一名六西格玛黑带应了解的101件事

一名六西格玛黑带应了解的101件事：Ingeneral,aSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbequantitativelyoriented.通常，六西格玛黑带应定量导向。Withminimalguidance,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletousedatatoconvertbroadgeneralizationsintoactionablegoals.仅需最低限度的指导，六西格玛黑带就应能利用数据把泛泛的概括转化为可实施的目标。3.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletomakethebusinesscaseforattemptingtoaccomplishthesegoals.六西格玛黑带应能为完成这些目标提供业务案例。4．TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletodevelopdetailedplansforachievingthosegoals.六西格玛黑带应能为达到这些目标制定详细的计划。5．TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletomeasureprogresstowardsthegoalsintermsmeaningfultocustomersandleaders.六西格玛黑带应能测量出朝着预期目标进展对顾客和公司领导的意义。6．TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldknowhowtoestablishcontrolsystemsformaintainingthegainsachievedthroughSixSigma.六西格玛黑带应知道如何建立控制体系来保持通过六西格玛所取得的收获。7．TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldunderstandandbeabletocommunicatetherationaleforcontinuousimprovement,evenafterinitialgoalshavebeenaccomplished.六西格玛黑带应了解并能够传达持续改进的基本原理，即使在初始目标已经达到后也应这样。8．TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbefamiliarwithresearchthatquantifiesthebenefitsfirmshaveobtainedfromSixSigma.六西格玛黑带应熟悉对通过六西格玛所获利益的量化研究。9.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldknoworbeabletofindthePPMratesassociatedwithdifferentsigmalevels(e.g.,SixSigma=3.4PPM)六西格玛黑带应知道或能够找出与不同西格玛水平相关连的 PPM比率（例如，六西格玛＝3.4PPM）。10．TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldknowtheapproximaterelativecostofpoorqualityassociatedwithvarioussigmalevels(e.g.,threesigmafirmsreport25%COPQ六西格玛黑带应了解与不同西格玛水平大致对应的劣质成本（例如，质成本约占25%）

3西格玛水平的公司劣11.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldknowhowtoquantitativelyanalyzedatafromemployeeandcustomersurveys.Thisincludesevaluatingsurveyreliabilityandvalidityaswellasthedifferencesbetweensurveys.六西格玛黑带应了解如何定量分析对员工和顾客进行调查所得到的数据，的可靠性、有效性以及各次调查之间的差异。

包括评估调查结果TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldunderstandtherolesofthevariouspeopleinvolvedinchange(seniorleader,champion,mentor,changeagent,technicalleader,teamleader,facilitator六西格玛黑带应了解参与变革的各种员工所扮演的角色（高层领导、拥护者、 顾问、变革代理人、技术领导、团队领导、推动者） 。13.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletodesign,test,andanalyzecustomersurveys.六西格玛黑带应能设计、检测和分析对顾客进行的调查。14.Giventwoormoresetsofsurveydata,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletodetermineiftherearestatisticallysignificantdifferencesbetweenthem.给出两组或多组调查数据，六西格玛黑带应能确定它们之间是否存在统计上的显著性差异。15.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoquantifythevalueofcustomerretention. 六西格玛黑带应能量化顾客保持力的数值。16.GivenapartlycompletedQFDmatrix,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletocompleteit.给出完成一个部分的质量功能展开矩阵，六西格玛黑带应能将其完成。17.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletocomputethevalueofmoneyheldorinvestedovertime,includingpresentvalueandfuturevalueofafixedsum.六西格玛黑带应能计算出所持资金或者已投资金的价值，包括现值和未来价值的固定总和。18.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletocomputePVandFVvaluesforvariouscompoundingperiods.六西格玛黑带应能计算出不同复利计算期的现值和未来值。19.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletocomputethebreakevenpointforaproject.六西格玛黑带应能计算出一个项目的得失平衡点。20.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletocomputethenetpresentvalueofcashflowstreams,andtousetheresultstochooseamongcompetingprojects.六西格玛黑带应能计算出现金流转的净现值，并把这个结果用于选择项目。21.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletocomputetheinternalrateofreturnforcashflowstreamsandtousetheresultstochooseamongcompetingprojects.六西格玛黑带应能计算出内部现金流转的利润率， 并将这一结果用于选择项目。TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldknowtheCOPQrationaleforSixSigma,i.e.,heshouldbeabletoexplainwhattodoifCOPQanalysisindicatesthattheoptimumforagivenprocessislessthanSixSigma.六西格玛黑带应了解劣质成本对于六西格玛的根本意义，也即他应能说明如果劣质成本分析显示出给定过程的最佳值小于六西格玛时该做些什么。23.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldknowthebasicCOPQcategoriesandbeabletoallocatealistofcoststothecorrectcategory.六西格玛黑带应了解劣质成本的基础类别， 并且能够把一份成本清单正确分类。24.GivenatableofCOPQdataovertime,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoperformastatisticalanalysisofthetrend.给出过去的劣质成本报表，六西格玛黑带应能完成趋势的统计分析。25.GivenatableofCOPQdataovertime,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoperformastatisticalanalysisofthedistributionofcostsamongthevariouscategories.给出过去的劣质成本报表，六西格玛黑带应能对各类品质成本的分配情况进行统计分析。Givenalistoftasksforaproject,theirtimestocomplete,andtheirprecedencerelationships,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletocomputethetimetocompletionfortheproject,theearliestcompletiontimes,thelatestcompletiontimesandtheslacktimes.Heshouldalsobeabletoidentifywhichtasksareonthecriticalpath.给出一个项目的任务列表、它们的完成时间和它们之间的优先级关系，六西格玛黑带应能计算出项目的完成时间、最早完成时间、最迟完成时间和延迟时间。他还应能识别哪项任务位于关键路径上。27.Givecostandtimedataforprojecttasks,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletocomputethecostofnormalandcrashschedulesandtheminimumtotalcostschedule.给出项目任务的成本和时间数据，六西格玛黑带应能计算出正常的和紧急加快的生产费用表以及最小的生产总费用表。28.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbefamiliarwiththebasicprinciplesofbenchmarking.六西格玛黑带应熟悉标杆的基本原理。29.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbefamiliarwiththelimitationsofbenchmarking. 六西格玛黑带应熟悉标杆的局限性。Givenanorganizationchartandalistingofteammembers,processowners,andsponsors,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoidentifyprojectswithalowprobabilityofsuccess.给出一份组织图和团队成员名单、过程负责人和发起人，六西格玛黑带应能识别出哪些是成功机率小的项目。31.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoidentifymeasurementscalesofvariousmetrics(nominal,ordinal,etc六西格玛黑带应能识别各种度量标准的测量标度 （名义的、顺序的等等）。32.Givenametriconaparticularscale,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletodetermineifaparticularstatisticalmethodshouldbeusedforanalysis.给定一种特定标度的度量标准，六西格玛黑带应能确定采用什么特定的统计学方法进行分析。Givenaproperlycollectedsetofdata,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoperformacompletemeasurementsystemanalysis,includingthecalculationofbias,repeatability,reproducibility,stability,discrimination(resolution)andlinearity.给出一组适当的数据，六西格玛黑带应能完成测量系统分析，

包括计算偏倚、重复性、

再现性、稳定性、辨别力（分辨率）和线性。34.Giventhemeasurementsystemmetrics,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldknowwhetherornotagivenmeasurementsystemshouldbeusedonagivenpartorprocess.给出测量系统的度量标准，六西格玛黑带应了解给定的测量系统能否用于给定的零件或过程。TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldknowthedifferencebetweencomputingsigmafromadatasetwhoseproductionsequenceisknownandfromadatasetwhoseproductionsequenceisnotknown.六西格玛黑带应了解从已知生产次序的数据组和未知生产次序的数据组计算出的西格玛之间的不同。36.GiventheresultsofanAIAGGageR&Rstudy,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoansweravarietyofquestionsaboutthemeasurementsystem.给出一份AIAG（汽车工业行动集团）量具双性研究结果，六西格玛黑带应能回答各种关于该测量系统的问题。37.Givenanarrativedescriptionof"as-is"and"should-be"processes,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoprepareprocessmaps.给出一个“不予改变”和“应”的过程叙述性描述，六西格玛黑带应能作出过程图。38.Givenatableofrawdata,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoprepareafrequencytallysheetofthedata,andtousethetallysheetdatatoconstructahistogram.给出一份原始数据表，六西格玛黑带应能作出一份数据频次表，并且能使用这频次表构建一份直方图。39.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletocomputethemeanandstandarddeviationfromagroupedfrequencydistribution.六西格玛黑带应能从一组频次分布数据计算出均值和标准偏差。40.Givenalistofproblems,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoconstructaParetoDiagramoftheproblemfrequencies.给出一份问题列表，六西格玛黑带应能构建出一个问题发生频次的排列图。Givenalistwhichdescribesproblemsbydepartment,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoconstructaCrosstabulationandusetheinformationtoperformaChi-squareanalysis.给出一份按部门描述问题的清单，六西格玛黑带应能构建一份交叉表，并且能利用此信息进行卡方分析。42.Givenatableofxandydatapairs,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletodetermineiftherelationshipislinearornon-linear.给出一份

XY 配对的数据表，六西格玛黑带应能确定

XY 之间的关系是线性的还是非线性的。43.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldknow howtousenon-linearities

tomakeproducts

orprocessesmorerobust.六西格玛黑带应了解如何利用非线性来使产品或过程更加稳固。TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoconstructandinterpretarunchartwhengivenatableofdataintime-orderedsequence.Thisincludescalculatingrunlength,numberofrunsandquantitativetrendevaluation.当给定一份时间序列数据表时，六西格玛黑带应能构建并解释趋势图，包括计算运行长度、运行数量以及定量趋势评估。45.WhentoldthedataarefromanexponentialorErlangdistributiontheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldknowthattherunchartispreferredoverthestandardXcontrolchart.当被告知数据来自于指数函数或服从厄兰分布， 六西格玛黑带应了解这时候趋势图优于标准的X控制图。46.GivenasetofrawdatatheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoidentifyandcomputetwostatisticalmeasureseachforcentraltendency,dispersion,andshape.给出一组原始数据，六西格玛黑带应能识别并计算出两种统计测量的中心趋向、 离散和形状。47.Givenasetofrawdata,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoconstructahistogram.给出一组原始数据，六西格玛黑带应能构建一份直方图。48.Givenastem&leafplot,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoreproduceasampleofnumberstotheaccuracyallowedbytheplot.给出一份茎叶图，六西格玛黑带应能复制出一个能够达到该图允许准确度的数字样本。49.Givenaboxplotwithnumbersonthekeyboxpoints,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoidentifythe25thand75thpercentileandthemedian.给定一份标出关键点数字的箱图， 六西格玛黑带应能识别 Q1和Q3和中位数。50.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldknowwhentoapplyenumerativestatisticalmethods,andwhennotto.六西格玛黑带应了解什么时候用计数统计法、什么时候不用。51.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldknowwhentoapplyanalyticstatisticalmethods,andwhennotto.六西格玛黑带应了解什么时候用分析统计法、什么时候不用。52.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshoulddemonstrateagraspofbasicprobabilityconcepts,suchastheprobabilityofmutuallyexclusiveevents,ofdependentandindependentevents,ofeventsthatcanoccursimultaneously,etc.六西格玛黑带应掌握基础的概率概念，比如互斥事件的概率、关联和独立事件的概率、同时发生事件的概率等等。53.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldknowfactorials,permutationsandcombinations,andhowtousetheseincommonlyusedprobabilitydistributions.六西格玛黑带应了解析因、置换、合并等方法，以及它们在概率分布中的一般应用。54.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletocomputeexpectedvaluesforcontinuousanddiscreterandomvariables.六西格玛黑带应能计算出连续或离散随机变量的期望值。55.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletocomputeunivariatestatisticsforsamples.六西格玛黑带应能计算出样本的单变量统计量56.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletocomputeconfidenceintervalsforvariousstatistics.六西格玛应能计算出各种统计的置信区间。57.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoreadvaluesfromacumulativefrequencyogive.六西格玛黑带应能从累计频次尖顶部读出数值。58.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbefamiliarwiththecommonlyusedprobabilitydistributions,including:hypergeometric,binomial,Poisson,normal,exponential,chi-square,Student'st,andF.六西格玛黑带应熟悉常用的概率分布，包括超几何分布、二项式分布、泊松分布、正态分布、指数分布、卡方分布、学者t分布和F分布。GivenasetofdatatheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletocorrectlyidentifywhichdistributionshouldbeusedtoperformagivenanalysis,andtousethedistributiontoperformtheanalysis.给定一组数据，六西格玛黑带应能正确地识别应用哪种分布来进行分析，分析。

并且能利用其进行60.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldknowthatdifferenttechniquesarerequiredforanalysisdependingonwhetheragivenmeasure(e.g.,themean)isassumedknownorestimatedfromasample.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldchooseandproperlyusethecorrecttechniquewhenprovidedwithdataandsufficientinformationaboutthedata.六西格玛黑带应了解，根据所给量值（例如，平均值）是假设的，还是按样本估计的，在分析时需要不同的方法。当提供了数据以及和数据有关的足够信息时，六西格玛黑带应能选择并正确地使用这种技术。Givenasetofsubgroupeddata,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoselectandpreparethecorrectcontrolchartsandtodetermineifagivenprocessisinastateofstatisticalcontrol.给出一组分组数据，六西格玛黑带应能选择和作出正确的控制图，并且确定给定的过程是否处在统计控制状态。62.Theaboveshouldbedemonstratedfordatarepresentingallofthemostcommoncontrolcharts.六西格玛黑带应能示范所有最常用控制图的数据表现形式。63.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldunderstandtheassumptionsthatunderlieANOVA,andbeabletoselectandapplyatransformationtothedata.六西格玛黑带应了解作为方差分析基础的各种假设，而且能够选择一种转换把它应用于数据。64.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoidentifywhichcauseonalistofpossiblecauseswillmostlikelyexplainanon-randompatternintheregressionresiduals.六西格玛黑带应能识别在各种可能原因的列表中，哪一个原因最合适解释在回归残差中出现的非随机分布。Ifshowncontrolchartpatterns,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletomatchthecontrolchartwiththecorrectsituation(e.g.,anoutlierpatternvs.agradualtrendmatchedtoatoolbreakingvs.amachinegraduallywarmingup如果观看一份控制图，六西格玛黑带应能将控制图与正确的情况匹配的图形－渐进的趋势与工具损坏－设备逐渐发热相匹配）

（例如，把超出控制限66.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldunderstandthemechanicsofPRE-Control.六西格玛黑带应了解预控制的机制。67.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletocorrectlyapplyEWMAchartstoaprocesswithserialcorrelationinthedata.六西格玛黑带应能正确的将指数加权移动平均图应用到一个在数据上连续相关的过程。Givenastablesetofsubgroupeddata,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoperformacompleteProcessCapabilityAnalysis.Thisincludescomputingandinterpretingcapabilityindices,estimatingthe%failures,controllimitcalculations,etc.给出一组稳定的分组数据，六西格玛黑带应能完成完整的过程能力分析。包括计算和解释过程能力指数、估计故障百分率、控制限计算等。69.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshoulddemonstrateanawarenessoftheassumptionsthatunderlietheuseofcapabilityindices.六西格玛黑带应示范应用过程能力指数的基本假设的注意事项。70.Giventheresultsofareplicated22full-factorialexperiment,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletocompletetheentireANOVAtable.给出22全析因试验的结果， 六西格玛黑带应能完成整个方差分析表。TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldunderstandthebasicprinciplesofplanningastatisticallydesignedexperiment.Thiscanbedemonstratedbycritiquingvariousexperimentalplanswithorwithoutshortcomings.六西格玛黑带应了解统计设计一种实验方案的基本原理，这可以用批评各种个实验方案有没有缺点来证明。72.Givena"clean"experimentalplan,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletofindthecorrectnumberofreplicatestoobtainadesiredpower.给定一个空白的实验方案，六西格玛黑带应能找出为取得期望结果所需复制的正确数字73.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldknowthedifferencebetweenthevarioustypesofexperimentalmodels(fixed-effects,random-effects,mixed六西格玛黑带应了解不同实验模型之间的差异 （固定后果、随机后果、混合后果）。74.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldunderstandtheconceptsofrandomizationandblocking.六西格玛黑带应了解随机化和分块的概念。75.Givenasetofdata,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletoperformaLatinSquareanalysisandinterprettheresults.给定一组数据，六西格玛黑带应能够进行拉丁方分析并解释其结果。76.DittoforonewayANOVA,twowayANOVA(withandwithoutreplicates),fullandfractionalfactorials,andresponsesurfacedesigns.给定一组数据，六西格玛黑带应能进行一维方差分析、二维方差分析（有或没有重复）部析因，部分析因和响应曲面设计。

，全77.Givenanappropriateexperimentalresult,theSixSigmaBlackBeltshouldbeabletocomputethedirectionofsteepestascent.给定一份合适的实验结果，六西格玛黑带应能计算出其最速上升的方向。78.Givenasetofvariableseachattwolevels,theSixSigmaBlackBeltcandeterminethecorrectexperimentallayoutforascreeningexperimentusingasaturateddesign.给定一组两水平的变量，六西格玛黑带应能用饱和设计筛选实验来确定正确的实验方案。79.Givendataforsuchanexperiment,theSixSigmaBlackBeltcanidentifywhichmaineffectsaresignificantandstatetheeffectofthesefactors.给出一组实验数据，六西格玛黑带应能识别哪种要因是主要因子并能说出这些因子的影响。Giventwoormoresetsofresponsestocategoricalitems(e.g.,customersurveyresponsescategorizedaspoor,fair,good,excellent),theSixSigmaBlackBeltwillbeabletoperformaChi-Squaretesttodetermineifthesamplesaresignificantlydifferent.给出两组或以上分类项目的响应结果（例如，顾客调查结果分类为差、一六西格玛黑带应能进行卡方检验以确定样本是否有显著差异。

般、好、出色），TheSixSigmaBlackBeltwillunderstandtheideaofconfoundingandbeabletoidentifywhichtwofactorinteractionsareconfoundedwiththesignificantmaineffects.六西格玛黑带应了解混淆的概念，并能识别出哪两个因子的交互作用与重要影响相混淆。82.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltwill beabletostatethedirection of steepestascentfromexperimentaldata.六西格玛黑带应能根据实验数据说出最快上升的方向。83.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltwillunderstandfoldoverdesignsandbeabletoidentifythefoldoverdesignthatwillclearagivenalias.六西格玛黑带应了解设计上的交叠并能够识别出明显给出假信号的交叠设计。84.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltwillknowhowtoaugmentafactorialdesigntocreateacompositeorcentralcompositedesign.六西格玛黑带应了解如何将析因设计扩展为复合设计或中心复合设计。85.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltwillbeabletoevaluatethediagnosticsforanexperiment.六西格玛黑带应能评价针对实验的诊断。86.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltwillbeabletoidentifytheneedforatransformationinyandtoapplythecorrecttransformation.六西格玛黑带应能识别 y的转换需要并能应用正确的转换方法。87.Givenaresponsesurfaceequationinquadraticform,theSixSigmaBlackBeltwillbeabletocomputethestationarypoint.给出一个二次方程式形式的响应曲面公式，六西格玛黑带应能计算出驻点。88.Givendata(notgraphics),theSixSigmaBlackBeltwillbeabletodetermineifthestationarypointisamaximum,minimumorsaddlepoint.给定数据（不是图形），六西格玛黑带应能确定驻点是最大值、最小是 还是马鞍点。89.TheSixSigmaBlackBeltwillbeable