紧固件和结构连接件培训讲义PPT

第23讲：紧固件和结结构连连接件件Lesson23:FastenersandFramingConnectors1木产品品的连接Connectingwoodproducts三种基基本的的连接接：Threebasiccategoriesofconnections:木材和木材连连接Wood-to-wood木材和混凝土土连接Wood-to-concreteormasonry木材和钢材连连接Wood-to-steel3木产品的连接Connectingwoodproducts结构构件、覆覆面板同其它它木产品或混混凝土或砌体的连接有多种种方法：Severalmethodscanbeusedtoconnectorreinforcejointsbetween

framingmembers,sheathingandotherwoodproductsorconcreteormasonry:紧固件（例如–钉子、码钉、、螺丝和螺栓栓）Fasteners(e.g.nails,staples,screwsandbolts)轻型金属结构构连接件Lightmetalframingconnectors结构用胶Constructionadhesives4木产品的连接接Connectingwoodproducts现代梁柱式结结构和传统重重木结构有其他的连接方法：Othermethodsareusedforconnectionsinmodernpostandbeamandtraditionaltimberframeconstruction梁柱式结结构上一一般使用用特殊的的重型金金属连接接件，可以快速速、经济济地实现现高强度度的连接接Postandbeamtypicallyusesspecialheavymetalconnectorsforspeed,

economyandstrength传统重木木结构采采用榫卯卯和木钉钉连接Traditionaltimberframeusesjointgeometryandwoodenpegs在这两种种建筑中中，连接接件大多多暴露在外作为建筑筑的一部部分Forbothformsofconstruction,connectionsareoftenexposedasanarchitecturalfeature5重型金属属连接件件Heavymetalconnectors现代梁柱柱式建筑筑的隐形形连接Exampleofconcealedconnectionsformodernpostandbeamconstruction6木柱子和和梁的连连接Woodposttowoodbeamconnection木柱子和和混凝土土的连接Woodposttoconcreteconnection重型金属属连接件件Heavymetalconnectors现代梁柱柱式建筑筑中暴露露在外的的连接Exampleofexposedconnectionformodernpostandbeamconstruction7传统细木木工Traditionaljoinery传统重木木结构建建筑的接接头样式式Examplesofjointsfortraditionaltimberframeconstruction8木钉用于于紧固连连接部位位Woodpegsusedtosecurejoint传统细木木工Traditionaljoinery传统重木结结构建筑的的接头样式式Examplesofjointsfortraditionaltimberframeconstruction9钉子Nails钉连接是现现代木结构构施工中最最常见的连连接方式Nailingismostcommonmethodtojoinmembersinmodernwoodframeconstruction钉子就像是是削尖的螺螺栓被压到到木材中Nailsaresharpenedmetalpinsdrivenintowood木质纤维和和钉子表面面之间的摩摩擦力形成成了钉子握握钉力Pressureofthewoodfibersagainstthesurfaceofthenailgiveititsholdingpower常见的钉子子具有光滑滑的钉径，，也有扭曲曲的或者带带圈的钉子子，握钉力力更强Nailsusuallyhavesmoothshanksbutcanbetwistedorringedforgreaterholdingpower10光滑的钉径径（常规的的握钉力）Smoothshank(normalholdingpower)麻花或者螺螺纹钉径（（增加的握钉力）Twistedorspiralshank(increasedholdingpower)带圈的钉径径（最大的的握钉力）Ringedshank(mostholdingpower)钉子Nails钉子种类Typesofnails普通钉是木结构建筑筑中最常用用的钉子Commonnailsareusedmostofteninwoodframeconstruction箱钉与普通钉外外观类似，，但钉径较较细，钉头头偏小，不不易使木材材开裂Boxnailsaresimilarinappearancetocommonnailsbuthavethinnershanksandsmallerheadsmakingthemlesslikelytosplitwood双头钉有两个钉头头，用于临时性性建筑或构构件（比如如支撑，模模板或脚手手架等），，便于拆除除Duplexnailshaveadoubleheadforeasilyremovalintemporaryconstruction(e.g.braces,formworkorscaffolding)11普通钉Commonnail箱钉Boxnail双头钉

Duplexnail钉子Nails钉子的钉尖尖形状决定定其劈裂木木材的力度度Shapeofanail’spointaffectsitstendencytosplitthewood钉尖越尖，，钉子越容容易钉入Sharperpointmakesthenailactmorelikeawedgethanapunch钉尖越尖，，越易钉入入，握钉力力越强，同同时也越容容易造成木木材开裂Easiertodriveandresultsinhigherholdingpowerbutismorelikelytosplitthewood12钝菱形钉尖尖:连接较硬木木材，减少少劈裂Bluntdiamond(forharderwoodtoreducesplitting)长菱形钉尖尖：更易钉钉入Longdiamond(foreasierdriving)锥形钉尖：：连接木材材和砌砖Conical(toattachwoodtomasonry)菱形钉尖：：最常见的的钉尖形状状Diamond(mostcommonshape)钉子Nails钉子尺寸Sizesofnails钉子长度尺尺寸范围为为13mm至150mmNailsarespecifiedbytheirlengthandrangefrom13mmto150mm美制用“便便士尺寸””（penny)表示普通钉钉子尺寸，，表示为字字母“d”，例如8d=64mm,10d=76mm,16d=89mmU.S.systemofmeasurementforcommonnailsisthe““penny”abbreviated‘d’

(e.g.8d=64mm,10d=76mm,16d=89mm)长钉长度大的钉子子称作长钉，，其长度为100mm到350mmLargenailsarecalledspikesandrangefrom100mmto350mminlength13长钉Spike钉子Nails钉子Nails三种基本钉钉钉方法：Threebasicmethodsofnailing:水平钉钉：三三种方法中连连接强度最大大Facenailing:strongestofthreemethods垂直钉钉：力力度偏弱，主主要用于连接接并对齐结构构构件，再依依靠重力作用用和覆面板作作用力来加强强垂直钉钉的的连接强度Endnailing:muchweakerandusedprimarilytoholdframingmembersinalignmentuntilgravityforcesandsheathingisappliedtostrengthentheconnection斜向钉钉：正正确操作下，，连接强度几几乎与水平钉钉钉一样强Toenailing:Correctlydone,canbealmostasstrongasfacenailing14水平钉钉钉Facenailing斜向钉钉钉Toenailing垂直钉钉钉Endnailing钉子Nails钉枪的使用可可以有效效地提高高施工效效率Usingaframingnailersignificantlyimprovesproductivity绝大多数数是钉枪枪都是气气动的Mostframingnailersarepneumatic两种类型型：排钉钉枪和卷卷钉枪Twotypes:Stick-styleandcoil-style15卷钉枪Coil-styleframingnailer排钉枪Stick-styleframingnailer钉子Nails避免钉子子钉入连接件过深或未未完全钉钉入，尤尤其是钉钉接覆面面板时Avoidoverdrivingorunderdrivingfasteners,

especiallyforsheathing钉枪使用用不当会会造成钉钉子钉入入过深Improperlyadjustedframingnailercanoverdrivefasteners钉子钉入入不当会会减弱连连接强度度，同时时也会减减少覆面面板的剪剪力强度度Improperlydrivennailsweakentheconnectionand

reduceshearstrengthprovidedbysheathing连接墙体体和屋面面覆面板板时，紧紧固件钉钉入覆面面板过深深，过深深长度不不能多于于3mmForwallandroofsheathing,limitoverdriving

offastenerstoamaximumof3mm如果超过20%的紧固件件件钉入过深深且过深长长度超过3mm时，必须增增加坚固件件的数量Ifmorethan20%offastenersareoverdrivenmorethan3mm,additionalfastenersmustbeadded16钉子应与覆覆面板表面面平齐Nailsshouldbedrivenflushtothefaceofasheathingpanel钉子Nails17钉子与连接接件表面平平齐Nailsareflush钉子钉入过过深Nailsareoverdriven部分钉子未未完全钉入入Somenailsareunderdriven钉接连接件件时务必留留意，切勿勿钉入过深深或未完全全钉入Careshouldalsobeexercisedwhennailingconnectorstoavoidoverdrivingorunderdrivingfasteners钉子Nails钉钉子时对对眼睛和听听力的保护非常重要Eyeandhearingprotectionareessentialwhendrivingnails有时钉钉子子会有小块块金属碎片片飞溅开来来Smallflyingmetalfragmentssometimesresultfromhammeringanail有时钉枪会会意外走火火或打击到到别的物体体Framingnailerscanaccidentallyfireorstrikeotherobjects钉枪操作过过程中会搅搅动灰尘和和尘垢飞扬扬Dustanddirtarestirred-upwhenaframingnailerisfired钉枪操作过过程中会产产生非常大大的噪音Framingnailersalsogenerateveryloudburstsofnoise18码钉Staples专用的码钉钉在特定情情况下可以以替代钉子子Specialstaplescanbeusedincertainapplicationsinsteadofnails码钉是U形的金属坚坚固件StapesareU-shapedmetalwirefasteners通常用于墙墙体或屋面面覆面板与与结构构件件的连接固固定Typicalapplicationisforfasteningwallorroofsheathingtoframing与预先装好好码钉的码码钉枪配套套使用Appliedwithastaplegunusingpre-packagedstripsoffasteners19覆面板码钉Sheathingstaple螺丝钉Screws当要求求达到到更强强的握握钉力力时，，需要要使用用木螺螺钉Woodscrewsareusedwhengreaterholdingpowerisrequired由于木螺螺钉的成成本比钉钉子和码码钉都高高，且安安装更加加耗时，，所以在在木结构构施工中中很少用用木螺钉钉Regularwoodscrewsareseldomusedinframingbecausetheycostmorethannailsorstaplesandrequiremoretimetodrive但方头木螺钉例外。方方头木螺螺钉的钉钉头为六六角或四四方形状状，使用用扳手而而不是螺螺丝刀进进行固定定Anexceptionarelagscrewswhichareheavywoodscrewswithasquareor

hexheadthataredrivenwithawrenchratherthanascrewdriver20方头木螺螺钉Lagscrew钉头下方方可松紧紧的垫圈圈用于分分担荷载载Loosewasherunderheadtodistributeload螺丝钉Screws21格栅横托托木用于于支撑阳阳台格栅栅Ledgerboardtosupportdeckjoists使用套筒筒扳手安安装木螺螺钉Lagscrewinstalledwithsocketwrench在格栅横横托木和和外墙间间安装隔隔块Spacerinstalledbetweenledgerandexteriorwall螺丝钉Screws结构木螺螺钉正在在逐渐取取代木螺螺钉Structuralwoodscrewsarebeginningtoreplacelagscrews结构木螺螺钉是用用更高强强度并经经过热处处理的钢钢材加工工而成，，达到强强度的最最大化Structuralwoodscrewsaremadefromstrongersteelandheat-treatedtomaximizestrength结构螺钉钉的钉尖尖起到钻钻头的作作用，无无需再钻钻定位孔孔Pointofstructuralscrewsactasadrillbiteliminatingneedtodrillpilothole结构螺钉钉比木螺螺钉的操操作更快快，更简简单Muchquickerandeasiertoinstallthanlagscrews22结构木螺螺钉的三三大品牌牌Threemajorbrandsofstructuralwoodscrews螺栓Bolts螺栓可以以替代木木螺钉或或结构木木螺钉Boltscanbeanalternativetolagorstructuralwoodscrews螺栓分为两种种：机械螺栓栓和车身螺栓栓Twotypes:machineboltsandcarriagebolts常用的螺栓直直径为9.5mm到25mmCommonlyusedboltsrangefrom9.5mmto25mmindiameter位于螺母和机机制螺栓栓头头下方的垫圈圈可以分布荷荷载，减少拧拧紧螺栓时对对木材的破坏坏Washersareusedundernutsandtheheadsofmachinebolts

todistributeloadsandlimitcrushingofthewood车身螺栓包括括：-宽且方的栓头头，无需垫圈圈-圆形螺栓轴肩肩，位于栓头头下方。栓轴轴肩钉入木材材，可以在拧拧紧螺母的的过程中防止止螺栓发生转转动Carriageboltshave:-abroad,roundedheadthatneedsnowasher;and

-asquareshoulderundertheheadthatisforcedintothewoodtopreventtheboltfromturningasthenutistighten23机械螺栓栓Machinebolt车身螺栓栓Carriagebolt垫圈Washers螺栓Bolts轻型木结结构施工工中，螺螺栓有四四种常见见应用：：Fourcommonapplicationsofboltsinwoodplatformframeconstruction:锚栓用来来稳固地地梁板和和混凝土土基础的的连接（（参见第第四讲，，19至22页）Anchorboltstosecuresillplatestoconcretefoundations

(refertoLesson4,slides19to22)木钉或结结构构件件与钢梁梁钢或钢钢柱的连连接固定定Attachingwoodnailersorframingmemberstosteelbeamsorcolumns连接固定定大型的的组合木木梁Laminatinglargebuilt-upwoodbeams稳固重型型金属连连接件（（尤其是是抗震连连接件））Securingheavy-dutymetalconnectors(especiallyseismicconnectors)24螺栓Bolts25木钉板与与钢梁一一侧锚固固，用于于支撑楼楼板格栅栅托架Woodnailertoboltedtosideofsteelbeamtosupportfloorjoisthangers锚栓Bolts26抗震连接接件和混混凝土基基础的锚锚固Bolttosecureseismicanchortoconcretefoundation抗震连接接件和木木构件的的锚固Boltstosecureseismicanchortowoodframing紧固件的的耐久性性Durabilityoffasteners钉子，码码钉，螺螺钉和螺螺栓上可可以涂上上各种涂涂料Variouscoatingsmaybeappliedtonails,staples,screwsandbolts当紧固件件暴露于于室外或或潮湿室室内时，，会发生生腐蚀。。刷过涂涂料的紧紧固件可可以减少少腐蚀现现象的产产生Mostcommonreasontousecoatedfastenersistominimizecorrosionwhenexposedtoweatherorwetindoorlocations被腐蚀的的紧固件件会影响响结构强强度和外外观Corrodedfastenerscanimpactbothstructuralstrengthandappearance另外部分分涂料还还可以紧紧固件的的抗握钉钉力并美美化外观观Somecoatingsalsoimproveholdingpowerandappearance27紧固件的的耐久性性Durabilityoffasteners部分涂料料还可以以提高紧紧固件的的握钉力力，并美美化紧固固件的外外观Somecoatingsalsoimproveholdingpowerandappearance例如，可可以根据据阳台木木材和装装饰材料料的树种种，来选选择与之之相配的的阳台螺螺钉涂料料颜色Forexample,deckscrewswithacolouredcoatingareoftenusedtomatchdifferentspeciesofwoodsandfinishes28紧固件件的耐耐久性性Durabilityoffasteners钢制紧固件件最常用的的涂料是锌锌Mostcommoncoatingforsteelfastenersistogalvanizethemwithzinc热镀锌紧固件-将紧固件浸浸入具有高高强度耐腐腐蚀性的热热熔锌液中中Hot-dippedgalvanizedfasteners–fastenersdippedintomoltenzincthathaveahighdegreeofcorrosionresistance电镀锌紧固件-价格较低，，锌涂料较较薄，耐腐腐蚀性偏低低Electroplatedfasteners–lessexpensivebuthaveamuchthinner

zinccoatingandlessresistancetocorrosion29热镀锌紧固固件（左图图）：表面面颜色比一一般钢材灰灰暗灰暗电镀或不锈锈钢紧固件件（右图））Hot-dippedgalvanizedfasteners(left)haveamuchdullerfinishthanplainsteel,electroplatedorstainlesssteelfasteners(right)紧固件的的耐久性性Durabilityoffasteners30镀锌钉子子和金属属格栅托托架Galvanizednailsandmetaljoisthanger镀锌的木木螺钉Galvanizedlagscrew无涂料，，被腐蚀蚀的普通通钢制垫垫圈Corrodeduncoatedplainsteelwasher紧固件的的耐久性性Durabilityoffasteners不锈钢紧固件比比热镀锌锌紧固件件的防腐蚀性性更强Stainlesssteelfastenersprovideanevenhigherlevelofcorrosionprotectionthanhot-dippedgalvanizedfasteners不锈钢紧紧固件的的抗腐蚀蚀性可以以分为多多个级别别Stainlesssteelfastenersareavailableindifferentlevelsofcorrosionresistance304和305不锈钢适适用于绝绝大数地地区；沿沿海地区区建议使使用316不锈钢Grades304and305offersufficientprotectioninmostregionsbutGrade316isrecommendedforcostalareas不锈钢紧紧固件的的缺点：：-成本高-供应有限限Drawbacksofstainlesssteelfasteners:-highcost-limitedavailability31紧固件的的耐久性性Durabilityoffasteners通常使用用热镀锌锌或不锈锈钢紧固固件固定定防腐木木Alwaysusehot-dippedgalvanizedorstainlesssteelfasteners

withpreservative-treatedwood用于处理理防腐木木的化学学品对普普通钢材材有腐蚀蚀性Chemicalsusedtotreatwoodarecorrosivetoplainsteel请勿使用电镀镀锌紧固固件（涂涂料不够够厚）Donotuseelectroplatedgalvanizedfasteners(thecoatingisnotthickenough)32紧固件的的耐久性性Durabilityoffasteners不同的金金属材料料不能混混合在一一起使用用Donotmixdissimilarmetals不同的金金属接触触时会发发生腐蚀蚀现象Corrosionresultswhenmostdissimilarmetalscomeincontact热镀锌紧紧固件必必须和热热镀锌的的连接件件一起使使用，不不锈钢紧紧固件必必须和不不锈钢的的连接件件一起使使用Galvanizedfastenersmustbeusedwithgalvanizedconnectorsandstainlesssteelfastenerswithstainlesssteelconnectors33不同的金金属接触触时会导导致腐蚀蚀产生Corrosioncausedbydifferentmetalsincontact结构连接接件Framingconnectors连接件是是用来连连接木材材和木材材、混凝凝土或砌砌砖的五五金件Connectorsaremetalhardwareusedtojoinwoodtowood,concreteormasonry连接件可可以是简简单的金金属板或或金属条条，也可可以是复复杂样式式的连接接件Connectorsrangefromsimpleplatesorstrapstocomplexspecialtyitems每个连接接件的名名称通常常反映其其功能用用途（例例如：格格栅托架架，地脚螺栓栓和椽条条抗风件件等）Thenameofaspecificconnectoroftenrelatestoitsfunction(e.g.joisthanger,sillanchor,hurricaneraftertie,etc.)连接件让让结构的的连接更更坚固和和更简便便Connectorsmakeframingconnectionsstrongerandeasier34结构连接接件Framingconnectors辛普森的Strong-Tie连接件主主导了整整个住宅宅结构连连接件行行业SimpsonStrong-Tiedominatestheresidentialframingconnectorindustry项目的大多多数说明规规定都引用用参考辛普普森的产品品Mostspecificationsforprojectsreferenceitsproducts其他厂家常常将自产成成品定位为为“等效于于辛普森产产品”Othermanufacturersoftenidentifytheirownproductsas““Simpsonequivalent””35结构连接件件Framingconnectors常用的结构构连接件有有：Commonlyusedframingconnectors:托架：用于于楼板格栅，，工字梁，，屋面桁架架和梁式桁桁架的连接接Hangersforfloorjoists,I-joists,rooftrussesandgirders柱帽和柱基基座Postorcolumncapsandbases抗震和抗风风紧固板或或卯固件Seismicandhurricane/typhoontiesorholdowns36结构连接件件Framingconnectors楼板格栅托托架Floorjoisthangers37带隐蔽式凸凸缘的楼板板格栅托架架Floorjoisthangerwithconcealedflanges标准楼板格格栅托架Standardfloorjoisthanger结构连接件件Framingconnectors工字梁托架架I-joisthangers38侧面固定的的工字梁托托架FacemountI-joisthanger上方带凸缘缘的工字梁梁托架TopflangeI-joisthanger结构连接件件Framingconnectors屋面桁桁架/梁式桁桁架托托架Rooftruss/girderhangers39屋面梁梁式桁桁架托托架Roofgirdertrusshanger端坡桁桁架托托架Hip/jacktrusshanger结构连连接件件Framingconnectors柱基座座Postorcolumnbases40木柱与与混凝凝土连连接的的可调式式连接件件Adjustableelevatedwoodposttoconcreteconnector木柱与与混凝凝土连连接的的固定式式连接件件Fixedwoodposttoconcreteconnector结构连连接件件Framingconnectors柱帽Postorcolumncaps41固定木木梁和和木柱柱的连连接件件Woodbeamtowoodpostconnector固定木梁和钢钢柱的连接件件Woodbeamtosteelcolumnconnector结构连接件Framingconnectors抗震和抗风紧紧固板或卯固固件Seismicandhurricane/typhoontiesorholdowns42结构连接件Framingconnectors抗震和抗风紧紧固板或卯固固件Seismicandhurricane/typhoontiesorholdowns43结构连接件Framingconnectors抗震和抗风紧紧固板或卯固固件Seismicandhurricane/typhoontiesorholdowns44结构连接件Framingconnectors连接件必须使使用质量好、、规格尺寸正正确的紧固件件来安装，同同时紧固件也也需要满足厂厂家的要求并并符合建筑规规范的规定Connectorsmustbeinstalledwiththequantity,typeandsize

offastenersspecifiedbythemanufacturerandthebuildingcodes紧固件尺寸类类型不符或安安装不正确，，会减弱和破破坏连接效果果Incorrectfastenerselectionorinstallationcancompromisetheconnectorperformance4538mm83mm76mm64mm90mm结构连接件Framingconnectors46结构连接件Framingconnectors绝大多数紧固固件以90度角钉入连接接件Mostfastenersaredriventhroughconnectorsata90°angle也有部分紧固固件必须以45度角钉入连接接件Somefastenersmustbedrivenata45°angle47以90度角将紧固件件钉入连接件件和结构构件件Fastenerdrivenat45°angletoconnectorandframingmember以90度角将紧固件钉入入连接件和结结构构件Fastenerdrivenat90°angletoconnectorandframingmember连接件上上的圆顶顶状表示示需以45度角对紧紧固件钉钉钉Domeonconnectorindicatesthatfasteneristobeat45°快速钉入入到位后后临时固固定连接接件‘Speedprong’topositionandtemporarilysecuretheconnector结构连接件件Framingconnectors48通常在连接接件上盖章章标明要求求用来安装装连接件的的紧固件类类型。Typeoffastenersrequiredtoinstallaconnectorisoftenstampedontheconnector结构连接件件Framingconnectors49圆孔-必须用特定定的紧固件件连接（例例如钉子，，螺钉或螺螺栓）Roundhole–Mustalwaysbefilledwithspecifiedfastener

(e.g.nail,screworbolt)六角孔-只与特定的的砌砖螺钉钉一起使用用Hexagonalhole–Onlytobeusedwithaspecialmasonryscrew菱形孔-在安装连接接件时可以以用来临时时固定住连连接件Diamondhole––Canbeusedtotemporarilyholdaconnectorinplacewhileitisbeinginstalled连接件上的的孔眼形状状同时表明明所需用的的紧固件类类型和数量量Shapeofholesinaconnectoridentifynumberoffastenerstouse椭圆孔-所需紧固件件类型和圆圆孔一样（（用特定的的紧固件连连接）Ovalhole–Treatsameasroundhole(i.e.alwaysfillwithspecifiedfastener)三角孔-如果需要额额外的支撑撑力时，用用紧固件固固定Triangularhole––Fillifextrasupportcapacityisneeded结构用胶Constructionadhesives楼面板的安安装需要使使用结构用用胶，除此此以外结构构用胶的使使用很有限限Exceptforinstallingsubfloors,theuseofstructuraladhesivesforframingislimited绝大多数结结构胶的连连接处必须须紧实，同同时在可控控的自然条条件下可以以进行固化化Mostadhesivejointsmustbeclampedandallowedtocureundercontrolledenvironmentalconditions因此，结构构用胶主要要在生产工工程木产品品（例如胶胶合板，工工字梁，OSB板）的工厂厂使用Asaresult,constructionadhesivesareusedmainlyinfactoriestoproduceengineeredwoodproducts

(e.g.plywood,I-joists,OSB,etc.)50术语表Glossaryofnewterms箱订-与普通钉外观观类似，但钉钉径较细，钉钉头偏小，不不易使木材开开裂Boxnail–Anailissimilarinappearancetoacommonnailbuthasathinnershankandsmallerheadmakingitlesslikelytosplitwood.普通钉-平滑钉头，钉钉径光滑；木结构建筑中中最常用的钉钉子Commonnail–Anailwithflatheadandplainshankthatisusedformostconnectionsinwood

platformframeconstruction.结构用胶-一种强度胶合合剂或胶水，，用于连接建建筑材料，尤尤其用于楼面面覆面板与楼楼板格栅的粘粘接Constructionadhesive–Aheavymasticorglue,usuallydispensedfromcartridge,thatisusedtojoinconstructionmaterials,especiallysubfloorpanelstofloorjoists.双头钉-有两个钉头，，用于临时性性建筑或构件件，比如支撑撑，模板或脚脚手架等，便便于拆除Duplexnail–Anailwithadoubleheadforeasyremovalintemporaryconstructionsuchasbraces,formworkorscaffolding.电镀-在金属表面上上镀上一薄层层金属膜（比比如锌）的过过程，可以提提高金属紧固固件和连接件件的抗腐蚀性性Electroplated–Aprocessforapplyingathincoating,suchaszinc,toincreasethecorrosionresistanceofsteelfastenersandconnectors.55术语表Glossaryofnewterms结构连接件-金属五金件，，用于木结构构和木材，混混凝土或砌体体的连接Framingconnec