increasingthepercentageofthoseovertheageof60relativetothoseundertheageof15.By2030halfthepopulationofWesternEuropewillbeovertheageof50,withapredictedaveragelifeexpectancyofafurther40years.Bythen,aquarterofthepopulationwillbeover65andby2050theUK’scurrentnumbersof10,000centenariansarepredictedtohavereachedaquarterofamillion.SomedemographershaveevensuggestedthathalfofallbabygirlsbomintheWesttodaywilllivetoseethenextcentury.

（1）

Indeed,ifthiscouldbeachievedthroughouttheworld,itwouldsurelycountasthesuccessofcivilization,forthenwewouldalsohaveconqueredthekillersofpoverty,disease,famineandwar.

Decreasingmortalityratesincreasinglongevityanddecliningfertilitymeansmallerpercentagesofyoungpeoplewithinpopulations.Overthepast20yearslifeexpectancyatbirthintheUKhasrisenbyfouryearsformen(to75)andthreeyearsforwomen(to80).MeanwhilefertilityratesacrossEuropehavedeclinedmoreorlesscontinuouslyoverthepast40yearsandremainwellbelowthelevelsrequiredforEuropeanpopulationstobeabletoreplacethemselveswithoutsubstantiveimmigration.Butagain,ratherthanseeingthisasadoomandgloomscenario,weneedtoexplorethepositiveaspectsofthesedemographics.Thenext50yearsshouldprovideuswithallopportunitytoenjoythemanyadvantagesofasocietywithamaturepopulationstructure.

（2）

ThefirstoftheseisthecurrentpoliticalrhetoricwhichclaimsthathealthservicesacrosstheWesternWorldarecollapsingunderthestrainofdemographicageing.

（3）

Thesecondmythistheviewthattheratioofworkerstonon-workerswillbecomesoacutethatWesterneconomieswillcollapse,compoundedbyamassivegrowthinpensiondebt,Whilethereareundoubtedconcernsovercurrentpensionshortfalls,itisalsoclearthatworkingliveswillthemselveschangeoverthenextfewdecades,withapredictedincreaseinflexibleandpart.Timeworkandtheprobableextensionofworkinglifeuntiltheageof70.Indeed,wehavetorecognizethatwecannotexpecttoretireattheageof50andthenbeabletosupportourselvesforanother40orsoyear.Neitherasolidpensionschemenorsavingscancarrypeoplethatlong.

（4）

Afurthermythisthatwewillallliveinloose,multigenerationalfamilies,experiencingincreasedemotionaldistancingfromourkin.Evidencefromavarietyofstudiesacrossthedevelopedworldsuggeststhat,ifanything,themodernfamilyisactuallybecomingmoreclose-knit.WorkcarriedoutbytheOxfordInstituteinScandinaviaandinaPan-EuropeanFamilyCareStudy,forexample,showsthatdespitetheinfluenceofthewelfarestate,overthepast10years,peoplehavecometovaluefamilyrelationshipsmorethanpreviously.

（5）

Inthedevelopedworldtherefore,wecanseeactualbenefitsfrompopulationaging:abetterbalancebetweenagegroups,matureandlessvolatilesocieties,withanemphasisonageintegration.Theissueswillbeverydifferentinotherpartsoftheworld.

Hereinlaysanothermyth:thatthelessdevelopedworldwillescapeformdemographicaging.Instead,themassiveincreaseintheageofpopulationsfacingthesecountries-predictedtobeuptoonebillionolderpeoplewithin30years-ispotentiallydevastating.TheproblemisnotonlythatdemographicagingisoccurringatafargreaterpacethanwehaveseeninWesternnations,butalsothatfewifanydevelopingcountrieshavetheeconomicdevelopmentandinfrastructurenecessarytoprovidewidespreadpublicpensionsandhealthcaretothesegrowingelderlypopulations.

Asaresult,olderpeopleareamongthepoorestineverydevelopingcountry.Theyhavethelowestlevelsofincome,educationandliteracy,theylacksavingsandassets,haveonlylimitedaccesstowork,andevenintimesofcrisisareusuallythelasttobecaredforunderemergencyaidprograms.Perhapsofmostconcernishealthcare,forasweconqueracutediseases,wearegoingtoseearapidincreaseinlevelsofchronicillnessanddisability,butnolong-termcareprogrammesorfacilitiestotacklethis.

问题1选项

A.Sinceitislikelythatalongeractiveworkinglifewillcoincidewithapredictedlaborshortageresultingfromalackofyoungerworkers,weneedtoprovidetheopportunitiesandtrainingtoencourageoldermenandwomentoremaineconomicallyproductive.Ourstudiesshowthattherearebenefitsfromhavinganage-integratedworkforce.Itisanothermyththatolderworkersarelessproductivethanyoungerones.Infact,thecombinedenergyofyoungerworkerswiththeexperienceofolderonescanleadtoincreasedproductivitysomethingfromwhichyoungandoldalikewillbenefit

B.In2001.Inrecognitionofthesignificanceofthesedemographicchangesandtheglobalchallengesandopportunitiesthatwillaccompanythem,theOxfordInstituteofAgingwasestablishedattheUniversity.Itismadeupofresearchersindemography,sociology,economics,socialanthropology,philosophyandpsychology,withlinkstootherspecialistsinmedicine,biology,lawandpolicyinresearchunitsacrosstheUniversity.Thiscross-disciplinaryapproachhasmadeitpossibletochallengesomeofthemostpervasivemythsaboutagingsocieties.

C.AsInstitutehealthcareethicistKennethHoweepointsout,familyobligationstowardsolderrelativesmaychangeoverthenext20years.Butcurrentindicationsarethatfamiliesareretainingastrongresponsibilitytocare.Furthermore,associety’sage,thecontributoryroleofolderpeopleasgrandparentsbecomesmoreimportant.WorkbyInstituteresearchersonanotherEuropeanUnionstudyonmulti-generationalfamilieshashighlightedtherolethatgrandparentsplaybyfreeinguptheresponsibilitiesofdieyoungerreproductivepopulation.

D.Itisclearthatthechangingdemographiclandscapeposeschallengesforthefuture.Thenecessitynowistodevelopappropriateeconomic,socialandpoliticalstructurestotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatmaturesocietieswillbring,whileensuringthatthereareappropriatesafetynetsforthoseleftvulnerablewithinthesepopulations-whichwillincludebothyoungandoldalike.

E.Ratherthanfearingsuchafuture,however,weshouldseethistrendasagreatsuccess.Itmustundoubtedlybeamajorachievementofcivilizationthatmostindividualswithinasocietycanexpecttoenjoyalongandhealthylifespan

F.GeorgeLeeson,ademographerattheInstitute,pointsoutthatwhileanumberofcrossnationalstudieshaveconsideredthedeterminantsofspiralinghealthcarecosts,onlyonehasfoundtheexplanatoryfactortobetheproportionofthepopulationaged65andoverRather,itisgrowthinincome,lifestylecharacteristicsandenvironmentalfactorssuchastechnologyanddrugsthataredrivinguphealthcarecosts.Inaddition,thecostsareshiftingbetweenpopulationgroups.Thekeyhere,headds,istodevelopsufficientlyflexiblehealthservicestructurestoshiftnotonlyeconomicresourcesbutalsopersonnel.

问题2选项

A.Sinceitislikelythatalongeractiveworkinglifewillcoincidewithapredictedlaborshortageresultingfromalackofyoungerworkers,weneedtoprovidetheopportunitiesandtrainingtoencourageoldermenandwomentoremaineconomicallyproductive.Ourstudiesshowthattherearebenefitsfromhavinganage-integratedworkforce.Itisanothermyththatolderworkersarelessproductivethanyoungerones.Infact,thecombinedenergyofyoungerworkerswiththeexperienceofolderonescanleadtoincreasedproductivitysomethingfromwhichyoungandoldalikewillbenefit

B.In2001.Inrecognitionofthesignificanceofthesedemographicchangesandtheglobalchallengesandopportunitiesthatwillaccompanythem,theOxfordInstituteofAgingwasestablishedattheUniversity.Itismadeupofresearchersindemography,sociology,economics,socialanthropology,philosophyandpsychology,withlinkstootherspecialistsinmedicine,biology,lawandpolicyinresearchunitsacrosstheUniversity.Thiscross-disciplinaryapproachhasmadeitpossibletochallengesomeofthemostpervasivemythsaboutagingsocieties.

C.AsInstitutehealthcareethicistKennethHoweepointsout,familyobligationstowardsolderrelativesmaychangeoverthenext20years.Butcurrentindicationsarethatfamiliesareretainingastrongresponsibilitytocare.Furthermore,associety’sage,thecontributoryroleofolderpeopleasgrandparentsbecomesmoreimportant.WorkbyInstituteresearchersonanotherEuropeanUnionstudyonmulti-generationalfamilieshashighlightedtherolethatgrandparentsplaybyfreeinguptheresponsibilitiesofdieyoungerreproductivepopulation.

D.Itisclearthatthechangingdemographiclandscapeposeschallengesforthefuture.Thenecessitynowistodevelopappropriateeconomic,socialandpoliticalstructurestotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatmaturesocietieswillbring,whileensuringthatthereareappropriatesafetynetsforthoseleftvulnerablewithinthesepopulations-whichwillincludebothyoungandoldalike.

E.Ratherthanfearingsuchafuture,however,weshouldseethistrendasagreatsuccess.Itmustundoubtedlybeamajorachievementofcivilizationthatmostindividualswithinasocietycanexpecttoenjoyalongandhealthylifespan

F.GeorgeLeeson,ademographerattheInstitute,pointsoutthatwhileanumberofcrossnationalstudieshaveconsideredthedeterminantsofspiralinghealthcarecosts,onlyonehasfoundtheexplanatoryfactortobetheproportionofthepopulationaged65andoverRather,itisgrowthinincome,lifestylecharacteristicsandenvironmentalfactorssuchastechnologyanddrugsthataredrivinguphealthcarecosts.Inaddition,thecostsareshiftingbetweenpopulationgroups.Thekeyhere,headds,istodevelopsufficientlyflexiblehealthservicestructurestoshiftnotonlyeconomicresourcesbutalsopersonnel.

问题3选项

A.Sinceitislikelythatalongeractiveworkinglifewillcoincidewithapredictedlaborshortageresultingfromalackofyoungerworkers,weneedtoprovidetheopportunitiesandtrainingtoencourageoldermenandwomentoremaineconomicallyproductive.Ourstudiesshowthattherearebenefitsfromhavinganage-integratedworkforce.Itisanothermyththatolderworkersarelessproductivethanyoungerones.Infact,thecombinedenergyofyoungerworkerswiththeexperienceofolderonescanleadtoincreasedproductivitysomethingfromwhichyoungandoldalikewillbenefit

B.In2001.Inrecognitionofthesignificanceofthesedemographicchangesandtheglobalchallengesandopportunitiesthatwillaccompanythem,theOxfordInstituteofAgingwasestablishedattheUniversity.Itismadeupofresearchersindemography,sociology,economics,socialanthropology,philosophyandpsychology,withlinkstootherspecialistsinmedicine,biology,lawandpolicyinresearchunitsacrosstheUniversity.Thiscross-disciplinaryapproachhasmadeitpossibletochallengesomeofthemostpervasivemythsaboutagingsocieties.

C.AsInstitutehealthcareethicistKennethHoweepointsout,familyobligationstowardsolderrelativesmaychangeoverthenext20years.Butcurrentindicationsarethatfamiliesareretainingastrongresponsibilitytocare.Furthermore,associety’sage,thecontributoryroleofolderpeopleasgrandparentsbecomesmoreimportant.WorkbyInstituteresearchersonanotherEuropeanUnionstudyonmulti-generationalfamilieshashighlightedtherolethatgrandparentsplaybyfreeinguptheresponsibilitiesofdieyoungerreproductivepopulation.

D.Itisclearthatthechangingdemographiclandscapeposeschallengesforthefuture.Thenecessitynowistodevelopappropriateeconomic,socialandpoliticalstructurestotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatmaturesocietieswillbring,whileensuringthatthereareappropriatesafetynetsforthoseleftvulnerablewithinthesepopulations-whichwillincludebothyoungandoldalike.

E.Ratherthanfearingsuchafuture,however,weshouldseethistrendasagreatsuccess.Itmustundoubtedlybeamajorachievementofcivilizationthatmostindividualswithinasocietycanexpecttoenjoyalongandhealthylifespan

F.GeorgeLeeson,ademographerattheInstitute,pointsoutthatwhileanumberofcrossnationalstudieshaveconsideredthedeterminantsofspiralinghealthcarecosts,onlyonehasfoundtheexplanatoryfactortobetheproportionofthepopulationaged65andoverRather,itisgrowthinincome,lifestylecharacteristicsandenvironmentalfactorssuchastechnologyanddrugsthataredrivinguphealthcarecosts.Inaddition,thecostsareshiftingbetweenpopulationgroups.Thekeyhere,headds,istodevelopsufficientlyflexiblehealthservicestructurestoshiftnotonlyeconomicresourcesbutalsopersonnel.

问题4选项

A.Sinceitislikelythatalongeractiveworkinglifewillcoincidewithapredictedlaborshortageresultingfromalackofyoungerworkers,weneedtoprovidetheopportunitiesandtrainingtoencourageoldermenandwomentoremaineconomicallyproductive.Ourstudiesshowthattherearebenefitsfromhavinganage-integratedworkforce.Itisanothermyththatolderworkersarelessproductivethanyoungerones.Infact,thecombinedenergyofyoungerworkerswiththeexperienceofolderonescanleadtoincreasedproductivitysomethingfromwhichy