考研考博-英语-呼伦贝尔学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-呼伦贝尔学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

TheareawhereconventionalmicroeconomicswouldraiseeyebrowsifnotringalarmbellsishowcapitalistdevelopmentofInternet-relatedindustrieshas（）generatedconsiderablemarketconcentrationatalmosteverylevel.

问题1选项

A.inexorably

B.yearningly

C.placably

D.relentingly

【答案】A

【解析】副词词义辨析。inexorably“无情地，不可阻挡地”；yearningly“思念地，渴望地”；placably“易安抚地”；relentingly“仁慈地”。句意：该地区的微观经济可能会引人侧目，如果不敲响警钟，互联网相关产业的资本主义发展如何在几乎所有层面上不可阻挡地产生了相当大的市场集中度。选项A符合题意。

2.单选题

IfEnglishisnotourfirstlanguage,youcanoftenbepuzzledbywaysofexpressionthatthenativespeakerofEnglishdoesnotevenhaveto____.

问题1选项

A.thinkout

B.thinkabout

C.thinkover

D.thinkfor

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.thinkout仔细权衡B.thinkabout考虑（到）

C.thinkover仔细考虑D.thinkfor思考；为……着想

【答案】C

【考查点】短语辨析

【解题思路】空格处所填词的主语为“以英语为母语的人”，根据上下文语境，母语者在使用自己的语言时，不需要经过太多的思考，他们脱口而出的很多表达在非母语者看来是难以理解的，C选项thinkover“仔细考虑”最符合前后文语境。

【干扰项排除】

A选项thinkout“仔细权衡”，侧重于指在采取行动前把方方面面都考虑到；

B选项thinkabout“考虑（到）”，侧重于指为解决问题而动脑筋思考；

D选项thinkfor“为……着想”，侧重于指替某人着想；接时间时，也可以指思考的时间。

【句意】如果英语不是我们的第一语言，你可能经常会被一些以英语为母语的人不用思考就能理解的表达方式所迷惑。

3.单选题

Whengivinganygeneraloverviewofthedevelopmentanduseofmachinetranslationsystemsandtranslationtools,itisimportanttodistinguishfourbasictypesoftranslationdemands.

Thefirst,andtraditionaltypeofdemandisfortranslationsofaqualitynormallyexpectedfromhumans,i.e.，translationsofpublishablequality.ThisillustratestheuseofMTfordissemination.Ithasbeensatisfied,tosomeextent,bymachinetranslationsystemseversincetheywerefirstdevelopedinthe1960s.However,MTsystemsproduceoutputwhichmustinvariablyberevisedor“post-edited”byhumantranslatorsifitistoreachthequalityrequired.Sometimessuchrevisionmaybesubstantial,sothatineffecttheMTsystemisproducinga“draft”translation.Asanalternative,theinputtextmayberegularized(or“controlled”invocabularyandsentencestructure)sothattheMTsystemproducesfewerrorswhichhavetobecorrected.SomeMTsystemshave,however,beendevelopedtodealwithaverynarrowrangeoftextcontentandlanguagestyle,andthesemayrequirelittleornopreparationorrevisionoftexts.

Thesecondbasicdemandisfortranslationsatasomewhatlowerlevelofquality,whichareintendedforuserswhowanttofindouttheessentialcontentofaparticulardocument—andgenerally,asquicklyaspossible.Thisdemand—theuseofMTforassimilation—hasbeenmetinthepastas,ineffect,aby-productofsystemsdesignedoriginallyforthedisseminationapplication.SinceMTsystemsdidnot(andstillcannot)producehighqualitytranslations,someusershavefoundthattheycanextractwhattheyneedtoknowfromtheuneditedoutput.Theywouldratherhavesometranslation,howeverpoor,thannotranslationatall.WiththecomingofcheaperPC-basedsystemsonthemarket,thistypeofusehasgrownrapidlyandsubstantially.

Thethirdtypeofdemand—MTforinterchange—comesfromtheneedforimmediatetranslationinordertoconveythebasiccontentofmessages.MTsystemsarefindinga“natural”role,sincetheycanoperatevirtuallyorinfactinreal-timeandon-lineandtherehasbeenlittleobjectiontotheinevitablepoorquality,andareusefulinproducingspokenlanguagetranslations,e.g.fortelephoneconversationsandbusinessnegotiations.Theproblemsofintegratingspeechrecognitionandautomatictranslationareobviouslyhardtotackle,butprogressisneverthelessbeingmade.Inthefuture—stilldistant,perhaps—wemayexpecton-lineMTsystemsforthetranslationofspeechinhighlyrestricteddomains.

Thefourthareaofapplicationisfortranslationwithinmultilingualsystemsofinformationretrieval,informationextraction,databaseaccess,etc.ThisfieldisthefocusofanumberofprojectsinEuropeatthepresenttime,whichhavetheaimofwideningaccessforallmembersoftheEuropeanUniontosourcesofdataandinformationwhateverthesourcelanguage.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthatinrenderingpublishabletranslationsofliteraryworks,（

）.

2.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,usersofMTforassimilation

（

）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthefourthparagraphthatwiththeprogressivesophisticationsystems,

（

）.

4.Translationwithinmultilingualsystemsofinformationretrieval,etc,isnowthefocusofanumberofprojectsinEuropebecause（

）.

问题1选项

A.MTsystems’performanceissatisfactorytoasubstantialdegree

B.littlecouldbedonebyMTsystemsdevelopedsofar

C.MTsystemscandomuchbetterthanhumantranslators

D.considerablerevisiononMTproducedtextsisneeded

问题2选项

A.aregrowingfastinnumber

B.complainalotaboutitspoorquality

C.cangetlittlefromtheuneditedoutput

D.wouldratherhavenotranslationatall

问题3选项

A.onecancommunicateonthetelephonewithanotherwhospeaksadifferentlanguage

B.interpreterswillnolongerbeusefulininternationalnegotiationsorconferences

C.itwillbeonlynaturalthatpeoplewillfindlittleneedtolearnaforeignlanguage

D.peoplewillfindnocausetocomplainaboutthequalityoftextsturnedoutbyMTsystem

问题4选项

A.Europeanshavelittledifficultyinoralcommunication

B.therearemorelanguagesspokeninEuropethaninanyotherregionsoftheworld

C.thereisneedforallmembersoftheEuropeanUniontoaccessdataindifferentlanguages

D.thereislessdifficultyindevelopingMTsystemshandlinglanguagessimilartoeachother

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

【解析】1.判断推理题。由第二段中“However，MTsystemsproduceoutputwhichmustinvariablyberevisedor“post-edited”byhumantranslatorsifitistoreachthequalityrequired.Sometimessuchrevisionmaybesubstantial,sothatineffecttheMTsystemisproducinga“draft”translation.”“然而，MT系统生成输出总是必须修正或“后编”，翻译人员是否达到质量要求。有时这种修订可能是实质性的，因此MT系统实际上正在产生一个“草稿”“翻译”可知D项正确。A项“MT系统的性能在很大程度上是令人满意的”；B项“到目前为止，MT系统所能做的很少”；C项“MT系统可以比人工翻译做得更好”；D项“需要对MT产生的文本进行大量修订”

2.判断推理题。A项“数量迅速增长”；B项“抱怨质量太差”；C项“从未编辑的输出中可以得到很少的东西”；D项“宁愿不要翻译”。由题干定位到第三段中“WiththecomingofcheaperPC-basedsystemsonthemarket,thistypeofusehasgrownrapidlyandsubstantially.”“随着市场上更便宜的基于pc的系统的出现，这种类型的应用已经迅速而显著地增长。”可知A项正确。

3.判断推理题。定位到第四段中“Theproblemsofintegratingspeechrecognitionandautomatictranslationareobviouslyhardtotackle,butprogressisneverthelessbeingmade.Inthefuture—tilldistant,perhaps—wemayexpecton-lineMTsystemsforthetranslationofspeechinhighlyrestricteddomains.语音识别与自动翻译相结合的问题显然难以解决，但仍在不断取得进展。在未来—仍然遥远，或许，我们可以期待在高度受限的领域中实现语音翻译的在线MT系统。”可知A项正确。

4.判断推理题。由最后一段中“ThisfieldisthefocusofanumberofprojectsinEuropeatthepresenttime,whichhavetheaimofwideningaccessforallmembersoftheEuropeanUniontosourcesofdataandinformationwhateverthesourcelanguage.这一领域是欧洲目前许多项目中的重点，目的是访问所有欧盟成员国的数据和信息来源的源语言。”可知C项正确。

4.单选题

BillandJackaretwins,Billpreferssocialactivitieswheneverhegetsachance,butJackdoesliketobealoneandquiet,（

）thateverybodycanperceiveit.

问题1选项

A.suchisthedifference

B.withouteveryevidence

C.thatremainsquiteclear

D.insuchaclearrole

【答案】A

【解析】考查倒装句。句意：Bill和Jack是双胞胎，无论何时只要有机会比尔就喜欢参加社交活动，而杰克却喜欢独处和安静，这对双胞胎性格差异很大，以至于每个人都能察觉到。故可以先确定A项符合句意。such放在句首时句子主谓要倒装，故答案为A。

5.单选题

Thepatients_______symptomstogetappointmentsquickerandaskdoctorstohidethetruthfrominsurancecompanies.

问题1选项

A.feign

B.obstruct

C.coinage

D.conjure

【答案】A

【解析】feign假装,捏造;obstruct阻隔,妨碍；coinage造币;conjure祈求。句意：患者假装生病以便更快地得到预约,并要求医生向保险公司隐瞒事实。选项A符合句意。

6.单选题

Ithasbeenestimatedthataboutonefifthtoonethirdoftheworld’sfarmabletopsoilisbeingerodedataratethatwillseriouslyunderminefutureproductivity.

问题1选项

A.stimulate

B.weaken

C.determine

D.harness

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。undermine表示“破坏，削弱”；A项stimulate“刺激，鼓舞，激励”，B项weaken“减少，使变弱”，C项determine“决定，确定，判定”，D项harness“治理，利用”。句意：据估计，世界上大约五分之一到三分之一的可耕种表土正在被侵蚀，其速度将严重削弱未来的生产力。因此，根据句意可知B选项正确。

7.翻译题

Passage1

Manyhumandiseasesarecausedbytheabsenceorinappropriatepresenceofaprotein.Theproteincouldthenbeadministeredtopatientsinordertocompensateforitsabsence.Today,genetherapyistheultimatemethodofproteindelivery,inwhichthedeliveredgeneentersthebody'scellsandturnsthemintosmall"factories1'thatproduceatherapeuticproteinforaspecificdiseaseoveraprolongedperiod.Asgenetherapyhasmovedfromthelaboratoryintotheclinic,severalissueshaveemergedascentraltothedevelopmentofthistechnology:geneidentification,geneexpressionandgenedelivery.Anumberofdisease-relatedgeneswithdirectclinicalvaluehavealreadybeenidentified,andthisnumberisgrowingasthefieldrapidlyadvances.Geneswithbroaderclinicalapplicationarealsobeingutilizedtomakeceilsexpressimmuneactivatingagentslocallyatthediseasesiteortobecomesusceptibletofurtherdrugtreatmentortoimmuneresponserecognition.

Passage2

Itisthenowwell-knownIBMbrandthatformedpartofthecomputersciencerevolution.IBMreleasedtheIBM704andlatertheIBM709computers,whichwerewidelyusedduringtheexplorationperiodofsuchdevices.Duringthelate1950s,thecomputersciencedisciplinewasverymuchinitsdevelopmentalstages,andsuchissueswerecommonplace.Timehasseensignificantimprovementsintheusabilityandeffectivenessofcomputersciencetechnology.Modemsocietyhasbeenasignificantshiftfromcomputersbeingusedsolelybyexpertsorprofessionalstomoreandmorewidespreaduserbase.Bythe1990s,computersbecameacceptedasbeingthenormwithineverydaylife.Duringthistimedataentrywasaprimarycomponentoftheuseofcomputers,manypreferringtostreamlinetheirbusinesspracticesthroughtheuseofacomputer.Thisalsogavetheadditionalbenefitofremovingtheneedoflargeamountsofdocumentationandfilerecordswhichconsumedmuch-neededphysicalspacewithinoffices.

Passage3

Everyorganizationisanemotionalplace.Itisanemotionalplacebecauseitisahumaninvention,servinghumanpurposesanddependentonhumanbeingstofunction.Andhumanbeingsareemotionalanimals:subjectanger,fear,surprise,disgust,happinessorjoy,easeandunease.Recently,therehavebeenattemptstodeveloptheideaofemotionalintelligence.Emotionalintelligenceemphasizestheimpactreasoncanmakeonemotion.Theclaimmadeforthisperspectiveisthatitrepresents“anabilitytoperceive,toprocess,tounderstand,andtomanageemotionsinselfandothers.”Proponentsofemotionalintelligencemaintainthattherearedistinctindividualabilitiesandskillsthatrelatetotheexplicitmanagementofemotion.Inaddition,emotionalintelligencedevelopsovertimeandcanbeenhancedbytraining.Therefore,learningtoperceiveemotioninothersandmanagetheseemotionssuccessfullyisanimportanttoolineverymanager'sguidebook.

ChooseONLYONEpassagefrontthefollowingpassagesandtranslateitintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetprovided.IfmorethanONEtranslationappearsontheAnswerSheet,onlythefirstortheindicatedonewouldbescored

【答案】Passage1

许多人类疾病是由某种蛋白质的缺失或不当的存在所引起的。可以通过给病人服用这种蛋白质来填补这种缺失。现今,基因疗法是蛋白质输送的最尖端的方法。这一疗法将基因输入人体细胞内,该基因能够将这些细胞变成长期生产对特定疾病具有治疗功能的蛋白质的小型“工厂”。随着基因疗法走出实验室并应用到诊所中,出现了几个涉及该技术发展的核心问题：包括基因识别,基因表达和基因输送。有一些与疾病相关并具有直接治疗意义的基因已经被识别,随着这一领域的飞快发展,这一数字在增加。具有更广泛治疗应用的基因同样被用来促使细胞在病灶部位表达免疫力,或使其有助于后续的药物治疗或免疫反应识别。

Passage2

众所周知,IBM品牌构成了电脑科学革命的一部分。IBM曾发售IBM704型电脑,并在之后发售IBM709型号电脑,在人们对电脑还处于探索时期时,这两种电脑得到了广泛的应用。在20世纪50年代后期,电脑科学还处于发展阶段,这些问题很常见。随着时间的推移,电脑科学技术的实用性和效用得到了显著的提高。现代社会中,电脑已经不再是仅仅供专家或专业人士使用的,而是获得了越来越广泛的应用。到了20世纪90年代,电脑己经被视作日常生活中的必备品。在这一期间,电脑主要被用来做数据登记,许多人偏爱使用电脑来提高他们工作的效率。这同时还免去了占用稀缺的办公室空间的大量的文件和档案记录的必要性。

Passage3

每个组织都是一个具有情感的场所。这是因为它是人类的发明,服务于人类的目的并依赖于人类才能运作。而人是有情感的动物：愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、厌恶、快乐或欢喜、放松和不安等。近来,有人试图发展情感智力这一观念。情感智力强调理性对情感的影响。从这一视角出发的观点认为情感智力代表了“一种认知、处理、理解和控制自己和他人情感的能力”。情感智力的主张者断言人们具有与情感控制直接相关的不同的个人能力和技巧。此外,情感智力是随着时间的推移而发展的并且能够训练得以加强。因此,学会观察他人的情感并成功地控制这些情感是每个管理者应当掌握的重要技能。

8.单选题

Asanimportantpartofpolicestrategy,rapidpoliceresponseisseenbypoliceofficersandthepublic（

）asofferingtremendousbenefits.

问题1选项

A.similarly

B.thesame

C.alike

D.likewise

【答案】C

【解析】考查近义词。四个选项均有“相似地，相同地”意思，根据句意“警察和民众都认为警察快速反应机制将会带来巨大利益”，在句中，as与seen搭配，表示“被看作”的意思，因此空格处应该填入形容词，其中A与D为副词，不符合题意。Asthesame虽然可以搭配，但是不符合句子结构，所以选项C符合题意。

9.单选题

5.

问题1选项

A.Inahotel.

B.Atafastfoodbar.

C.Inthesupermarket.

D.Inthedepartmentstore.

【答案】C

【解析】M:Ican’tfindtheinstantsoup.

W:Didyoulooknexttothecannedsoup?

M:Ilookedthere.Butthereisn'tanythingontheshelf.

W:Whydon’tyoutrythespicesection?Itoughttobethere.

Q:Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace?

【解析】推断题。对话中出现的关键词有：instantsoup(速溶汤粉)，cannedsoup(罐装浓汤)，spicesection(香料货架)，由此推测对话发生在自选超市。

10.单选题

Itwilltakeustwentyminutestogettotherailwaystation,（）trafficdelays.

问题1选项

A.acknowledging

B.affording

C.allowingfor

D.accountingfor

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词和词组辨析。A选项acknowledging“承认”；B选项affording“买得起；给予，提供”；C选项allowingfor“考虑到，顾及”；D选项accountingfor“对……负有责任；对……做出解释”。由前半句“Itwilltakeustwentyminutestogettotherailwaystation”（我们要花20分钟才能到火车站）可知，是一个结果，所以该空处语义应该为考虑到交通耽搁的话，则会导致晚到火车站。句意：考虑到交通上的耽搁，我们到火车站要花20分钟。因此C选项正确。

11.单选题

IthinkI’dliketostayhomethisevening（

）goingoutasitisrainingtooheavily.

问题1选项

A.betterthan

B.otherthan

C.ratherthan

D.soonerthan

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组词义辨析。betterthan“超过，多于，好于”；otherthan“除了，不同于”；ratherthan“而不是；宁可……也不愿”；soonerthan“早于”。句意：我今晚想待在家里，而不是出去，因为外面下大雨。选项C符合题意。

12.单选题

Itisfutiletodiscussthematterfurther,because（）goingtoagreeuponanythingtoday.

问题1选项

A.neitheryounorIare

B.neitheryounormeis

C.neitheryounorIam

D.neithermenoryouare

【答案】C

【解析】语法题——考查neither...nor...的用法。当neither…nor…连接两个主语时，需要遵循就近原则，即主谓一致，以靠近谓语动词的，做主语的名词作为人称和数的参考标准，由此可排除A选项。在英语中一般将“我”放在后面，排除D选项；而B选项中的“me”错在宾语形式，此处需要主语形式“I”。因此C选项正确。句意：这件事再讨论也没用了，因为今天你我都不会达成一致意见的。因此C选项正确。

13.单选题

Ourteacherdidn’thavetimesofartogointoit（

）,buthegaveusanideaabouthisplan.

问题1选项

A.inturn

B.athand

C.inconclusion

D.atlength

【答案】D

【解析】考查短语辨析。inturn“依次，轮流地”；athand“手头，在手边”；inconclusion“综述，总结”；atlength“终于，详尽地”。句意：到目前为止，我们老师没有时间详细讨论，但他给了我们一个关于他计划的想法。选项D符合题意。

14.单选题

HistorianshavelongknownthatthereweretwosidestothePopulistmovementofthe1890s:aprogressiveside,embodyingtheprotestsofformersagainstbigbusiness,andadarkerside,markedbyadistrustofEasterners,immigrants,andintellectuals.Inthe1950s,oneschoolofU.S.socialthinkersconstructedaparallelbetweenthisdarksideofPopulismandthecontemporaryanti-CommunistcrusadespearheadedbyWisconsinSenatorJosephMcCarthy,whichattackedliberalism,Easternintellectuals,andcivillibertiesingeneral.ToSeymourMartinLipset,McCarthyismrepresented“thesourdregsofPopulism”;toEdwardShils,McCarthyism,likePopulism,exemplified“theambiguousAmericanimpulsetoward4directdemocracy.

NothingthatMcCarthyismandPopulismhadbothfoundtheirstrongestsupportintheagrarianMidwest,

LipsetarguedthatvoterswhobackedagrarianprotestmovementsduringearliereconomiccriseshadsupportedMcCarthyinthepost-WorldIIperiodofprosperity.IntheeyesofwriterslikeLipset,theappealofMcCarthyismextendedbeyondtheagrarianbaseofPopulismtoincludeurbangroupssuchasindustrialworkers.Lipsetclaimedthat“thelowerclasses,especiallytheworkers”hadbackedMcCarthy.Inamoresweepingfashion,LewisFeuerclaimedthat“itwastheAmericanlowerclass...whogavetheiroverwhelmingsupporttotheattacksinrecentyearsincivilliberties.”

Writingafewyearslater,politicalscientistMichaelPaulRoginchallengedthesesuperficiallyplausiblenotions,contendingthattheymerelyembodiedthewriters,ownassumptionsaboutthesupposedintoleranceoflowerclassgroups,ratherthanavalidinterpretationofMcCarthyism.Rogincriticallyexaminedtheirassertionsbythesimplemethodoftestingthemagainsttheevidence.HetestedLipset’sclaimsaboutthecontinuityofMcCarthyismandearlieragrarianprotestmovementsbybreakingdownstatewidevotingstatisticsonacounty-by-countybasis.HefoundthatWisconsincountiesthathadvotedstronglyforProgressivesbeforeWorldWarIIdidnotsupportMcCarthy;McCarthy’ssupportwasconcentratedinhishomeregionandinethnicGermanareasthathadbeentraditionallyconservative.TheoldProgressivevotehadinfactgonetoMcCarthy’sopponents,theDemocrats.

TotestLipset’sgeneralizationsaboutMcCarthy’ssupportamongclassgroups,Roginattemptedtodeterminewhetherindustrialworkershad,infact,backedMcCarthy.Correlatingincomeandemploymentstatisticswithvotingrecords,RoginfoundthatthegreatertheemploymentinindustryinagivenWisconsincounty,thelowerwasMcCarthy’sshareofthevote.Roginconcludedthatthethesisof“McCarthyismasPopulism”shouldbejudged“notastheproductofsciencebutasa...ventureintoconservativepoliticaltheory.’’

1.TheauthorwouldprobablyassertthePopulismandMcCarthyism（

）.

2.ItcanbeinferredthatRogin’smostseriouscriticismofLipset,Feuer,andShils’smethodologywouldprobablybethatthey（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,RoginconcludedthatthewritingsofLipset,ShilsandFeuer（）.

4.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

问题1选项

A.werecompletelyoppositeincharacter

B.wereresponsesto,respectively,agrarianandindustrialconditions

C.wereessentiallydissimilarmovementsthatsharedsomecommonfeatures

D.eachhadbothaprogressiveandadarkerside

问题2选项

A.reachedincorrectconclusionsaboutMcCarthy

B.failedtoexaminetheevidencethatcouldsupportorweakentheirconclusions

C.equatedsupportforMcCarthyismwithanti-intellectualism

D.placedtoomuchemphasisonthedualcharacterofPopulism

问题3选项

A.intentionallydistortedhistoricalevidence

B.wereflawedbypoliticalpresuppositions

C.lentsupporttoattackoncivilliberties

D.weremarkedbyanti-intellectualbias

问题4选项

A.discoveriesdescribinganinstanceofflawedhistoricalanalysis

B.advocatingtheuseofstatisticalmethodsinhistoricalresearch

C.examiningthesimilaritiesbetweentwopoliticalmovements

D.explainingwhyhistoricalconclusionsshouldberevisedaccordingtolaterrevelations

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段的内容，二十世纪五十年代，美国社会思想家将民粹主义的阴暗面和反共产主义运动进行相提并论和比较，说明是有共同之处的，选项C符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，罗金对李普塞特、福伊尔和希尔斯的方法论进行了验证，最严厉的批评是，二者都没有对自己的观点给出证据。选项B符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，罗金的总结是，麦卡锡主义不应该被判定为科学的产物，而是一种保守政治理论。选项B符合题意。

4.主旨题。作者首先提出了麦卡锡主义和民粹主义理论，接着提出罗金对他们方法论做出了验证，最后表明将麦卡锡主义比作民粹主义的理论不应被判定为科学的产物，而是一种政治领域的探索。选项D符合题意。

15.问答题

Thepatientneededaspinaltap,andaseniorattendingphysicianaskedamedicalresidentwhetherapreparatorybloodtesthadbeenchecked.Themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearhimanswerintheaffirmative,becauseshewasquitecertainithadnotbeenchecked.

(1)Well,almostcertain.

Doctorsintrainingsometimesconfrontsituationsinwhichtheyworrythattheirsupervisingphysiciansaremakingmistakesorbendingthetruth.(2)Yeteventhoughsuchactscanjeopardizepatients,theinclinationandabilityofyoungdoctorstospeakupishamperedbythehierarchiesinteachinghospitals.

Onthetopweretheseniorphysicianswhomaderoundsonthewardsonceortwicedaily.Nextweretheoverworkedresidents,whoessentiallylivedinthehospitalwhiletraining.(3)Lastwerethemedicalstudentswhoweremostassuredlyatthebottomoftheheap.

Thestudentwhoseresidentseeminglyliedtotheattendingphysicianaboutthebloodtestdidnotspeakup.Theresidentwasagooddoctor,shesaid,andsoshehadgivenhimthebenefitofthedoubt.And,sheadded,boththeresidentandtheattendingphysicianwouldbegradingher.

Whatshouldamedicalstudentdoinsuchasituation?Onepossibilityistotakethematterupwithamoreseniordoctor.Orthestudentmightgodirectlytothepatientorfamily,tellingthemthatthephysicianshaveagenuinedisagreementandthattheydeservetoknowaboutit.

Theseoptionsseemlogicalonpaper.AstheethicistJamesDwyerhaswritteninTheHastingsCenterReport,“Thepracticeofalwayskeepingquietisafailureofcaring.”(4)Butintherealworld,itmaybeextremelydifficulttogoupthechainofcommand.

Fortunately,medicaleducatorsareincreasinglyrecognizingthedilemmasthatdoctorsintrainingconfrontwhentheywitnessbehaviorthatmakesthemuncomfortable.(5)Studentsandresidentsarenowexpectedtoprovideroutinefeedback—positiveandnegative—abouttheirsupervisingphysiciansatthecloseoftheirrotation.

Ofcourse,physiciansandstudentsneedtobeeducatedabouthowtogivefeedbackinprofessionalandnon-confrontationalways.Medicaleducatorsareonlynowbeginningtoteachthisskill.Still,itwillbehardtochangetheunfortunateperceptionthatconstructivefeedback,evenforapatient’sbenefit,iswhistle-blowing.

【答案】答：

1.Almostcertainly,themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearsuchananswerfromhissupervisor.

2.Theinclinationandabilityofyoungdoctorstospeakupisstoppedbythehospitalhierarchies,despiteappearanceofmistakesbysupervisingphysicians.

3.Atthebottomofhierarchywerethosemedicalstudentsassuredly.

4.Butinrealhospitalenvironment,itisratherdifficultformedicalstudentstogiveacommand.

5.Medicalstudentsandresidentsshouldmakeregularfeedbackabouttheirsupervisingphysicians,positivelyandnegativelyattheendoftheirrotation.

【解析】1.原文句意是：嗯，几乎可以肯定。原文这一句是对上文的肯定，上文提到Themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearhimanswerintheaffirmative,becauseshewasquitecertainithadnotbeenchecked.（学医的学生听到他的回答很吃惊，因为她很肯定没有经过检查），所以改写的时候需要结合上文的内容来进行扩充，故改写为Almostcertainly,themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearsuchananswerfromhissupervisor（几乎可以肯定的是，医学院的学生听到他的导师这样的回答感到很震惊）。

2.原文句意是：然而，即使这样的行为可能危及病人，但教学医院的等级制度阻碍了年轻医生发言的倾向和能力。前半句是让步状语从句，并且actscanjeopardizepatients指的是作为指导医生，他们的错误行为危害到病人的健康，所以可以改写为despiteappearanceofmistakesbysupervisingphysicians（尽管指导医生出现了一些错误）；后半句中的hamper可以用stop来替代，所以句子改写为Theinclinationandabilityofyoungdoctorstospeakupisstoppedbythehospitalhierarchies,despiteappearanceofmistakesbysupervisingphysicians（医院的等级制度阻止了年轻医生说话的倾向和能力，尽管指导医生出现了一些错误）。

3.原文句意是：最后，处于等级最下层的肯定是这些医学生。atthebottomoftheheap（在底层）指的是等级制度的底层，所以可以改写为atthebottomofhierarchy；另外who引导的定语从句是修饰强调的，所以句式可以精简，故这个句子可改写为Atthebottomofhierarchywerethosemedicalstudentsassuredly（在等级制度的最底层肯定是那些医科学生）。

4.原文句意是：但在现实世界中，要爬上指挥链可能极其困难。根据文章语境，inrealworld（在现实世界中）指的就是在医院环境中，而thechainofcommand（指挥链）的对象指的则是位于底层的医学生；故该句子可以改写为Butinrealhospitalenvironment,itisratherdifficultformedicalstudentstogiveacommand（但在现实的医院环境中，医学生想要得到指挥权是相当困难的）。

5.原文句意是：学生和住院医师现在被要求在轮班结束时对他们的指导医生提供常规的正面和负面反馈。routine（常规的）可以改为regular（定期的，普通的）；positiveandnegative在原文中是作为插入语使用，所以可以改为positivelyandnegatively；故该句可改写为Medicalstudentsandresidentsshouldmakeregularfeedbackabouttheirsupervisingphysicians,positivelyandnegativelyattheendoftheirrotation（医学生和住院医师应该在轮岗结束时，定期对他们的指导医生做出正面和负面反馈）。

16.单选题

ByfarthemostimportantUnitedStatesexportproductinthe18and19centurieswascottonfavoredbytheEuropeantextileoverflaxorwoolbecauseitwaseasytoprocessandsofttotouch.Mechanizationofspinningandweavingallowedsignificantcentralizationandexpansioninthetextileindustryduringthisperiodandatthesametimethedemandforcottonincreaseddramatically.AmericanproducerswereabletomeetthisdemandlargelybecauseoftheinventionofthecottonginbyEliWhiteyin1793.CottoncouldbegrownthroughouttheSouth,butseparatingthefiber-orlint--fromtheseedwasalaboriousprocess.Seaislandcottonw