高三语法专题复习之名词学案

13/1313/1313/13高三语法专题复习之名词学案上节回忆：就近原那么：就远原那么：本节内容导入：一、专有名词名词个体名词集体名词单数二、普通名词复合名词一、可数名词物质名词名词复数抽象名词二、不可数名词本节知识点讲解：定义：名词是表示人、事物、现象和其他抽象概念的名称的词。一、可数名词变复数1)一般情况下,直接加-s例如：book-booksbag-bagscat-catsbed-beds2)以s.x.sh.ch结尾,加-es,读作【iz】例如：bus-busesbox-boxeswatch-watchesbrush-brushes3)以“辅音字母+y〞结尾,变y为i,再加-es.例如：family-familiesstrawberry-strawberrieslibrary-librariesdictionary-dictionaries而以“元音字母+y〞结尾,直接加s：toy-toysmonkey-monkeys4)以“f或fe〞结尾,变f或fe为v,再加-es,例如：wife-wiveslife-livesself-selvesknife-knivesleaf-leavesthief-thieveshalf-havesself-selvesshelf-shelvesloaf-loaveswolf-wolves等。巧记忆：勇敢的妻子(wife),拿了一把刀(knife),自己(self)把狼(wolf)杀死了,救回小牛(calf)半(half)条命(life),又把躲在葡萄架子(shelf)的叶子(leaf)中的小偷(thief)抓住了也有直接加s的单词：roof-roofsbelief-beliefsproof-proofschief-chiefs5)以o结尾,大局部情况下直接加s,但是有特殊情况：例如：hero-heroestomato-tomatoespotato-potatoes〔英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆〕piano-pianosphoto-photos6)特殊变化的名词：例如：man-menwoman-womenpoliceman-policemenpolicewoman-policewomenmouse-mice(老鼠)child-childrenfoot-feettooth-teeth7)单复数同形的名词：例如：fish鱼deer鹿sheep绵羊works〔工厂〕means手段8)复合名词变复数通常是将其主要名词变为复数；例如：passer-by变为passers-by过路人looker-on变为lookers-by旁观者注意：一些以man,woman结尾的合成词,在变复数时与man,woman的变化形式相同。例如：policeman/policemen(警察),Englishman/Englishmen(英国人)9)不同国家的人的单复数A.以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.例如：Americans,Asians,Russians,Australians,Italians,Germans等B.特殊：英国人和法国人要将man变为men例如：Englishman-EnglishmenFrenchman-Frenchmen巧记：中日瑞士不用变,英法国人man变men,其余一律加s10)有一些名词只有复数形式：trousers裤子pants裤子shorts短裤glasses眼镜compasses圆规scales天平chopsticks筷子clothes衣服goods商品,货物contents目录sands沙滩surroundings环境belongings财产earnings收入manners礼貌11)集体名词的数A.集体名词侧重于成员时,表示复数意义,不再变复数形式；侧重整体时表示单数意义例如：classfamilyteampublicarmygovernmentB.只表示复数意义的集体名词：people人,人们police警察cattle牛Thegroup______madeupofninestudents.Thegroup______dancinghappily.Theteam______somegoodplayers.Theteam_______handsome.Myfamilyabigone.AllmyfamilyinChinanow.总结：集体名词做主语,如果看成一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式,如果看成其中各个成员,谓语动词用复数形式。12)名词作定语作定语的名词通常用单数；sport作定语时用复数man和woman作定语时,其单复数根据被修饰词的单复数变化。例如：aboystudent—boystudentsabananatree→bananatreesashoefactory→shoefactoriessportsmeeting稳固练习：填入所给名词的正确形式：Ihavetwo_____(knife)Therearemany_____here.(box)Therearemany_____ontheroad.(bus)Afew_____aredrawingonthewall.(boy)The_____areplayingfootballnow.(child)请用括号中名词的复数形式填空：1．Lookatthose_______.(child)2．Icanseea__________standingnearthedoor.(policeman)3．Doyouwantsome________fordinner?(potato)4．Inautumn,youcanseealotof_______ontheground.(leaf)5．Hehastwo_______.Oneisblue,theotherisyellow.(box)6．Two________liveinthisbuilding.(family)写出以下单词的复数：watch_________child_________photo________diary_________day_________foot________book___________dress________tooth_______sheep__________box__________strawberry_____thief_______peach__________sandwich______man_________woman_________小结：二、常见不可数名词〔必背〕：advice〔建议〕fun〔乐趣〕homework〔家庭作业〕information〔信息〕sugar〔糖〕fruit〔水果〕news〔新闻〕paper〔纸〕progress〔进步〕trouble〔麻烦〕furniture〔家具〕traffic〔交通〕weather〔天气〕wealth〔财富〕work〔工作〕value〔价值〕看似复数实际是不可数名词：news新闻politics政治maths数学physics物理1.Nonews______goodnews.(be)2.Ithinkmathsveryimportant.注意：一般说来,抽象名词、物质名词为不可数名词,但当它们表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化。如：抽象名词〔不可数〕具体化〔个体名词,可数名词〕insurprise惊讶地asurprise一件令人惊讶的事winsuccess获得成功asuccess一个(件)成功的人(事)winhonor赢得荣誉anhonor一件引以为荣的事byexperience靠经验anexperience一次经历youth青春ayouth一个青年人withpleasure乐意apleasure乐事havepityonsb.怜悯某人apity可惜的事情【典例6】改错：Oh,John.Whatpleasantsurpriseyougaveus!三、既可作可数又可作不可数的名词：chicken小鸡/鸡肉room房间/空间；位置work作品/工作paper论文;报纸/纸glass玻璃杯/玻璃time次；倍/时间wood树林/木头fish鱼/鱼肉exercise练习/运动；锻炼light灯/光fruit(各种)水果/水果四、名词的数量修饰语：many/severalafew/fewquiteafew+可数名词anumberofmanya+单数可数名词muchalargeamountof+不可数名词alittle(little)some、any、enough、plentyof、alotof+可数or不可数名词一〕用some或any填空:

1.Icansee_____birdsinthetree.

2.Thereisn’t_____orangejuiceinmybottle.Pleasegiveme_____.

3.—Doyouhave_____picture-books?

—No,Idon’thave_____.ButIhave_____story-books.

4.—Isthere_____riceinthebag?

—No,thereisn’t_____.

5.—Arethere_____boysintheclassroom?

—No,butthereare_____girlsinit.

6.—WhichonecanItake?

—Youmaytake_____oneofthem.

7.—Wouldyoulike_____fruitjuice,please?

—No.I’dlike_____tea.

8.Ifyouhave_____questions,pleaseputupyourhands.

9.MayIaskyou_____questions,MissWang?

10.Canyousee_____bikesunderthetree?小结：二〕afew/few/alittle/little练习题:1.Thereis_______waterintheglass.Let'sgoandgetsome.

A.few

B.much

C.many

D.little2.Westillhave_______applesinthebasket.Youdon’thavetobuyany.A.few

B.afew

C.little

D.alittle3.Iamnewhere.SoIhave_______friendshere.A.few

B.afew

C.little

D.alittle4.I’m_______thirsty.CanIgetsomethingtodrink,mom?A.few

B.afew

C.little

D.alittle5.Thereis_______moneyinmypocket,soIcan’tbuyanythingnow.A.few

B.afew

C.little

D.alittle6.Hehas_______friendshere,hefeelslonely(孤独地).A.few

B.afew

C.little

D.alittle7.Ienjoymylifehere.Ihave_______friendsandwemeetquiteoften.A.few

B.afew

C.little

D.alittle8Thelakeisnotnear,sothereare_______peoplegoingswimmingthere.A.few

B.afew

C.little

D.alittle9.Thetwinscanspeakonly_______French.A.few

B.afew

C.little

D.alittle10.Let'sgoandhaveadrink.Westillhave_______timebeforethetrainleaves.A.few

B.afew

C.little

D.alittle11.Pleasewaitjust_______minutes;I'mgoingtocleanmyselfup.A.few

B.afew

C.little

D.alittle12._______peopleknowwherePhilliplives.Onlyhisparentscantellus.A.few

B.afew

C.little

D.alittle13.Ladiesandgentlemen,Ihave_______wordstosay.A.few

B.afew

C.little

D.alittle14.Canyougethere_______earliernexttime?A.few

B.afew

C.little

D.alittle15.Nowbequietfor_______minutesandlistentothis.A.few

B.afew

C.little

D.alittle16.Thereis_______inkinmybottle,canyougiveme_______ink?A.few,afew

B.little,alittle

C.alittle,little

D.alittle,alittle小结：三〕toomuch(many)太多toomuch修饰不可数名词,还可以用来修饰动词。toomany修饰可数名词的复数形式。muchtoo是“很、太〞的意思,用来修饰形容词或副词。例如：Heshouldn’twalktoomuch.Tomhastoomanybooksinhisroom.Thiswatchismuchtoodear.1.Youshouldn'teat______meatbecauseit'sbadforyourhealth.Thanks.Andeatingalotwillmakemelook_______fat.A．muchtooB．toomuchC．manytooD．toomany2Mum,thesoupis_______salty.Sorry,dear.I'veput_______saltinit,A．toomuch;alotB．muchtoo;alotC．manytoo;alotofD.muchtoo;toomuch3.Today,_____treesarestillbeingcutdownsomewhereintheworld．A．muchtooB．toomuchC．manytooD．toomany4.Look！There's_____iceonthelake．A．toomuchB．muchtooC．alotD.toomany5.Thesweaterisverybeautiful,butit's_____dear．A．toomuchB．muchtooC．manyD．more6.Theseshoesaremuchtoo_____forme．A．bigB．biggerC．biggestD．thebiggest注意：toomuch也可以作为名词,在句子中作主语或宾语。如：Toomuchwashappeningallatonce．Youhavegivenmetoomuch．小结：四〕不可数名词不能与数词连用,其数量需要借助一定的单位词表示：借助表示“张〞、“块〞的单位词apieceofpaper一张纸apieceofadvice一条建议apieceofnews一条新闻apieceofchalk一支粉笔借助表示容量的词abottleofink一瓶墨水acupoftea一杯茶abowlofrice一碗米饭aglassofbeer一杯啤酒借助表示重量的词akiloofsalt一公斤盐tentonsofcoal十吨煤借助表示形状的词adropofwater一滴水agrainofsand一粒沙注意：“apiece/pair+名词〞之类的结构作主语时,其谓语通常与“piece/pair〞的数保持一致。例如：Thereisapieceofbreadonthetable.桌子上有一片面包。Therearepiecesofbreadonthetable.桌子上有几片面包。总结：如何表示不可数名词的量？五、名词所有格分类构成及用法例句’s所有格〔表示人或其他有生命的东西的所有格形式〕不以s结尾的名词和以s结尾的单数名词在词尾直接加’s。Tony’sstory汤尼的故事theboss’svoice以s结尾的复数名词在词尾加’。thestudents’books学生们的书表示几个人共同拥有某人或物时,仅在最后一个名词词尾加’s；表示各自所有时,每个名词词尾都要加’s。HelenandJane’smother海伦和简的母亲(两人共同的母亲)Helen’sandJane’smothers海伦的母亲和简的母亲(两人各自的母亲,两个母亲)表示店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地点时,名词所有格后面的名词习惯上省略。myaunt’s我姑姑家thebarber’s理发店表示具体的时间、距离、重量、价值、国家和城镇等无生命的名词,也可以加’s构成所有格。aweek’stime一周的时间China’spopulation中国的人口of所有格表示无生命的东西的所有格形式。thelegsofthedesk桌腿双重所有格of+’s所有格adogofmyneighbor’s我邻居的狗of＋名词性物主代词afriendofmine我的一个朋友注意：要特别记忆以下用to表示的所有格：thekeytothelock,thekeytothedoor,thekeytothequestion,theanswertothequestion,thelid(盖子)totheboxtheentrancetotheweddingthesolutiontotheproblem【典例精析】1.My___________skirtisonthechair.A.sisters’ B.sisterC.sisters D.sister’s2.—Whoseroomisthis?—It’s___________.A.LucyandLily B.LucyandLily’sC.Lucy’sandLily’s3.___________fatherscan’tgototheclassmeetingbecausetheyhavegonetobusiness.A.JackandMike’s B.Jack’sandMike’sC.JackandMike D.Jack’sandMike4.—Howfarisyourhomefromschool?—It’sabouttwo___________walk.A.hours B.hours’C.hour’s D.hour小结：六、构词法——名词动词变名词主要的几种后缀后加-(t)ion,表示“行为或状态〞。如：action,collection,suggestion,invitation,information,instruction,exhibition,attraction,pollution,solution后加-ment,表示“行为或结果〞。如：achievement,management,amusement,requirement,statement,development,equipment,disagreement,advertisement,appointment后加-er/or,表示“的人〞。如：reporter,waiter,interviewer,player,winner,farmer,learner,actor,visitor,collector,director,inventor后加-ant,表示“的人〞。如：assistant,attendant,servant,merchant后加-ist,表示“专家,从事的人〞。如：tourist,violinist,pianist,artist,scientist后加-ian/-an,表示“有特征的,专长于的人〞。如：musician,historian,physician后加-ice,表示“行为,性质,状态〞。如：notice,justice,service,choice后加-dom,表示“集体,领域,状态〞。如：freedom,kingdom,wisdom高考精萃1．—Whynotbuyasecond­handcarfirstifyoudon'thaveenoughmoneyforanewone?—That'sagood________(suggest)．2．Her________(motive)forwritingwasadesireforwomentogettherighttohighereducation.3．WheneverImademistakes,theteacherpointedthemoutwith________(patient)．4．WhileshewasinParis,shedevelopeda________(tasty)forfineart.5．Myfirst________(impress)ofhimwasthathewasakindandthoughtfulyoungman.6．—Whydoyouchoosetoworkinaninternationaltravelagency?—Well,youknow,Englishismy________(strong)．Soitismybestchoice.7．You'dbetterwritedownthephonenumberofthatrestaurantforfuture________(refer)．8．Your________(perform)asastudentwillbeexcellentifyoudevelopahabitofreflectingonhowyoulearn.9．Givingupmyjobtogobacktofull­timeeducationwasabig________(commit),butnowIknowitwasthebestdecisionIevermade.10.Teachershavetoconstantlyupdatetheirknowledgeinordertomaintaintheirprofessional______(competent)．11．Ihaven'tseenSarasinceshewasalittlegirl,andshehaschangedbeyond________(recognize)．12.Aftertheearthquake,thefirstthingthelocalgovernmentdidwastoprovide________(accommodate)forthehomelessfamilies.13．Theschooladvisershelpyoutalkthroughyourproblemsbuttheydon'tgiveyouanydirect________(solve)．答案与解析1．suggestion句意：——如果你没有足够的钱买辆新车的话,为什么不先买辆二手车呢？——那个建议不错。根据句子结构可推知设空处需用名词形式,设空处前有不定冠词,故设空处填suggestion。2．motivation句意：她写作的动机是渴望为妇女争取接受高等教育的权利。形容词性物主代词后需用名词形式,此外后面的谓语动词为was,故设空处需用名词单数形式。3．patience句意：每当我犯错时,老师都会耐心地把它们指出来。设空处前面为介词with,故应填写名词patience(耐心)。4．taste句意：在巴黎期间,她培养了对美术的兴趣。冠词a后加名词,故填taste。5．impression句意：我对他的第一印象是他是一个善良且有思想的年轻人。myfirst修饰名词,所以填impress的名词形式。6．strength句意：——你为什么选择在国际旅行社工作？——噢,你知道,英语是我的强项。因此这是我最好的选择。my后接名词,所以此处填strong的名词形式,strength长处。7．reference句意：为了以后参考,你最好记下那个饭馆的号码。reference参考。8．performance句意：如果你能养成一种经常思考如何学习的习惯,那作为一名学生,你的表现会很优秀。设空处前面是形容词性物主代词your,故此处应填动词perform的名词形式performance(表现)。9．commitment句意：放弃工作重返校园接受全日制的教育对我来说是个很大的投入,但现在我知道这是我做过的最好的决定。冠词修饰名词,故填commitment(承诺,许诺,保证；已承诺或同意的事)。10．competence句意：教师必须不断地更新自己的知识来保持专业能力。设空处前面是形容词,故需要填一个名词competence(能力,技能)。11．recognition句意：从Sara还是个小女孩时起,我就没再见过她,她现在已经变得让我认不出了。beyond为介词后加名词,故填recognition认出,成认。12．accommodation句意：地震之后,当地政府做的第一件事是为无家可归的家庭提供住处。由语境(Aftertheearthquake)可知,对thehomelessfamilies首先应当提供的是住处。provide后接名词作宾语,故填accommodation。13．solution句意：学校参谋会帮你梳理一下你的问题,但是他们不会给你任何直接的解决方法。设空处前面有动词give,故需要填一个名词solution(解决方法)来作give的宾语。课堂总结：家庭作业一、用所给词的适当形式填空1.AfterlivinginQuanzhouforfiveyears,shehasdevelopedquitean________(affect)forthecity.2．Ifayoungmanwantsthe______(flexible)tomovetoadifferentcityinfutureyears,heshouldkeeprentinginsteadofbuyingahouse.3．Mr.Lihassometroublesleeping,sodrinkingaglassofmilkbeforegoingtobedeverynightishiscommon________.(practise)4．—We'vebeendestroyinglotsofforestseveryyear.—Whatashame!We'llbethe________(victim)ofourownfoolishbehavior.5．Thepolicearetryingtofindoutthe________(identify)ofthewomanmurderedinthebathroom.6．Hedidn'tmakeanappearanceatallinyesterday's________(negotiate).Whathappenedtohim?7．—I'mgoingtoApplebytomorrow.—Whata________(coincident)!I'mgoinguptheretoo.8．—HowcanItakethemedicine,sir?—Justfollowthe________(direct)onthebottle.9．Asenseof________(devote)isthebasicrequirementforpeopleworkingintheserviceindustry,suchaseducationandhealthcare.10．—Areyoupreparedforthecominginterview?—Ofcourse.Afterall,somequestionscanbebeyond________(expect)anddifficulttoanswer.答案与解析1．affection句意：在泉州居住了五年后,她已经完全喜欢上了这个城市。affection喜爱,钟爱。2．flexibility句意：如果一个年轻人想要在未来的几年里可以随意搬到不同的城市,他应该租房而不是买房。flexibility弹性,灵活性。3．practice句意：李先生睡眠有些问题,所以每晚睡前喝一杯牛奶是他的惯例。practice惯常做法,常规。commonpractice惯例。4．victims句意：——我们每年都破坏大量森林。——太可惜了！我们会成为自己这种愚蠢行为的受害者。注意主语we表示复数,故答案也需是复数形式。5．identity句意：警方正试图弄清浴室里被谋杀女人的身份。冠词后需为名词,本空应填identity身份。6．negotiation句意：昨天的谈判上他根本没有露面,发生什么事了？根据yesterday's可知,设空处需要填一个名词,故答案是negotiation(协商、谈判)。7．coincidence句意：——我明天打算去阿普比。——太巧了！我也打算去那里。此题考查名词。冠词后需用名词形式。8．directions句意：——医生,这个药怎么服用？——就遵照瓶子上的说明即可。directions用法说明,followthedirections遵循说明。9．devotion句意：对于从事像教育、医疗这样的效劳业的人们来说,具有奉献意识是最根本的要求。设空处的前面是介词of,故应填名词devotion(奉献,忠心)。10．expectation句意：——你准备好即将到来的面试了吗？——当然准备好了。毕竟一些问题可能会出乎意料,很难答复。beyondexpectation出乎意料。二、完形填空

Ihavetwofriendswholovebackpacking.TheyspentalotoftimeinapartofNewYorkState'sAdirondackMountains.It2146mountainswithaheightofover4,000feet.TheAdirondackMountainClubgives22recognition,andanaward,toanyonewho23all46mountains.Mytwofriendsdecidedtogoforthisaward.

Nowwhatyouhavetounderstandisthat24manyofthe46mountainshavewell-marked25totheirsummits(山顶),othersarenotmarkedatall.Youhaveto"bushwhack(在丛林中开路)"usingacompassandamap.

Myfriendshadclimbed45ofthemountains.Theyhadjustone26—itwasthemost27requiringbushwhacking.Ahikingpathledpastthebaseofthemountain,butfromthatpointtheywereontheirown.

Earlyonemorningtheylefttheir28andwalkedfivemilesonthehikingpathtothebaseofachainofmountains.Whentheyarrived,they29thattheyhadlefttheircompassandmapbackincamp.Ratherthan30thecamp,theydecidedtobushwhackwithoutthecompassandmap.

Forhoursthey31uphillenduringheat,thickbush,andblackflies.32,lateintheafternoontheyfoundthemselvesatthe33ofamountainsuccessfully.Theywereexhaustedbut34.

Thefeelingwasshort-lived,however.Whentheylookedacrossthevalley,they35anotherhighermountain.Theyhadclimbedthe36one!Itwastoo37thatweekendtoputtheirerrorright.Theyhadto38anotherfourmonthstoclimbtherightmountain.

Thisstory39usagoodlesson.Ofteninlifeweputinagreatefforttoreachagoal.Butwithouttheright"map"and"compass",itis40toget"lost".

21.A.goesthroughB.consistsofC.reliesonD.connectsto

22.A.specialB.similarC.normalD.general

23.A.describesB.drawsC.observesD.climbs

24.A.whileB.sinceC.becauseD.unless

25.A.pathsB.riversC.viewsD.avenues

26.A.occupiedB.leftC.desertedD.missed

27.A.interestingB.changeableC.reachableD.remote

28.A.houseB.roomC.campD.yard

29.A.ignoredB.discoveredC.sensedD.explained

30.A.departingfromB.travelingtoC.returningtoD.goingfor

31.A.jumpedB.wanderedC.ranD.walked

32.A.ImmediatelyB.SurelyC.FinallyD.Hopefully

33.A.bottomB.topC.slopeD.base

34.A.embarrassedB.movedC.disturbedD.excited

35.A.admiredB.checkedC.sawD.appreciated

36.A.strangeB.wrongC.distantD.steep

37.A.lateB.dangerousC.puzzlingD.helpless

38.A.saveB.waitC.gainD.put

39.A.sendsB.tellsC.recommendsD.teaches

40.A.easyB.hardC.annoyingD.Discouraging答案：BADAABDCBCDCBDCBABDA三、阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式WorldReadAloudDayiscelebratedeachyearonthefirstWednesdayofMarch.It41_______(start)bytheLitWwebsitein2019andhasnowreached65countries.42aimistoencouragepeopleworldwidewhocannotreadtoenjoythebenefitsofabook.Thewebsiteaskseveryone43(celebrate)thedaybytakingabook,findinganaudience,andreadingoutaloud.Itisabouttakingactiontoshowtheworldthattherighttoreadandwrite44(belong)toallpeople.

Thewebsiteasksvisitorstojoininthemovementtoreduce45numberofilliterate(不识字的)peopleintheworld.Itis46(absolute)necessarytohelpthosewhocannotread.Thewebsitesays,"It'stimetostartbyreadingaloudto47________mightlikeit.Shareabookwithachildwhomightneedit,shareastorywithsomeonewhowouldtreasureit,listenpatiently48someoneelse'sstoryastheysharewithyou."TheUnitedNationssays,"Literacyinvolvesavarietyoflearninginenablingindividualstoachievetheirgoals,todeveloptheirknowledge,49

toparticipatefullyinsociety."Inthatway,WorldReadAloudDaydoeshelpmakea50(different).答案：41.wasstarted42.its/the43.Tocelebrate44.belongs45.the46.absolutely47.whoever48.to49.and50.difference四、短文改错〔共10小题；每题1分,总分值10分〕AforeignstudentgraduatedwithhonorsfromafinelyuniversityinGermany.Heexpectedtofindagoodjobandhaveabrightfuture.Butinhisdisappointment,hewasn'tevengivingthechanceforaninterview!Thethirdtimehewasrefused,hephonedthecompanytoaskhow."Wedon'temploydishonestpe