课堂笔记精讲精练班issue

ytical精讲精练班笔隆新浪博客 新浪 私人邮箱新概念英语三四册写作伴侣 /s/blogGRE写作新班必读 /s/blog《新GRE作文精讲课堂》 /s/blog .cn/s/blog一对一辅 .cn/s/blog考点

yzeanIssue"Persuasive难要有独立思考能题目学术深度1-3 结3-4.5分4.5-6分Issue题目分（抽象类题目处理方式：举典型例证，归纳一般原则按照题目背后的思IssuePFW:PurposefulFree分类 发散 收PFW:PurposefulFreeD:DefitionofcriticalC:CategoriesofcriticaltermsandD:DomainsthatwouldbeaffectedbytheG:TowhatgroupsofpeopleistheclaimC:UnderwhatconditionistheclaimP:AtwhathistoricalperiodistheclaimR:ReasonsthatwouldprobablyleadpeopletocometosuchaclaimI:B:N:E:Effectsthatwouldpossiblybebroughtaboutbythe 正面影发(+)Benefitsoftechnologyimprovement(Reason&EffectMakinglifemoreFreeingpeoplefromrepetitive,boringanddangerousworkMakinglifemoreefficient(DomainCommuMarcoXuanzang/Hsuan-tsang:Buddhistscholar,translatorandtravelleroftheTangDynastyinChina‘‘‘AroundtheWorldinEightyDays’byJulesCommupost- carrierpigeonfax(facsimile) (−)Harmfuleffects(problems)oftechnologyTrafficjams(Period/EffectAdverselyaffectingualityofliving(DefitionWhiletheyenjoythecomfortandbanalluxuryoftheirdwelling,theydonotrealizethattheyaredeprivedofthenecessitiesoflife.(NCE4-16Themoderncityconsistsofmonstrousedificesandofdark,narrowstreetsfullofpetrolfumesandtoxicgases,tornbythenoiseofthetaxica,lorriesandbuses,andthrongedceaselesslybygreatcrowds.However,thereisanevenmoreinsidiouskindofpollutionthatparticularlyaffectsurbanareasandinvadesourdailylives,andthatisnoise.Burglaralarmsgoingoffatanytimeofthedayornightserveonlytoannoypassers-byandactuallyassistburglarstoburgle.Caralarmsconstantlyscreamatusinthestreetandareasourceofprofoundirritation.(NCE3-47)Lawnmowerswhingonasummer’sday,vehiclesofalkinds,especiallylargecontainertrucksthunderingthroughuietvillage,planesandhelicoptersflyingoverhead,largeradioscarriedroundinpublilacesandplayedatmaximumvolume.(NCE3-47)paunch/beerbellyjunkfoodfooddrainageoil,whichisrecycledfromthegarbageandnotoriousforitslowualitywhichcancauseacutekidneyfailure,wasaddedtoinfantformulatomakeitappeartohaveahigherproteincontent.Makinghumanlives(andthesocietyasawhole)unstableandunsafe(Effect)Asisoftenpointedout,knowledgeisatwo-edgedweaponwhichcanbeusedeuallyforgoodorevil.Itisnowbeingusedindifferentlyforboth.(NCE4-22)Couldanyspectacle,forinstance,bemoregrimlywhimsicalthanthatofgunnersusingsciencetoshattermen’sbodieswhile,closeathand,surgeonsuseittorestorethem?Wehavetoaskourselvesveryseriouslywhatwillhappefthistwofolduseofknowledge,withitsever-increasingpower,continues.(NCE4-22)AsSirFrancisBacononcepointedout,knowledgeispower.Powercanbeusedforgoodorevil;andsincethegeethatbringsnewknowledgeisalreadyoutofthebottle,wemustlearntodirecttheuseoftheresultantpowerratherthancursethegeeortrytoconfinehim.(TWEmodelessay)Althoughmankindhasundergonenogeneralimprovementinintelligenceormorality,ithasmadeextraordinaryprogressintheaccumulationofknowledge Whatiscalled‘‘‘moderncivilization’isnottheresultofabalanceddevelopmentofallman’snature,butofaccumulatedknowledgeappliedtopracticallife.(NCE4-22)Socialproblems:unemployment(Effect开头段:正文段 Topic(结尾段必须有观点判断⯎1.Topic+Position(+复述题目+立场（+理由⯎2.T+Cc+Topic+Concession+复述题目+让步+加立⯎3.Topic+Assumption+复述题目+暗含假设+⯎4.T+Topic+Complexity+复述题目+问题复杂性+⯎5.Topic+Controversy+复述题目+争议+⯎6.uestion+Answer+问题+回答+⯎7.Position+Reason(+3、特殊开头⯎1.Background+背景+⯎2.Old-saying+格言+AsanoldChinesesayinggoes,happinesscomesalonewhilemisfortunelovescompany.⯎3.E+Example+例子+如何写正文-有保留的-++++有保留+---Topic ng反证句(如若不然将会怎样段首句的写主句前置(除非有让步Specialistsarenecessaryinordertoallowsocietyasawholetoproperlyandusefullyassimilatethemassesofnewinformationandknowledgethathavecomeoutofresearchandhavebeenwidelydisseminatedthroughmassglobalmedia.Disagreementcanalsoinhibitlearningwhentwoopponentsonfundamentalassumptionsneededformeangfuldiscourseand1、并inonesense,inforonething,forintheplace,inthesecond(ly)/tobeginwith/tostartwith/ofall/andforemost,second(ly)…2、递further;moreover;inaddition;notonly,but(also)...(as3、转although/while/eventhoughinspiteof/despite/notwithstanding(thefactthat)itistruethat...;admittedly...;granted,...;granted(that)...;ofcourse...thereisnodoubtthat...;undoubtedlymay;seem;appear;sound;seemingly;onthesurface...concede/admit/acknowledge...however;but;yet;nevertheless;nonetheless;atthesametime反证句:unlessA,ifnotA,then...cannot/canneverdo noA,notogiveanexampleandbriefHsuan-tsang,Buddhistscholar,translatorandtravelleroftheTangDynastyinChinaMarcoPolo,anItaliantravellerwhosewritingsgaveEuropeanstheirfirstknowledgeoflifeintheFarEast是所 80年代是所 者给的，的量或和留獗 前。 者给的，的为人信者，比方说因的收相主义为人信者开的际者入至公国或和安全会陷境。开的际者入所的利 他的 所的利 放至是 放至是众系的城了用。众系的城了用1、结尾段引导

如何写结尾2、结尾段构成要ConcessionRepriseofPositionExplanation3、可能RE/RD/DRetc.（应急模式CRD/CDR/DCR/DREetc.（Thebestwayto eit—soatleastitseemstome—istomakeyourinterestsgraduallywiderandmoreimpersonal,untilbitbybitthewallsoftheegorecede,andyourlife esincreasinglymergedintheuniversallife.DCRE/ECRDC,D,E可以用两次e.g.REE/CCRD/DDREComparisonReasong推理SolutionClaimComparison1、分2、隐含对比的判断和审标志:more..than.;less..than..;AratherthanB(A>B);insteadofB,A(A>B)审题:确定AB3、论证DCDRE(通用PositiveVs.Negative分析A和BComparability(少 可比Example:[A]Reasong推理1、分2、隐含推理的判断和审标志:because(of),since,for,:,;,thus,hence,therefore3、论证(+)A→B的合理之论据A合推理过结论B(−)A→B的不合理质疑论据质疑推理前提质疑推理关系（充分必要结论B的问题或不良发散(+−不明结论或对立面是否有可行性Example:[B]1、标志

Solutionthewayto...isto(inorder)to...should/mustthrough/by2、审题明确topic找出topic3、论证(+)Topicsolution(−)Feasibility(−)OtherExample:[E]1、标志

Claim一句话,判断句sth.isimportant;itisnecessarytodosth.2、论证(+)分析观点形成(+)推理过(+)观点本身有道(−)质疑观点的原(−)质疑推理前提assumption(−)质疑推理关系(充分必要(−)(+不明)观点本身或对立面是否有可Example:[D]Example:[B](+)Youthconstitutealargepercentageofthegeneralpopulation.(Reason:Importance)(+)Fashioncultureisbestrepresentedbythetrendsofyouth.(Defition/Category)e.g.fashionableclothes,hairstylesandMAGIC:music,amation,game,internetand(−)othersolutions: Cultureisacomplexconceptthathashostsofdifferentfacets,someofwhichmaybebestrepresentedbyyouthandsomemaynot.Thus,togetacomprehensiveunderstandingofcontemporaryculture,methodsotherthanthestudyofyoungstersmayproveindispensable.(Defition/Category)Mainstreamadults,seors:Adultsandseorsareprimaryproducersoffortune,andarealsoprimaryconsumersofmainstreamculture.(Category/Domain)traditionandcustom(Category/e.g.traditionalfestivals:ThanksgivingDay,Halloween,Carval...Example:[B](+)Studyingasociety’smajorcitiesisindeedaneffectualwaytounderstanditsmaincharacteristics.(Reason:E.g.NYC:NewYorkBusiness‘‘ThebusinessofAmericaistheWallStreet,NYSE:theNewYorkStockExchange,theMadisonAvenue,theTimeSuare...RacialHispaAsian-Forweknowthatourpatchworkheritageisastrength,notaweakness.WeareanationofChristiansandMuslims,JewsandHindus,andnonbelievers.American(−)otherTogetadeeperunderstandingofthecharacteristicsofasociety,thestudyofsmallandmedium-sizedcitieswheretraditioswellpreservedisofeualimportance.Studiesfocusedonahostofothersubjects,say,youthandseniors,customsandculturearealsoessentialforacomprehensiveunderstandingofasociety’smajorcharacteristics.(Domain)[B](+)Thereisnoabsolutechoice.(+)Somepredestinedconditionsdodefychoice.(Category/Domain:Condition)e.g.features,stature,intelligencethefamilyintowhichonewasbornLifeisnotfair,getusedtoit. —BillGateslawsofNature(−)AlthoughsomeinherentconditionscannotbechosenandourfreedomislimitedbyphysicalrealityandtawsofNature,inmostsituationswedohaveanfitenumberofchoices.(Category/Domain:Condition)(−)Evenunderthemostseverecircumstances,westillhave‘‘‘limitedfreewill’tochoosewhatwethinkisright.(Domain:Whenpeopleclaimthatlifehas‘‘forced’themtotakecertainactions,itisnothingmorethanaflimsyexcuse:whattheylackisnotchoicebutdeterminationandpersistence,whicharewhollyunderourAbraham FranklinZhangPersistenceanddeterminationaloneare—CalvinSinceactionsandperformancesarenotwhollyinourpowerandsincenothingisreallyinourpowerbutourwill—itisonthewillthatalltherulesanddutiesofmanarebasedandestablished.Michelde(−)Absenceofchoiceimpliesthatthereisnomorality,norightandwrong,nogoodandevilandnoonehastoberesponsibleforhis/herbehavior.(Effect)e.g.Ifabankrobberisdestinedtorobabank,whyshouldhebepushedbecauseofsomethinghehastodo?Idonotbelieveinfreedomofwill.Schopenhauer’’swords,‘‘Mancanindeeddowhathewants,buthecannotwantwhathewants’’,panymeinalllifesituationsandconsolemeinmydealingswithpeople,eventhosethatarereallypainfultome.Thisrecogtionoftheunfreedomofthewillprotectsmefromtakingmyselfandmyfellowmentooseriouslyasactingandjudgingindividualsandlosinggoodhumor.—Albert[B]accurateunderstandingofinformation(Defition/informationregardingnationalsecurity(Category/Reason:toavoidunnecessarydisturbanceorpac(CategoryReason:todefendtheleader’sauthority(Category/informationconcerngdailylivesofthepublic(Category/Reason:Necessity)Copingwithcertainemergenciesreuiresinstantinformationpublication.(Category/Reason:Necessity)tomaintaindemocracy,avoidautocracyandcorruption(Category/Reason:Importance)tocreatepublictrustinthegovernment(Category/Reason:[F](+)uestiongauthorityisessentialfortheadvanceinscience.(Domain:Condition/Reason:Necessity)Sometheoriesmay eout-of-date.Sometheorieshaveinherentdrawbacks.e.g.Hewas,aboveall,amanwhoexperimented:whodespisedtheprejudicesandbooklearngoftheAristotelians,whoputhisuestionstonatureinsteadoftotheancients,andwhodrewhisconclusionsfearlessly.Hehadbeenthefirsttoturnatelescopetothesky,andhehadseenthereevidenceenoughtooverthrowAristotleandPtolemytogether. HewasthemanwhoclimbedtheLeaningTowerofPisaanddroppedvariousweightsfromthetop,whorolledballsdownclinedplanes,andthengeneralizedtheresultsofhismanyexperimentsintothefamouslawoffreefall.(NCE4-32)Challengestoscientificauthorityarenotnecessarilyfromalargenumberofpeople:afewprominentfiguresoftensuffice.(+)Whetcomestothearts,itisalsonecessarytochallengeestablishedformsandstyles,otherwisetherealmoftheartswouldbestagnantandsocietyworse(+)Challengestopoliticalauthoritya