考研考博-英语-上海师范大学押题密卷附带答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海师范大学押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Humanityusesalittlelessthanhalfthewateravailableworldwide.Yetoccurrencesofshortagesanddroughtsarecausingfamineanddistressinsomeareas,andindustrialandagriculturalby-productsarepollutingwatersupplies.Sincetheworld'spopulationisexpectedtodoubleinthenext50years,manyexpertsthinkweareontheedgeofawidespreadwatercrisis.

Butthatdoesn’thavetobetheoutcome.Watershortagesdonothavetotroubletheworld,ifwestartvaluingwatermorethanwehaveinthepast.Justaswebegantoappreciatepetroleummoreafterthe1970soilcrises,todaywemuststartlookingatwaterfromafresheconomicperspective.Wecannolongeraffordtoconsiderwateravirtuallyfreeresourceofwhichwecanuseasmuchaswelikeinanywaywewant.

Instead,forallusesexceptthedomesticdemandofthepoor,governmentsshouldpricewatertoreflectitsactualvalue.Thismeanschargingafeeforthewateritselfaswellasforthesupplycosts.

Governmentsshouldalsoprotectthisresourcebyprovidingwaterinmoreeconomicallyandenvironmentallysoundways.Forexample,oftenthecheapestwaytoprovideirrigationwaterinthedrytropicsisthroughsmall-scaleprojects,suchasgatheringrainfallindepressionsandpumpingittonearbycropland.

Nomatterwhatstepsgovernmentstaketoprovidewatermoreefficiently,theymustchangetheirinstitutionalandlegalapproachestowateruse.Ratherthanspreadcontrolamonghundredsoreventhousandsoflocalregional,andnationalagenciesthatwatchvariousaspectsofwateruse,countriesshouldsetupcentralauthoritiestocoordinatewaterpolicy.

1.Whatistherealcauseofthepotentialwatercrisis?

2.Asindicatedinthepassage,thewaterproblem（）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,thewaterpriceshould（）.

4.Theauthorsaysthatinsomehotanddryareasitisadvisableto（）.

5.Inordertoraisetheefficiencyofthewatersupply,measuresshouldbetakento（）.

问题1选项

A.Onlyhalfoftheworld'swatercanbeused.

B.Theworldpopulationisincreasingfasterandfaster.

C.Halfoftheworld'swaterresourceshavebeenserioilslypolluted.

D.Humanityhasnotplacedsufficientvalueonwaterresources.

问题2选项

A.isalreadyseriousincertainpartsoftheworld

B.hasbeenexaggeratedbysomeexpertsinthefield

C.posesachallengetothetechnologyofbuildingreservoirs

D.isunderestimatedbygovernmentorganizationsatdifferentlevels

问题3选项

A.bereducedtotheminimum

B.stimulatedomesticdemand

C.correspondtoitsrealvalue

D.takeintoaccounttheoccurrencesofdroughts

问题4选项

A.buildbiglakestostorewater

B.constructbigpumpingstations

C.buildsmallandcheapirrigationsystems

D.channelwaterfromnearbyriverstocropland

问题5选项

A.guaranteefullprotectionoftheenvironment

B.centralizethemanagementofwaterresources

C.increasethesenseofresponsibilityofagenciesatalllevels

D.encouragelocalandregionalofcontrolwaterresources

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】

1.根据第二段的第二句“Watershortagesdonothavetotroubletheworld,ifwestartvaluingwatermorethanwehaveinthepast.”如果我们开始比过去更重视水资源，水资源短缺就不会给世界带来麻烦。由此可知，水资源短缺真正的原因是人们不重视水资源，选项D符合原文。

2.根据第一段第二句“Yetoccurrencesofshortagesanddroughtsarecausingfamineanddistressinsomeareas,...”一些地区的水资源短缺正在造成饥荒和不幸。由此可知选项A符合原文。

3.根据第三段第一句“Instead,forallusesexceptthedomesticdemandofthepoor,governmentsshouldpricewatertoreflectitsactualvalue.”相反，除了贫困人口的家庭用水之外，所有用途的水，政府都应该根据其实际价值来定价。选项C符合原文。

4.根据第四段的第二句“Forexample,oftenthecheapestwaytoprovideirrigationwaterinthedrytropicsisthroughsmall-scaleprojects,suchasgatheringrainfallindepressionsandpumpingittonearbycrop-land.”例如，在干旱地区建设小型的、廉价的灌溉体系，比如在洼地收集降雨，并将其抽到附近的农田。选项C符合原文。

5.根据文章最后一段第二句“Ratherthanspreadcontrol...tocoordinatewaterpolicy.”国家应设立中央政府集中管理水资源，而不是由若干个当地部门分散管理。选项B符合原文。

2.单选题

Icanvouchforhis（

）,Ihavealwaysfoundhimveracious.

问题1选项

A.reputation

B.steadiness

C.truth

D.honesty

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项reputation“名声；名誉”；B选项steadiness“稳定；稳健”；C选项truth“真理；事实”；D选项honesty“诚实；正直”。句意：我可以为他的······担保，我总觉得他很诚实。本题需要找的是与veracious“诚实的；真正的”含义相近的名词，才会有“我可为他担保”，因此D选项符合题意。

3.单选题

Manyyearsagopeoplethoughttheearthwasflat.Theybelievedthatthesky（）abigup-side-downbowlandthatthesun,moon,andstarswerelampshangingfromthetopofthebowl.Later,people（）better.Theyfoundoutthattheearth（）round.

Wecallthestudyoftheskiesandtheplanetsastronomy,（）wecallthewatchersoftheskiesastronomer.EarlyastronomersthoughttheearthwasthecenterofTheythoughttheheavensspun（）theearth.Later,theychangedtheir（）Theyknewtheearthwasnotthecenter.Theybelievedthattheearthandthe（）planetsspinaroundthesun.Todayweknowthisistrue.

Ancientscientistsstudiedtheskies（）simpleinstruments.Thefirstperson（）atele-scopewasnamedGalileo.In1610（）fourmoonsaroundtheplanetJupiter.Today（）usemorecomplexequipment.Someofthesemeasurethebrightnessoflight.（）breaklightsupintodifferentcolors.Radiotelescopesmakestarsandplanets（）farcloserthanGalileo’stelescopecould.Earlyastronomers（）fiveplanetsinthesky.BesidesEarth,theyknewaboutmercury,Ve-nus,Mars,Jupiter,andSaturn.In1781aseventhonewasdiscoveredandnamedUranus.Yearslat-er,astronomersfoundanotherplanetandcalleditNeptune.TheninthplanettobefoundiscalledPluto.Itwasnot（）until1930.

Todayscientistscan（）almostanywhere.Theyhavereachedtheheavenswiththeirspace-craft.In1959,aspacecraft（）tookpicturesofthedarksideofthemoon.TheyearslateraspacecraftlandedtwoAmericansonthemoon.Otherimportantjourneysintospace（）.Whoknows?Maybe（）humanbeingswillliveonanotherplanet.Maybeyouwillbeoneofthem.

问题1选项

A.is

B.was

C.hadbeen

D.were

问题2选项

A.spoke

B.told

C.knew

D.swore

问题3选项

A.was

B.hadbeen

C.is

D.were

问题4选项

A.and

B.but

C.yet

D.still

问题5选项

A.anything

B.nothing

C.something

D.everything

问题6选项

A.around

B.round

C.about

D.along

问题7选项

A.jobs

B.minds

C.suggestion

D.advice

问题8选项

A.other

B.another

C.rest

D.remained

问题9选项

A.by

B.on

C.with

D.within

问题10选项

A.touse

B.used

C.uses

D.ofusing

问题11选项

A.invented

B.created

C.saw

D.discovered

问题12选项

A.musicians

B.carpenters

C.astronomers

D.scholars

问题13选项

A.Theothers

B.Others

C.Another

D.Theother

问题14选项

A.look

B.looking

C.tolook

D.looks

问题15选项

A.couldhaveseen

B.couldsee

C.hadseen

D.saw

问题16选项

A.trapped

B.served

C.discovered

D.settled

问题17选项

A.run

B.explore

C.play

D.relax

问题18选项

A.first

B.firstly

C.forthefirst

D.firstofall

问题19选项

A.followed

B.hadfollowed

C.werefollowing

D.follow

问题20选项

A.someday

B.someday

C.somedays

D.somedays

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

第6题:A

第7题:B

第8题:A

第9题:A

第10题:A

第11题:D

第12题:C

第13题:A

第14题:A

第15题:A

第16题:C

第17题:B

第18题:A

第19题:A

第20题:A

【解析】1.语法分析。谓语动词believed为一般过去式，主语thesky为第三人称单数，因此选B。

2.词义辨析。句意：人们得更多。knew知道、了解，符合句意。

3.语法分析。句意：他们发现地球是圆的。属于客观事实，谓语动词用一般现在时，故选C。

4.逻辑关系。句意：我们将对天空和星球的研究称为天文学，我们将星空观察者称为天文学家。前后两句为并列关系，故选A。

5.词义辨析。句意：早期的天文学家认为地球是宇宙万物的中心。D项everything意为“所有事物”,符合句意。

6.固定搭配。此处句意为：他们认为天堂围绕地球转。spinaround为固定搭配意为“围绕……旋转”。

7.词义辨析。此处句意应为：他们改变了想法/认知。jobs工作；minds想法；suggestion建议；advice建议。

8.词义辨析。句意：他们认为地球和行星围绕太阳转。other其他的；another另外一个；rest剩余的；remain剩下的。故选A。

9.介词辨析。句意：古代科学家通过简易工具研究天空。by凭借……工具或手段；on在……上面；with伴随；within在……里面。故选A。

10.语法分析。空格处应为定语修饰主语。而动词不定式和动名词形式可以做定语。故A项为动词不定式做定语正确。

11.词义辨析。句意：1610年，在木星周围了四颗卫星。invented发明；created创造；saw看见；discover发现。故选D。

12.词义辨析。句意：现如今使用更精密的设备。C项astronomers（天文学家）正确。

13.关联。根据前半句someof（有些）推断空格处应为Theothers（其他的）。

14.语法分析。Make为使役动词，后面跟动词原形。故选A。

15.语法分析。空格处是对过去的一种推测：早期的天文学家可能已经看到了天空中的五颗行星。因此用could表示推测。

16.词义辨析。句意：直到1930年科学家才它。trapped诱捕、陷入困境；served招待、服务；discovered发现；settled定居、解决。故C项符合句意。

17.词义辨析。句意：科学家几乎能够宇宙的任何地方。run运行、跑；explore探索；play玩耍；relax放松。故B项符合句意。

18.词义辨析。句意：在1959年，一艘宇宙飞船首次拍到黑暗的月球上的照片。A项first意为“第一次”,而其他选项都表示“首先”，故选A。

19.语法分析。此句讲述的是过去发生的事情，因此用一般过去时。

20.词义辨析。句意：或许总有一天，人们会居住到另外一个星球。因此A项someday（有一天）正确。

4.单选题

Themoodoftheeveningis___justasitiseveryyearwhenthistopicisbroughtup.

问题1选项

A.destroyed

B.damaged

C.ruined

D.spoiled

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.destroyed破坏；摧毁B.damaged损害

C.ruined毁灭D.spoiled破坏；破坏……的兴致

【考察点】近义词辨析。

【解题思路】A、B、C、D四个选项都有“破坏”的意思。空格处是一个被动语态。空格处的动词用来说明mood“心情”被怎么样了。Mood做主语，句意为每当这个话题被提起时，夜晚的心情就被破坏了。只有D选项spoil指破坏……的兴致符合句子语境。因此D选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项destroy的基本意思是用任何力量“破坏，毁坏”，用于物时，指破坏或毁坏有用的事物;用于人时，指用武力或暴力“杀死”“毁灭”“消灭”敌人等；

B选项damage的基本意思是“损害，伤害”，主要指自然力或人为地在价值、完整性、效能等方面造成损害，一般是局部地、非彻底地、可修复地，可以用于有形物，也可以用于无形物，还可表示对经济信心等造成坏的结果或影响；

C选项ruin的基本意思是“破坏，毁掉”，常指因暴力、自然灾害或疏忽等外部原因而造成毁坏，强调倒塌成碎片，也可指健康、声望、容貌、气节、价值等受到严重损坏。

以上选项均不能和mood搭配。

【句意】就像每年提起这个话题一样，整个晚上的气氛都被破坏了。

5.单选题

Peter’smotherkepttellinghimthat（）inthestreetisdangerous,buthewouldnotlisten.

问题1选项

A.played

B.willplay

C.playing

D.beenplaying

【答案】C

【解析】that引导的句子在句中作补语，在that从句中缺少主语，因此应该用动词的现在分词形式作主语。所以，选项C正确。

6.单选题

Centuriesago,mandiscoveredthatremovingmoisturefromfoodhelpstopreserveit,andthattheeasiestwaytodothisistoexposethefoodtosunandwind.InthiswaytheNorthAmericanIndiansproducepemmican(driedmeatgroundintopowderandmadeintocakes),theScandinaviansmakestockfishandtheArabsdrieddatesand“apricotleather”.

Allfoodsincludingwatercabbageandotherleafvegetablescontainsasmuchas93%water,potatoesandotherrootvegetables80%,leanmeat75%andfish,anythingfrom80%to60%,dependingonhowfattyitis.Ifthiswaterisremoved,theactivityofthebacteriawhichcausefoodtogobadischecked.

Fruitissun-driedinAsiaMinor,Greece,SpainandotherMediterraneancountries,andalsoinCalifornia.SouthAfricaandAustralia.Themethodsusedvary,butingeneral,thefruitisspreadoutontraysindryingyardsinthehotsun.Inordertopreventdarkening,pears,peachesandapricotsareexposedtothefumesofburningsulfurbeforedrying.Plums,formakingprunesandcertainvarietiesofgrapesformakingraisinsandcurrants,aredippedinanalkalinesolutioninordertocracktheskinsofthefruitslightlyandremovetheirwaxcoating,soastoIncreasetherateofdrying.

Nowadaysmostfoodsaredriedmechanically.Theconventionalmethodofsuchdehydrationistoputfoodinchambersthroughwhichhotairisblownattemperaturesofabout110°Catentrytoabout43°Catexit.Thisistheusualmethodfordryingsuchthingsasvegetables,mincedmeat,andfish.

Liquidssuchasmilk,coffee,tea,soupsandeggsmaybedriedbypouringthemoveraheatedsteelcylinderorbysprayingthemintoachamberthroughwhichacurrentofhotairpasses.Inthefirstcase,thedriedmaterialisscrapedofftherollerasathinfilmwhichisthenbrokenupintosmall,thoughstillrelativelycoarseflakes.Inthesecondprocessitfallstothebottomofthechamberasafinepowder.Whererecognizableplacesofmeatandvegetablesarerequired,asinsoup,theingredientsaredriedseparatelyandthenmixed.

Driedfoodstakeuplessroomandweighlessthanthesamefoodpackedincansorfrozen,andtheydonotneedtobestoredinspecialconditions.Forthesereasonstheyareinvaluabletotheclimbers,explorersandsoldiersinbattle,whohavelittlestoragespace.Theyarealsopopularwithhousewivesbecauseittakessolittletimetocookthem.Usuallyitisjustacaseofreplacingthedried-outmoisturewithboilingwater.

1.Theopen-airmethodofdryingfood（）.

2.Bacteriawhichcausefoodtogobad（）.

3.Nowadaysvegetablesaremostcommonlydried（）.

4.Driedfoods（）.

5.Housewiveslikedriedfoodsbecausethey（）.

问题1选项

A.istheonemostcommonlyusedtoday

B.wasinventedbytheAmericanIndians

C.hasbeenknownforhundredsofyears

D.tendstobeunhygienic

问题2选项

A.cannotliveinsunlight

B.arekilledbydrying

C.areinnowaydependentonthewatercontent

D.havetheiractivitygreatlyreducedbydrying

问题3选项

A.onhorizontalcylinders

B.inhot-airchambers

C.inthesunandwind

D.usingtheopentraymethod

问题4选项

A.areoftenpackedincansorfrozen

B.areusedbysoldiersandclimbers

C.needmorestoragespacethansoldiersusuallyhaveavailable

D.aremuchcheaperthancannedorfrozenproducts

问题5选项

A.arequicktoprepare

B.tastebetter

C.canbepreservedbyboilinginwater

D.lookfreshandappetizingwhencooked

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。第一句指出:Centuriesago,mandiscoveredthatremovingmoisturefromfoodhelpstopreserveit,andthattheeasiestwaytodothisistoexposethefoodtosunandwind(几个世纪前，人类就发现了可以通过除去食物中的水分来达到储存的目的，并且最简单的除去水分的方法就是将食物暴露于阳光和风下面)，因此C项“已经知道几个世纪了”正确。

第2题:细节事实题。第二段指出:Ifthiswaterisremoved,theactivityofthebacteriawhichcausefoodtogobadischecked(如果水分被除去，导致食物变质的细菌的活动将会受阻)。因此D项“它们的活性会因为干燥而大大降低”正确。

第3题:细节事实题。第四段指出:Nowadaysmostfoodsaredriedmechanically.Theconventionalmethodofsuchdehydrationistoputfoodinchambersthroughwhichhotairisblownattemperaturesofabout110'Catentrytoabout43°Catexit.Thisistheusualmethodfordryingsuchthingsasvegetables,mincedmeat,andfish(如今都采用机械化方式风干食物。这种脱水的传统方法是把食物放在室内，在大约110摄氏度的入口温度，大约43摄氏度的出口温度下吹入热空气。这种风干方法通常用来风干像蔬菜、肉末以及鱼之类的食物)。因此B项“热空气室”正确。

第4题:细节事实题。最后一段指出:Forthesereasonstheyareinvaluabletotheclimbers,explorersandsoldiersinbattle,whohavelittlestoragespace(基于这些原因，它们对攀登者、探险者和战场上的士兵来说是无价的，因为他们几乎没有存储空间)。因此答案为B项“供士兵和登山者使用”。

第5题:细节事实题。最后一段指出了原因:Theyarealsopopularwithhousewivesbecauseittakessolittletimetocookthem(它们也很受家庭主妇的欢迎，因为烹饪这些风干了的食物只需要花很少的时间)。因此A项“很快就可以做好”正确。

7.单选题

MississippialsoupholdstheSouth’swell-deservedreputationforwarm,hospitablepeople；balmyyear-roundweatherandtruly（）cuisine.

问题1选项

A.destructive

B.horrible

C.amiable

D.delectable

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。destructive“破坏性的”；horrible“可怕的”；amiable“亲切的”；delectable“美味的”。空格处用来修饰cuisine（烹饪）这个单词，前文是讲密西西比为什么这么出名，所以选项D符合题意。

8.单选题

ItissometimesclaimedthatAmericaisa_______potofdifferentraces.

问题1选项

A.burning

B.burnt

C.melting

D.melted

【答案】C

【解析】句意：有人说美国是不同种族的大熔炉。meltingpot为常用搭配,所以选项C正确。

9.单选题

Somepeoplefeelthereisagreatdealof（）betweenreligionandscience.

问题1选项

A.combat

B.fight

C.conflict

D.battle

【答案】C

【解析】combat"战斗,搏斗";fight"打架,战斗";conflict"冲突,争执";battle"斗争,作战"。句意：有些人认为宗教和科学之间有很多冲突。选项C符合句意。

10.单选题

Banknotesarenotusually（）intogoldnowadays.

问题1选项

A.inverted

B.revertible

C.convertible

D.diverting

【答案】C

【解析】形近词辨析。句意：现在的纸币通常不能兑换成黄金。选项C符合句意。

11.单选题

MosteconomistsintheUnitedStatesseemcaptivatedbythespellofthefreemarket.Consequently,nothingseemsgoodornormalthatdoesnotaccordwiththerequirementsofthefreemarket.Apricethatisdeterminedbytheselleror,forthatmatter,establishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemspernicious.Accordingly,itrequiresamajoractofwilltothinkofprice-fixing(thedeterminationofpricesbytheseller)asboth“normal”andhavingavaluableeconomicfunction.Infact,price-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovides,asaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopment,theprice-fixingthatitrequires.Modernindustrialplanningrequiresandrewardsgreatsize.Hence,acomparativelysmallnumberoflargefirmswillbecompetingforthesamegroupofconsumers.Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocatesoffree-marketeconomictheories.Buteachlargefirmwillalsoactwithfullconsiderationoftheneedsthatithasincommonwiththeotherlargefirmscompetingforthesamecustomers.Eachlargefirmwillthusavoidsignificantprice-cutting,becauseprice-cuttingwouldbeprejudicialtothecommoninterestinastabledemandforproducts.Mosteconomistsdonotseeprice-fixingwhenitoccursbecausetheyexpectittobebroughtaboutbyanumberofexplicitagreementsamonglargefirms;itisnot.

Moreover,thoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialistcountriesotherthantheUnitedStates.Theseeconomicsemployintentionalprice-fixing,usuallyinanovertfashion.Formalprice-fixingbycartelandinformalprice-fixingbyagreementscoveringthemembersofanindustryarecommonplace.Weretheresomethingpeculiarlyefficientaboutthefreemarketandinefficientaboutprice-fixing,thecountriesthathaveavoidedthefirstandusedthesecondwouldhavesuffereddrasticallyintheireconomicdevelopment.Thereisnoindicationthattheyhave.

Socialistindustryalsoworkswithinaframeworkofcontrolledprices.Intheearly1970s,theSovietUnionbegantogivefirmsandindustriessomeoftheflexibilityinadjustingpricesthatamoreinformalevolutionhasaccordedthecapitalistsystem.EconomistsintheUnitedStateshavehailedthechangeasareturntothefreemarket.ButSovietfirmsarenomoresubjecttopricesestablishedbyafreemarketoverwhichtheyexerciselessinfluencethanarecapitalfirms;rather,Sovietfirmshavebeengiventhepowertofixprices.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

2.Theauthor'sattitudetoward"MosteconomistsintheUnitedStates”(Para,1)canbestbedescribedas

（

）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromtheauthor'sargumentthatapricefixedbytheseller“seemspernicious”(Para,1)because

（

）.

4.Thesuggestioninthepassagethatprice-fixinginindustrializedsocietiesisnormalarisesfromtheauthor’sstatementthatprice-fixingis（

）.

问题1选项

A.refutethetheorythatthefreemarketplaysausefulroleinthedevelopmentofindustrializedsocieties

B.suggestmethodsbywhicheconomistsandmembersofthegovernmentoftheUniteStatescanrecognizeandcombatprice-fixingbylargefirms

C.showthatinindustrializedsocietiesprice-fixingandtheoperationofthefreemarketarenotonlycompatiblebutalsomutuallybeneficial

D.arguethatprice-fixing,inoneformoranother,isaninevitablepartofandbenefittotheeconomyofanyindustrializedsociety

问题2选项

A.spitefulandenvious

B.scornfulanddenunciatory

C.criticalandcondescending

D.ambivalentbutdeferential

问题3选项

A.peopledonothaveconfidenceinlargefirms

B.peopledonotexpectthegovernmenttoregulateprices

C.mosteconomistsbelievethatconsumersasagroupshoulddetermineprices

D.mosteconomistsassociatefixedpriceswithcommunistandsocialisteconomies

问题4选项

A.aprofitableresultofeconomicdevelopment

B.aninevitableresultoftheindustrialsystem

C.theresultofanumberofcarefullyorganizeddecisions

D.aphenomenoncommontoindustrializedandnon-industrializedsocieties

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段指出美国的大多数经济学家都被自由市场的魅力所迷惑，事实上，在所有工业化社会中，价格固定都是正常的，因为工业体系本身提供了它所需要的价格固定，这是它自身发展的毫不费力的结果。随后文章对定价进行了详细的分析，因此D选项“认为以某种形式的价格固定是任何工业化社会经济的必然组成部分，并对其有益”符合题意。

2.观点态度题。由文章第二段中的Moreover,thoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialistcountriesotherthantheUnitedStates.（此外，那些认为让自由市场在不受干扰的情况下运行是确定价格的最有效方法的经济学家，没有考虑到美国以外的非社会主义国家的经济）可知作者对美国大多数经济学家的观点是不赞成的，但其后并没有明确指出是自由市场好还是定价市场好，因此作者的态度是批评与谦虚的，选C。

3.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Consequently,nothingseemsgoodornormalthatdoesnotaccordwiththerequirementsofthefreemarket.Apricethatisdeterminedbytheselleror,forthatmatter,establishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemspernicious.（因此，没有不符合自由市场要求的东西是好的或正常的。一个由卖方决定的价格，或者就此而言，由除消费者总数以外的任何人确定的价格，似乎是有害的）可知C选项“大多数经济学家认为消费者群体应该决定价格”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Infact,price-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovides,asaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopment,theprice-fixingthatitrequires.（事实上，在所有工业化社会中，价格固定都是正常的，因为工业体系本身提供了它所需要的价格固定，这是它自身发展的毫不费力的结果）B选项“工业体系的必然结果”符合题意。

12.单选题

Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Theofficialcasefor“academicmobility”isnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworld,anddebatedinthecorridorsofEurope,butitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophy,themosteffectivemedicine,thelikeliestroadtogold.

Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideas,theirtransferenceacrossfrontiers,theirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareit,whetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscovery,oranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeencomfortingtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelines,andthatonewasnotquitealone,confrontedbyridiculeorneglect.

Inthetwentiethcentury,andparticularlyinthelast20years,theoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplane,makingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelypossible,andprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.

Apartfromthevehicleitself,itisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitiesandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentersoflearning,andafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.

Inaddition,onemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplines,particularlyinthesciences,whichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.

Thesepeoplewouldworkinsome,isolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.

Frequentlythese