考研考博-英语-广西交通职业技术学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-广西交通职业技术学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Thereisageneral______thatpouringoldwineintothesamebottlesisthewrongwaytogo.

问题1选项

A.consensus

B.census

C.censorship

D.conscience

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项consensus“一致；舆论；合意”；B选项census“人口普查，人口调查；（官方的）统计，调查”；C选项censorship“审查制度；审查机构”；D选项conscience“道德心，良心”。句意：人们普遍认为，把陈年的酒倒进同一个瓶子里是错误的做法。因此A选项正确。

2.单选题

Peoplewhoquestionorevenlookdownonthestudyofthepastanditsworksusuallyassumethatthepastisentirelydifferentfromthepresent,andthathencewecanlearnnothingworthwhilefromthepast.Butitisnottruethatthepastisentirelydifferentfromthepresent.Wecanlearnmuchofvaluefromitssimilarityanditsdifference.

Atremendouschangeintheconditionsofhumanlifeandinourknowledgeandcontrolofthenaturalworldhastakenplacesinceancienttimes.Theancientscouldnot,however,seeinadvanceourcontemporarytechnicalandsocialenvironment,andhencehavenoadvicetoofferusabouttheparticularproblemsfacingus.But,althoughsocialandeconomicarrangementsvarywithtimeandplace,manstillremainsman.Weandtheancientsshareacommonhumannatureandhencecertaincommonhumanexperiencesandproblems.

Thepoetsbearwitnessthatancientman,too,sawthesunriseandset,feltthewindonhischeek,waspossessedbyloveanddesire,experiencedjoyandexcitementaswellasfrustrationanddisappointment,andknewgoodandevil.Theancientpoetsspeakacrossthecenturiestous,sometimesmoredirectlyandvividlythanourcontemporarywriters.Andtheancientprophetsandphilosophers,indealingwiththebasicproblemsofmenlivingtogetherinsociety,stillhavesomethingtosaytous.

Wealsolearnfromthepastbyconsideringtherespectsinwhichitdiffersfromthepresent.Wecandiscoverwherewearetodayandwhatwehavebecomebyknowingwhatthepeopleofthepastdidandthought.Andpartofthepast—ourpersonalpastandthatoftherace—alwayslivesinus.

1.Accordingtothewriter,ourpastcanteachusquitealotbecause（）

2.Inthesecondparagraph,thewriterplacesgreatemphasisonthefactthat（）

3.Judgingfromthecontext,thereasonforthewritertotalkaboutthepoetsisthat（）

4.Inthefirstlineofthelastparagraph,thesentence“Wecandiscoverwherewearetoday...”means（）

5.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.itisverydifferentfromthepresent

B.itisquitethesameasthepresent

C.wecandrawmanylessonsfromit

D.wearenotworkingsohardasthepeopleinthepast

问题2选项

A.humannaturedoesnotchangeeasily

B.agreatchangehastakenplaceintheconditionsofhumanlife

C.socialarrangementschangequickly

D.itisimpossibletoasktheancientpeopletogiveususefuladvice

问题3选项

A.theytriedtotalktopeoplewhoweretocomeafterthem

B.theyknewgoodandevilbetterthanotherpeople

C.theywerethemostemotionalpeopleintheirtimes

D.theyrecordedthelifeofancientpeopleintheirpoems

问题4选项

A.wecanknowhowmuchdevelopmentwehavemade

B.wecanidentifywherewearelivingatthepresentage

C.wecanlearnmoreaboutourproblems

D.wecantraveltoanyplacequiteeasily

问题5选项

A.Ourpresenthaslittleincommonwiththepast.

B.Pasthumanexperiencescanbeusedtoservethepresent.

C.Somepeopleinthepastpredictedthingsinourageaccurately.

D.Ourpresentageisbasicallysimilartothepastone.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.判断推理题。根据第一段的最后一句“Wecanlearnmuchofvaluefromitssimilarityanditsdifference.”可知,过去可以教会我们很多,因为我们可以从中获得经验教训。

2.细节事实题。根据第二段的最后两句“...,manstillremainsman.Weandtheancientsshareacommonhumannature...”尽管社会和经济随着时间和地点而改变,但我们依旧是我们。我们和古人有着共同的人性,因此也有共同的经历和问题。所以作者强调的是人性是没有变化的。选项A正确。

3.判断推理题。根据第三段的最后一句“Andtheancientprophetsandphilosophers,indealingwiththebasicproblemsofmenlivingtogetherinsociety,stillhavesomethingtosaytous.”古代的先知和哲学家,在处理人类共同生活在社会中的基本问题时,对我们依然适用。由此推断,作者提到诗人的原因是因为他们将古人的生活写进了他们的诗。

4.判断推理题。根据句意,通过了解过去人们的所作所为和思想,我们可以发现我们今天在哪里,我们变成了什么样子。这里与过去对比,说明我们现如今的生活有很大的进步。所以选项A符合原文。

5.主旨大意题。根据第一段就可知,本文主要讲过去对我们的重要性,过去和现在相关联,但是过去和现在有相似但也有不同,所以选项A和D错误,选项B古人的经历对现在依然有影响,符合原文。

3.单选题

YoucommentthatIseemrelaxedtoday.Areyou______thatI’musuallyuptight?

问题1选项

A.pondering

B.intimating

C.indigenous

D.intimidating

【答案】B

【解析】考查词义辨析。A项pondering为ponder的现在分词，表示“沉思，默想”，B项intimating为intimate的现在分词，表示“暗示，通知”，C项indigenous“本土的，国产的”，D项intimidating为intimidate的现在分词，表示“恐吓，威胁”。前面的句子意思是“你说我今天看起来很放松”，后面提到了uptight（紧张），这与前面相反，可以推测空格处表示“暗示”，B项符合。句意：你说我今天看起来很放松。你是在暗示我平常看起来都是紧张的吗？因此，该题选择B项。

4.单选题

StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.

TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.

Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer'spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.

JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.“EachyearphysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates,”hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule“limitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”

Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.

Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohavencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.

Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinaastatement,"businessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.”

1.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill（

）.

2.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions（

）.

3.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas（

）.

4.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling（

）.

5.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor（

）.

问题1选项

A.endetterbusiness'revolutionswithstates

B.putmostonlinebusinessinadilemma

C.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax

D.forcessomestatestocutsalestax

问题2选项

A.haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce

B.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears

C.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchases

D.wereconsideredupfavorablebystates

问题3选项

A.hinderedeconomicdevelopment

B.broughtprosperitytothecountry

C.harmedfairmarketcompetition

D.boostedgrowthinstatesrevenue

问题4选项

A.Internetentrepreneurs

B.Big-chainowners

C.Third-partysellers

D.Smallretailers

问题5选项

A.givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences

B.describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking

C.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem

D.citiessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.本题为细节题，根据题干关键字“theSupremeCourtdecisionThursday”定位到原文第一段“StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythat...”前半句已经明确提出各州的在线购物可能要交税，对应选项C，原词“online”加“shoppers”是对“purchase”的同义替换。其他三个选项均为提及。

2.根据题干“learned”可知本题为推理题，根据关键字“theoverruleddecisions”定位到原文第二段的两句，大意为“州政府抱怨以前的政策使每年税收损失惨重，因此以前的政策很难再收取网上营业税”两句表示出的意思都是对州政府的不利，对比四个选项，得出答案D，州政府认为原政策对州会不利，因此驳回这项决定会对州有利，为正话反说。

3.本题为细节题，根据题干关键词“JusticeAnthonyKennedy”“thephysicalpresencerule”定位到原文第四段的第二句和第三句，大意为实体店规定导致州政府税收亏损，接着下一句Kennedywrotethattherule“limitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”该规定限制了各州长期繁荣，并妨碍市场参与者参与公平竞争。对比四个选项，C选项为“破坏了公平市场竞争”和原文“competing”“marketparticipants”一一对应，为正确答案。

4.根据题干“likely”得出本题为推理题，利用关键词“welcometheSupremeCourtruling”定位到原文第五段第一句“Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,since...”对于大公司来说这项规定是一种胜利，因为……只需找到关键词“bigchain”即可选出B选项：大型连锁公司。

5.本题为主旨题，需找出作者的相应观点与论证，根据题干关键词“IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday”回顾每段首尾句，推测每段大意。第一段讲述最高法院通过了征收在线营业税的决定，第二段介绍之前的裁决及后果是对州政府不利的，第三段介绍了原来裁决涉及到的案例，第四段陈列了法官的观点，即以前的裁决是有问题的，第五段主要讲述新判决会对大型连锁超市产生有利的影响，第六段讲述新裁决对州外卖价的影响，第七段表示新的判决得到零售界的肯定，因此本文的思路为：首段引出新判决，二三四段列举相关案例，五六七段对其影响进行讲述，对比四个选项，得出D：作者在讲述这个判决时引用了相关案例并分析了它们的影响。

5.单选题

Nothinghaseverequaledthe____andspeedwithwhichthehumanspeciesisalteringthephysicalandchemicalworld.

问题1选项

A.concern

B.magnitude

C.volume

D.carelessness

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.concern忧虑；关心B.magnitude（规模、重要性等）大的程度

C.volume（某物的）数量D.carelessness粗心大意

【考查点】语义衔接与名词辨析

【解题思路】空格处所填词与speed“速度”并列，并且the____andspeed后接了一个由withwhich引导的定语从句，其句意为“人类改变物理和化学世界”，由此可以推断，B选项magnitude“（某事物）大或重要的程度”符合题意，themagnitudeandspeed指“人类改变物理和化学世界的程度和速度”。

【干扰项排除】

A选项concern“忧虑；关心”，不符合原文语义衔接；

C选项volume“（某物的）数量”，侧重于指某事物的量，如业务量、工作量；

D选项carelessness“粗心大意”，不符合原文语义衔接。

【句意】没有什么能比得上人类改变物理和化学世界的程度和速度。

6.单选题

ItisunderstoodthatthefilmingofLegendsisalmostcompleteandthefilmisnot（）tobedelayed.

问题1选项

A.easy

B.available

C.possible

D.likely

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。根据句意：据了解，《传奇》的拍摄工作已经基本完成，不可能会推迟。benotlikelyto是固定用法，意为“不可能”，所以选项D正确。

7.单选题

In1982,HitachiwasindictedforstealingconfidentialdocumentsfromIBM.Aspartofacourtsettlement,thecompanypaidIBMhundredsofmillionsofdollars.

问题1选项

A.condemnedfor

B.accusedof

C.disciplinedfor

D.disapprovedof

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。beindictedfor“因……被指控”；A选项becondemnedfor“因……被谴责”；B选项beaccusedof“被指控”；C选项bedisciplinedfor“因……受到处分或惩罚”；D选项bedisapprovedofdoingsth.的搭配不存在。句意：1982年，日立被指控从IBM窃取机密文件。作为法庭和解的一部分，该公司向IBM支付了数亿美元。题干说到“acourtsettlement庭外和解”，可推知indictedfor在这里有“因……被指控”的意思，因此B选项正确。

8.单选题

Gotmilk?Beveryafraid.Or,preferably,abitskeptical.Somefolksareabouttotrytoconvinceyouthatmilkistoxic.Buttherealquestionis,what’smoredangeroustoyourhealth:milk,orcelebritiesandactivistsembarkedonthelatesttrendycrusade（改革）？Thismonthmarksthepublicity-pumpeddebutoftheAntiDairyCoalition,abandofphysicians,self-described“Holly-woodpersonalities”andotherswhodecrywhattheycall“thehealthandnutritionalrisksofconsumingdairyproducts”.

Thecoalition,includingitsspokes-Jeremiah,writerGeorgePlimpton,wouldhaveyoubelievethatmilkcausesheartdisease,cancerinfections,asthma,allergiesandtuberculosis.RobertCohen,founderoftheADC（andauthorofMilk:TheDeadlyPoison,writes:“TheFountainofYouthandcuretoillnesscanbeobtainedbygivingupmilk.”）

Hyperboleaside,theADCisspotlightingaquestionhotlydebatedbyeveryonefromnutritioniststoparents.Manypatientsaskdoctorswhethertheyshouldgiveupmilk,likethatsupermodeltheysawinterviewedonTV.Andtobesure,theADC’soverwroughtclaimsdohavesomescientificbasis.

Takeheartdisease.Foodslikebutter,cheese,icecreamandwholemilkarepackedwithsaturatedfat（饱和脂肪）,whichblocksarteries（动脉）andcanleadtoheartattacks.That’swhymostnutritionistsadviseswitchingtolow-fatorskimmilkandeatingmoreyogurtandcottagecheesethanHaagen-DazsandBrie.Evenskimmilk,though,cantriggerallergiesinsomepeople,includinginfants,whoinanycasewillgetmoreironandotherkeynutrientsfrombreastmilkorformula.

Somustyoufleefrommilkentirely?Yes,saysCohen,whoholdsthatskimmilkisthedevil’sbrew.It’sfullof—areyousittingdown?—Protein.Andhere’swheretheADCstartstwistingthefactstoreachwildconclusions.Allergiesarefrequentlytriggeredbyproteins（true;asthmaisanallergiccondition（true;it’sbeenincreasingdramatically（true;doctorsdon’tknowthecause（true;therefore,theproteininmilkmustbetheculprit（罪魁祸首）？

AsimilarleapofillogicassumesthatbecausewomenintheNetherlands.Denmark,NorwayandSwedenconsumelotsofmilkandalsosufferhighratesofbreastcancer;theformermustcausethelatter.AnotherclunkerisCohen’sclaimthatwidespreadlactoseintolerance（乳糖不耐受）—theinabilitytodigestdairyproducts—meansmilkisoflittleuseasasourceofcalcium.Infact,manycasesoflactoseintolerancearemildandinterfereonlyslightlywithcalciumuptake.Manypeopleintolerantofmilkcaneasilydigestyogurt.Andlactasetablets（乳糖分解酵素片）canmakedairyproductsdigestibleeveninseverecases.

Ifmilkisn’ttheperfectfood,it’sstillgotsomebigthingsgoingforit.It’saninexpensivesourceofcalcium,protein,potassiumandothervitaminsandminerals.Andunlikeothersourcesofcalcium,suchas,say,steamedkale,milkisafoodkidswilleat.TheADCfeelsthatmilkistherootofmosthumanmaladies（疾病）,butIcanpointtoothersingle-issueobsessivewhoinsistthevillainismeatorwheatorsugarorsomeothersubstancethatourspecieshaslongandhappilyconsumed.Ioftenlearnsomethingbyexaminingtheirclaims.ButIkeepcoiningbacktothemainstreamnutritionists,whoemphasizeabalanceddietandadvisemoderationinallthings.

1.TheADCholdsthatgivingupmilkwillcausethefollowingdiseasesEXCEPT（）

2.Thewriterthinksthatmilk（）.

3.Itisclearfromthepassagethat（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,ifyousufferfromlactoseintolerance（）.

5.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethatthewriteris（）.

问题1选项

A.breastcancer

B.diabetes

C.heartdisease

D.lungdisease

问题2选项

A.istoxicandweshouldgiveitup

B.isverynutritiousandweshouldconsumeitasmuchaspossible

C.isthemostidealfood

D.hasitsplusesandminusesandweshouldconsumeitsensibly

问题3选项

A.thewriterisofthesameopinionaboutmilkwiththeADC

B.thewriterregardsmilkastherootofmosthumandiseases

C.thewriteradvisespeopletostayoutoftroublewithmilk

D.thewriter’sopinionaboutmilkdiffersgreatlyfromtheADC’s

问题4选项

A.youhadbettergiveupmilkentirely

B.youshouldhavelessmilkeveryday

C.youcantakelactasewhichcatalyzes（催化）lactoseintoglucose（葡萄糖）andgalactose（半乳糖）

D.youmustseeadoctoratonce

问题5选项

A.anunprejudicedperson

B.anopinionatedperson

C.aworldlyperson

D.awisebutpeculiarperson

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节判断题。根据题第二段的第一句“milkcausesheartdisease,cancerinfections,asthma,allergiesandtuberculosis.”cancerinfections和选项A对应；heartdisease和选项C对应；tuberculosis（肺结核）和选项D对应。只有选项B（糖尿病）没有提及。

2.细节推断题。根据最后一段的前三句可知，作者认为牛奶有好处也有坏处，所以要适量摄取。选项A，B，C表述都太绝对，所以不正确；选项D符合原文。

3.细节推理题。根据最后一段的第四句“TheADCfeelsthatmilkistherootofmosthumanmaladies...”以及第二段的最后一句“TheFountainofYouthandcuretoillnesscanbeobtainedbygivingupmilk.”可知选项B和C都是ADC的观点；根据原文内容可知，作者和ADC的观点是完全不同的，所以本题选D。

4.细节事实题。根据关键词“lactoseintolerance”定位到第六段第三句“widespreadlactoseintolerance—theinabilitytodigestdairyproducts—meansmilkisoflittleuseasasourceofcalcium.”选项B符合原文。

5.细节推断题。根据第三段的最后一句“Andtobesure,theADC’soverwroughtclaimsdohavesomescientificbasis.”以及最后一段的内容可知作者是一个公平公正的人，因为他虽然不赞同ADC的观点，但也没有完全否定。所以选项A正确。

9.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish

随着年岁的增长，精力日减，效率渐低，作风渐延：激情有失，理智有增。看来，这样的互易不可能总是得失相当的。但是，一定的年龄总有一定的长处。因此，可以告慰的是，即使你已度过了部分盛年，在未来的经历中，依然会有另一种盛年期的出现。某些重要的盛年期似乎在人生后期才达到顶峰。

原始人一旦由于周围的许多令人愉快的情景而第一次开口大笑了，又由于笑对周围所产生的那些明显的愉快的效果，笑就开始具有了人类社会所特有的价值。具有用爽朗的笑声来传播愉快能力的人，开始比他的较为严肃、古板的同事更能享受到社会的优惠，从而使自己处于有利的地位。他成了个“善于交际的人”，在社交方面成了大家所推举的人，受到社会的喜爱。

当今的世界，即非丝绸之路的吋代，亦非马可波罗(MarcoPolo)吋代。从上海去东京，只需两个多小时。从中国区地球另一端的美国，也能在日历的同一天到达。昔日遥远的地理距离，被现代科学技术一下缩短到令人难以置信的程度。这是人类文明的共同成果。

【答案】Asweage,wetradestrengthforingenuity,speedforthoroughnessandpassionforreason.Theseexchangesmaynotalwaysseemfair,butateveryage,therearesomeadvantages.Soitisreassuringtonotethatevenifyou’vepassedsomeofyour“primes”,youstillhaveotherprimeyearstoexperienceinthefuture.Itseemsthatsomeprimeperiodwillreachitspeaklaterinourlife.

Oncetheprimitivemenburstoutlaughingforthefirsttimebecauseofsomethingpleasantaroundthem,andthenthelaughbringstheobviouslypleasanteffectaround,thelaughhashadvaluethatthehumanbeingsisholding.Thepersonwhopossessestheabilitytospreadhappinessbybrightandclearlaughwillgetmoresocialbenefitsthanhisseriousandstuffycolleagues,whichgetshiminanadvantageousposition.Thushebecomesa“goodmixer”whoiscommendedbyothers,especiallygiftedsocially.

TheworldtodayisneithertheeraofSilkRoad,northeageofMarcoPolo.ItjusttakesabouttwohoursfromShanghaitoTokyo.Onthesamedayonthecalendar,youalsocanarriveintheUnitedStatesontheothersideoftheearthfromChina.Thefargeographicdistanceoftheolddayshasbeenshortenedtoanunbelievableextentbymodernscienceandtechnology.It’sthecommonachievementsbroughtaboutbytheprogressofhumancivilization.

10.单选题

Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestion,（1）willbeusefultointroducesome（2）concepts.Conflict,（3）asoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanother,is（4）fromcompetition,（5）meansoppositionamongsocialunits（6）seekingtoobtainsomethingwhichis（7）inadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotknowaboutoneanother,whichthosewho（8）inaconflictdo.Conflictandcompetitionareboth（9）ofopposition.Themeaningofoppositionhasbeenstatedasaprocessbywhichsocialunitsfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionis（10）contrastedtocooperation,a（11）bywhichsocialunitsfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.These（12）arenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimited（13）,butconflictisnot.Conflict,nevertheless,isvery（14）tooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties.

Manyauthorshavebasedtheirargumentsthatwarcannotbeavoidedontheidea（15）inthestruggleforexistenceamonggroupsofanimals,onlythosewhicharebestadaptedremain（16）.Ingeneral,however,thisstruggle（17）iscompetition,notconflict.Thosewhofailinthiscompetition（18）starvetodeathorarekilledbyothertypesofanimals.Thisstruggleforexistenceisnot（19）humanwar,butis（20）thecompetitionofindividualsforjobs,markets,andmaterials.Themostimportantqualityofthisstruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatarenotenoughtosatisfyall.

问题1选项

A.it

B.that

C.what

D.this

问题2选项

A.related

B.relating

C.relative

D.relation

问题3选项

A.specified

B.remarked

C.defined

D.claimed

问题4选项

A.variable

B.distinguished

C.various

D.isolated

问题5选项

A.it

B.this

C.that

D.which

问题6选项

A.critically

B.approximately

C.independently

D.costly

问题7选项

A.on

B.for

C.with

D.in

问题8选项

A.enter

B.participate

C.fall

D.involve

问题9选项

A.formations

B.classes

C.terms

D.reactions

问题10选项

A.nevertheless

B.however

C.thus

D.maybe

问题11选项

A.procession

B.standard

C.process

D.measurement

问题12选项

A.accounts

B.definitions

C.descriptions

D.explanations

问题13选项

A.resources

B.origins

C.sources

D.materials

问题14选项

A.likely

B.probably

C.necessarily

D.possibly

问题15选项

A.which

B.while

C.when

D.that

问题16选项

A.lived

B.living

C.alive

D.life

问题17选项

A.onthecontrary

B.atlength

C.inparticular

D.innature

问题18选项

A.notonly

B.either

C.neither

D.both

问题19选项

A.similarto

B.sameas

C.resembled

D.imitated

问题20选项

A.equal

B.alike

C.like

D.unlike

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

第6题:C

第7题:D

第8题:B

第9题:B

第10题:C

第11题:C

第12题:B

第13题:A

第14题:A

第15题:D

第16题:C

第17题:D

第18题:B

第19题:A

第20题:C

【解析】1.考查固定搭配。it+be动词+形容词+todosth.“做某事是……的”，该句型中it做形式主语。句意：在考虑这个问题之前，有必要介绍一些相关的概念。因此A选项正确。

2.考查固定搭配。A选项related“有关系的，有关联的；讲述的，叙述的”；B选项relating“关联；关系；联系”；C选项relative“相对的；有关系的；成比例的”；D选项relation“关系；叙述；故事；亲属关系”。relatedconcepts“相关概念”。句意：在考虑这个问题之前，有必要介绍一些相关的概念。因此A选项正确。

3.考查动词辨析。A选项specified“被指定；详细说明”；B选项remarked“被评论；被察觉”；C选项defined“被定义；下定义；使明确”；D选项claimed“被声称；被宣称；被断言”。句意：冲突被定义为社会实体之间相互对立的对立。因此C选项正确。

4.考查固定搭配。A选项variable“adj.变量的；可变的；易变的，多变的；变异的”；B选项distinguished“v.辨别；使有区别；看清，认出”；C选项various“adj.各种各样的；多方面的”；D选项isolated“v.使……孤立；使……分离；将……剔出”。根据固定搭配bedistinguishedfrom“不同于……；有别于……；与……加以区别”可知句意为：冲突是指社会实体之间相互对立的对立，它不同于竞争，竞争是指社会单位之间为了独立获取供给不足的东西而产生的对立。因此B选项正确。

5.考查定语从句。定语从句的引导词有关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that，as；关系副词when，where，why。定语从句中引导词的选用主要看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分或者是定语从句中缺什么成分。题干中的从句缺少主语成分，定语从句中缺主语，修饰人时用who/that，修饰物时用which/that引导，that引导从句时前面一般不用逗号隔开，因此该题应选which。句意：冲突是指社会实体之间相互对立的对立，它不同于竞争，竞争是指社会单位之间为了独立获取供给不足的东西而产生的对立。因此D选项正确。

6.考查副词辨析。A选项critically“精密地；危急地；严重地；批评性地；用钻研眼光地；很大程度上；极为重要地”；B选项approximately“大约，近似地；近于”；C选项independently“独立地；自立地”；D选项costly“昂贵的；代价高的”。句意：冲突是指社会实体之间相互对立的对立，它不同于竞争，竞争是指社会单位之间为了独立获取供给不足的东西而产生的对立。因此C选项正确。

7.考查固定搭配。inshort/inadequatesupply“缺乏的；供应不足的”为固定搭配，一般不用其他介词。句意：冲突是指社会实体之间相互对立的对立，它不同于竞争，竞争是指社会单位之间为了独立获取供给不足的东西而产生的对立。因此D选项正确。

8.考查动词短语辨析。A选项enterin“登记姓名，细节”等。如：enterinaniteminanaccountbook将一笔账记入账本；B选项participatein“参与”；C选项fallin“陷入”，如fal