考研考博-英语-宝鸡职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-宝鸡职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.问答题

Cancerdevelopswhencellsinapartofthebodybegintogrowoutcontrol.Althoughtherearemanykindsofcancer,theyallstartbecauseofout-of-controlgrowthofabnormalcells.

Normalbodycellsgrow,divide,anddieinanorderlyfashion.Duringtheearlyyearsofaperson’slife,normalcellsdividemorerapidlyuntilthepersonbecomesanadult.Afterthat,cellsinmostpartsofthebodydivideonlytoreplaceworn-outordyingcellsandtorepairinjuries.

Becausecancercellscontinuetogrowanddivide,theyaredifferentfromnormalcells.Insteadofdying,theyoutlivenormalcellsandcontinuetoformnewabnormalcells.Cancercellsoftentraveltootherpartsofthebodywheretheybegintogrowandreplacenormaltissue.Thisprocess,calledmetastasis,occursasthecancercellsgetintothebloodstreamorlymphvesselsofourbody.Whencellsfromacancerlikebreastcancerspreadtoanotherorganliketheliver,thecancerisstillcalledbreastcancer,notlivercancer.

CancercellsdevelopbecauseofdamagetoDNA.Thissubstanceisineverycellanddirectsallitsactivities.MostofthetimewhenDNAbecomesdamagedthebodyisabletorepairit.Incancercells,thedamagedDNAisnotrepaired.PeoplecaninheritdamagedDNA,whichaccountsforinheritedcancers.Manytimesthough,aperson’sDNAbecomesdamagedbyexposuretosomethingintheenvironment,likesmoking.

Cancerusuallyformsasatumor.Somecancers,likeleukemia,donotformtumors.Instead,thesecancercellsinvolvethebloodandblood-formingorgansandcirculatethroughothertissueswheretheygrow.Rememberthatnotalltumorsarecancerous.Benigntumorsdonotspreadtootherpartsofthebodyand,withveryrareexceptions,arenotlifethreatening.

Differenttypesofcancercanbehaveverydifferently.Forexample,lungcancerandbreastcancerareverydifferentdiseases.Theygrowatdifferentratesandrespondtodifferenttreatments.Thatiswhypeoplewithcancerneedtreatmentthatisaimedattheirparticularkindofcancer.

CanceristhesecondleadingcauseofdeathintheUnitedStates.Halfofallmenandone-thirdofallwomenintheUSwilldevelopcancerduringtheirlifetimes.Today,millionsofpeoplearelivingwithcancerorhavehadcancer.Theriskofdevelopingmosttypesofcancercanbereducedbychangesinaperson’slifestyle,forexample,byquittingsmokingandeatingabetterdiet.Thesooneracancerisfoundandtreatmentbegins,thebetterarechancesforlivingformanyyears.

1.Howarecancercellsdifferentfromnormalones?

2.Whydoescancercelldevelop?

3.Iscancerhereditary?Why?

4.Areallthetumorscancerous?Whyorwhynot?Giveyourreasons.

【答案】答：

1.Insteadofdying,cancercellsoutlivenormalcellsandcontinuetoformnewabnormalcells.

2.CancercellsdevelopbecauseofdamagetoDNA.

3.Yes,itisbecausepeoplecaninheritdamagedDNA,whichaccountsforinheritedcancers.

4.Notalltumorsarecancerousbecausetherearebenigntumors,whichdonotspreadtootherpartsofthebodyandusuallyarenotlifethreatening.

【解析】1.细节事实题。题干意思是“癌细胞与正常细胞有何不同？”。第三段前两句提到Becausecancercellscontinuetogrowanddivide,theyaredifferentfromnormalcells.Insteadofdying,theyoutlivenormalcellsandcontinuetoformnewabnormalcells.（因为癌细胞继续生长和分裂，所以它们不同于正常细胞；它们不是死亡，而是比正常细胞活得更久，并继续形成新的异常细胞），所以把这两句整合到一起，答案为Insteadofdying,cancercellsoutlivenormalcellsandcontinuetoformnewabnormalcells（癌细胞不会死亡，而是比正常细胞活得更久，并继续形成新的不正常细胞）。

2.细节事实题。题干意思是“癌细胞为什么会产生？”。第四段第一句就提到了CancercellsdevelopbecauseofdamagetoDNA.（癌细胞的产生是由于对DNA的破坏），因此答案为这一句。

3.细节事实题。题干意思是“癌症遗传吗？为什么？”。文章第四段提到Incancercells,thedamagedDNAisnotrepaired.PeoplecaninheritdamagedDNA,whichaccountsforinheritedcancers.（在癌细胞中，受损的DNA无法修复；人们可以遗传受损的DNA，这就是遗传性癌症的原因）可知，癌症会遗传，原因是癌细胞破坏的DNA，而受损的DNA可以遗传。

4.细节事实题。题干意思是“所有的肿瘤都是恶性的吗？为什么是或为什么不是？”。根据第五段最后两句Rememberthatnotalltumorsarecancerous.Benigntumorsdonotspreadtootherpartsofthebodyand,withveryrareexceptions,arenotlifethreatening.（记住，不是所有的肿瘤都是恶性的；良性肿瘤不会扩散到身体的其他部位，不会危及生命，除了极少数例外）可知，不是所有的肿瘤是恶性的。故答案为Notalltumorsarecancerousbecausetherearebenigntumors,whichdonotspreadtootherpartsofthebodyandusuallyarenotlifethreatening（不是所有的肿瘤都是恶性的，因为有良性肿瘤，它们不会扩散到身体的其他部位，通常不会危及生命）。

2.单选题

Theanimaldissectionrequirementofbiologyclasseshasbeengettingundertheskinofstudentsforgenerations,andtherehavealwaysbeensomewhoaskedtobeexcusedfromtherequirement.Now,agrowingnumberoftechnologicalalternativesaremakingitpossibleforstudentstoswapthatscalpelforacomputermouse.Therearelawsinnearlyadozenstates—includingCalifornia,Florida,NewYork—protectingastudent’schoicetolearnaboutanimalanatomysansscalpel.Somestudentschoosingtooptoutfeelweshouldbekindertoourweb-footedfriends.Othersarejustqueasyatthethoughtofrubberyfrogbodiesandthesmellofformaldehyde.

“Dissectionisicky.There’sayuckfactor.”admitsBrianShmaersky,aboardmemberwiththeNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachers.“Andateacherhastoweighthebenefitswiththecostofstudentsbeingoffendedtothepointthatitinterfereswithlearning.”

Virtualblades.Soforcasesinwhicharealdissectionwouldbetooslimy,it’stimetotrysometoadtech.Whilethefirstcomputer-basedalternativestodissectionemergedinthe1980s,modemfrogdissectionsoftwarecanbefoundatdifferentwebsites.Thesesoftwareprogramsusecreativeclicking,high-poweredzoomfunctions,andvideoclipstoteachanatomy.Frogutssoftware,forexample,letsstudentstraceincisionlineswithacomputermouseandsnipthroughskinwithavirtualblade.Thereareevensoundeffectslikea“slish”forslicingfrogflesh,ora“shwoosh”forpinningdownskinflaps.

(Schoolscurrentlypayabout$300foraone-yearsoftwarelicense,thoughsomeorganizationswilllendprogramsoutfreeofcharge.)

Earlierthisyear,agraduatestudentfromSimonFraserUniversityinVancouverdesignedthefirst-everhaptic(theGreekwordfor“touch”)frogdissectionprogram,whichusesapenliketooltocreateasensationsimilartocuttingintorealflesh.Thehand-helddeviceconnectstoacomputer,andstudentsmovethedevicethroughtheairwhilewatchingtheresultsoftheiractionsonacomputerscreen.

WithDigitalFrog—apopularprogramthat’shadapproximately1,500frogdemodownloadssinceJanuaryandiscurrentlyinusein2,000schools—studentscanaddorsubtractthoseamphibiousorganswithameremouseclick.Theycanthenassesstheirlearningwithsporadicfroganatomyquizzes.

“Repetitionishelpful.Thefactthatastudentcanreviewsectionsofaprogramoverandoveragainisimportant,”saysMartinStephens,vicepresidentforanimalresearchissuesattheHumaneSocietyoftheUnitedStates.“Indissections,theanimal’sorgansareallshriveledanddiscolored.Youlookforthingsandcan’tfindthembecausebodypartshavechangeddrasticallysincetheanimalwaskilled.Butonacomputerscreen,layerscanbedigitallypeeledaway.”Otherexpertsthinkthedissectiontechnologyhasitslimits.GerryWheeler,executivedirectoroftheNationalScienceTeachersAssociation,saysthatartificialsimulationsdon’tgiveasenrichinganexperienceastherealthing.Stillothersworrytheprogramsaredeprivingkidsofexperientiallearning.

1.Theword“swap”(Line3,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans（）.

2.Somestudentsasktobeexcusedfromtherequirementofbiologyclassesbecauseofthefollowingreasonsexceptthat（）.

3.BrianShmaersky’sstatementimpliesthat（）.

4.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthetoadtechcanbesaidtobe（）.

问题1选项

A.exchange

B.throwaway

C.reject

D.refuse

问题2选项

A.dissectionconsistsofdisgustingproceduresandunpleasantsmells

B.areentitledtorejectdissectionrequirementgiventhelegalregulation

C.theyareoffendedwhenfulfillingtherequirementsofanimaldissection

D.theyinsistthatpeopleshouldtreatanimalsmoreasfriendsinsteadofsimplyobjects.

问题3选项

A.indeedsupportsthestudents’animalprotectionmovement

B.thinkstheanimaldissectionshouldbebanned

C.thinkstheanimaldissectionmaynotbegoodforstudentstolearnbiologyeffectively

D.alwaysevaluatestheteachingeffectbyweighingreluctantfactorsofcostandeffect

问题4选项

A.portive

B.doubtful

C.indifferent

D.provocative

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

【解析】1.词义理解题。根据文章内容，很多同学不想做解剖，因为令人呕吐，现在有一种科学技术可以代替这种解剖，可以用鼠标电脑模拟进行。选项A符合题意。

2.信息推断题。文章第一段讲到了学生不愿做解剖的原因，第一是因为气味让人感到恶心，然后认为动物是我们的朋友而不是物体，C选项是对这两者的概括，B选项不是原因而是一个结果。选项B符合题意。

3.信息推断题。根据文章第二段第一句，可以知道教学要考虑学生的情感因素，教师要权衡利弊。选项C符合题意。

4.观点态度题。考查对文章文意的理解以及对作者态度的揣测。从整篇文章看，虽然利用电脑程序做解剖有些不足，但是作者对这一法还是持积极态度的。

3.单选题

Theprotestswerepartoftheir（）againsttheproposedbuildingdevelopmentinthearea.

问题1选项

A.commission

B.commitment

C.convention

D.campaign

【答案】D

【解析】语义题。commission授权，委托；commitment承诺，许诺，保证；convention习俗，惯例。campaign运动,战役。根据句中protests，partof推测,D项campaign符合句意。

4.单选题

Forme,scientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciences,naturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworld(physicalandbiologicalsciences),andsciencesdealingwithmankind(psychology,sociology,allthesciencesofculturalachievements,everykindofhistoricalknowledge).Apartfromthesesciencesinphilosophy,aboutwhichwewilltalkshortly.

Inthefirstplace,allthisispureortheoriticalknowledge,soughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstanding,inordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandwhatisessentialandsubstantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexisted.andtheworldwasofacertainkind.thathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasacertainkind,hewouldn'tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsofapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportance,becausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.

Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogress,hemustdefendtheprimacyandindependenceofpureknowledge.Knowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccess,butnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisinlargepartunforeseen,exceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsections,zealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitsomedaybeuseful,itwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperiments,carriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriosity,wouldeventuallyleadtomodemelectricaltechnology,withoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife.Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsake,becausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.But,inaddition,itisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly.

1.Intheauthorsopinion,（）.

2.Themostimportantadvancesmadebymancomefrom（）.

3.TheGreekswhostudiedconicsections（）.

4.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis（）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmansneedtoknowischieflyimportantinthatit（）.

问题1选项

A.bothsocialandnaturalsciencesareaimedatunderstandingonly

B.bothpureknowledgeanditsapplicationsareequallyessentialtoman

C.philosophyistotallyindependentofthesciencesreferredtointhetext

D.therevolutionaryresultsofpuresciencecanhardlybeimaginedbyUtopians

问题2选项

A.technicalapplications

B.apparentlyuselessinformation

C.thenaturalsciences

D.thestudyofphilosophy

问题3选项

A.inventedmodernmathematicalapplications

B.wereinterestedinnavigations

C.wereunawareofthevalueoftheirstudies

D.wereforcedtoresignthemselvestofailure

问题4选项

A.TheImportanceofTechnicalProgress

B.ALittleLearningIsaDangerousThing

C.LearningForItsOwnSake

D.MansDistinguishingCharacteristics

问题5选项

A.allowsthehumanracetoprogresstechnically

B.comprisesboththephysicalandsocialsciences

C.demonstrateshumanadaptability

D.defineshisessentialhumanity

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.根据第二段的第一句“allthisis...substantialtoman.”可知选项A错误,社会和自然科学的纯理论的目的在于理解,但不是科学本身；根据第二段的最后一句“Thetechnicalaspects...areofthegreatestimportance,”可知选项B正确；根据第一段的最后一句“Apartfromthesesciencesinphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalkshortly.”选项C说哲学完全独立于文中提到的科学是不正确的,apartfrom指除...之外,还有...,所以哲学本身也是科学,所以选项C错误；根据第三段“butnotthe...exceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.”可知选项D刚好与原文描述的相反,所以错误。

2.根据第三段的第二句“Knowledge...inlargepartunforeseen”追求直接用于应用的知识会带来立即的可预见的成功,但却不是那种重大的成功,也就是说人类最重要的成功还是来自于技术的应用。因此,选项A为正确答案。

3.根据第三段“IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsections,zealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitsomedaybeuseful,itwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.”可知希腊数学家们没有意识到他们研究的价值。选项C符合原文。

4.根据第三段的最后两句“Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsake,...soughtdisinterestedly.”,选项C符合原文主旨。

5.根据第三段的最后一句“itisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly.”如果人类没有无私的追求这些理论知识,就没有取得实际成果的基础,所以选项A符合原文。

5.单选题

Trytheproductoutinthecomfortofyourownhomewithabsolutelyno（

）tobuy.

问题1选项

A.commitment

B.engagement

C.persuasion

D.preservation

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。commitment“承诺，许诺”；engagement“订婚，婚约，约会”；persuasion“劝说，说服”；preservation“保存，保留”。句意：可以在自己家里随意试用本产品且根本不用承诺买该产品。A项符合题意。

6.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese

Deathisasubjectthatisevaded,ignored,anddeniedbyouryouth-worshiping,process-orient.edsociety.Itisalmostaswehavetakenondeathasjustanotherdiseasetobeconquered.Butthefactisthatdeathisinevitable.Wewillalldie;itisonlyamatteroftime.Deathisasmuchapartofhumanexistence,ofhumangrowthanddevelopment,asbeingborn.Itisoneofthefewthingsinlifewecancounton,thatwecanbeassuredwilloccur.Deathisnotanenemytobeconqueredoraprisontobeescaped.Itisanintegralpartofourlivesthatgivesmeaningtohumanexistence.Itsetsalimitonourtimeinthislife,urgingustodosomethingproductivewiththattimeaslongasitisourstouse.

【答案】在一个崇尚年轻和发展的进步的社会里，死亡是一个被逃避、忽略和否认的话题。就像我们把死亡当作另一种需要征服的疾病一样。但事实是死亡是不可避免的。我们都会死去，这只是时间问题。死亡和出生一样，是人类生存、成长和发展的一部分。它是我们生活中可以确定将会发生的为数不多的几件事之一。死亡不是要征服的敌人，也不是要逃跑的监狱。它是我们生活中不可分割的一部分，赋予了人类生存的意义。

它限制了我们这一生的时间，敦促我们利用这段时间做一些富有成效的事情，只要它是我们可以使用的。

7.单选题

WhenImakeapromise,Ialways（）it.

问题1选项

A.keep

B.hold

C.catch

D.carry

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定用法。句意：当我许下承诺时，我一定会信守诺言。keeppromise意为“信守承诺”，所以选项A正确。

8.单选题

Mybrother’splansare______;hewantstomasterEnglish,FrenchandSpanishbeforeheissixteen.

问题1选项

A.arbitrary

B.ambitious

C.aggressive

D.abundant

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.arbitrary任意的；武断的B.ambitious有野心的；有雄心的

C.aggressive好斗的；挑衅的D.abundant大量的；丰盛的

【答案】B

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】根据后半句的句意“他想在16岁之前掌握英语、法语和西班牙语”可得知，他的计划是雄心勃勃的，故该题选择B项。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。

【句意】我哥哥的计划雄心勃勃；他想在16岁之前掌握英语、法语和西班牙语。

9.单选题

Egyptiansareveryfriendlypeople,andeventhepoorestpersonwillshow______toastranger.

问题1选项

A.hostility

B.indignation

C.hospitality

D.humanity

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项hostility“敌意”，B项indignation“愤慨，愤怒”，C项hospitality“好客，殷勤”，D项humanity“人道，人类”。根据前半句Egyptiansareveryfriendlypeople（埃及人非常友好）可知，空格部分应该表示“好客”。句意：埃及人非常友好，即使是最贫穷的人也会对陌生人表现出热情好客。因此，该题选择C项正确。

10.填空题

Readingandcomprehendingalargenumberofdocumentsandreports—manyofthemspecializedandtechnical—isavitaltaskthatisintrinsictofulfillingmanagementand________responsibilities.(execute)

【答案】executive

【解析】【考查点】形容词。

【解题思路】intrinsic的用法为beintrinsictosth.，形容词fulfilling修饰management，意思为“令人心满意足的”；根据关键词and，可知responsibilities和management是名词，横线处和fulfilling为形容词，executive意思为“执行的”，符合语境。

【句意】阅读和理解大量的文件和报告——其中许多是专业和技术性的——是一项至关重要的任务，是实现管理和执行职责所固有的。

11.单选题

Ifmyapplicationforthescholarship（

）,（

）ImyeducationintheStatesnow.

问题1选项

A.wasaccepted/cancontinue

B.hasbeenaccepted/havebeencontinuing

C.hadbeenaccepted/couldhavecontinued

D.accepts/willhavecontinued

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查虚拟语气。根据句意可知这里是对过去的虚拟，从句用过去完成时，主句用would/should/could+havedone，所以选项C正确。

12.翻译题

Onceuponatime,peoplewholivedalonetendedtobethoseoneithersideofmarriage—twentysomethingprofessionalsorwidowedseniorcitizens.Whilepensioners,particularlyelderlywomen,makeupalargeproportionofthoselivingalone.Thenewestcropofsinglesishighearnersintheir30sand40swhoincreasinglyviewlivingaloneaslifestylechoices.Livingalonewasconceivedtobenegative—darkandcold,whilebeingtogethersuggestedwarmthandlight.

【答案】以前独自生活的人都是一些处在婚姻生活之两端的人们——20多岁的专业人员或寡居的老人。领取养老金的人，特别是上了年纪的妇女，构成了独自生活人群的绝大多数；而新一批单身族则是30到40岁高收入人士，他们日益认为独自生活是一种生活方式的选择。独自生活被认为是消极的——黑暗而且寒冷，而家庭生活则意味着温暖与光明。

13.单选题

Mikelosthis______onthebikeandfelloff.

问题1选项

A.equation

B.equivalence

C.equilibrium

D.equality

【答案】C

【解析】考查近义词辨析。A项equation“等式，相等”，是人为的把两个东西等同起来；B项equivalence“等价，等值”，表示某种东西在用途、功能、大小或值上是相等的；C项equilibrium“均衡，平衡”，表示一种平衡状态，尤指对立力量或影响之间的平衡状态，也可指心理平衡；D项equality“平等，相等”，是指客观存在的平等。根据句子意思“迈克在自行车上失去……，摔了下来”可知，空格处是表示“在自行车上失去平衡”，所以选择C项符合句意。句意：迈克在自行车上失去平衡，摔了下来。因此，该题选择C项正确。

14.填空题

Higherinterestratesmakeitmoreexpensivetoborrowmoney,________peoplefrombuyingnewhomesorstartingnewconstructionprojects.(courage)

【答案】discouraging

【解析】【考查点】动词。

【解题思路】逗号前为完整的句子，横线所在内容应为非谓语动词。逗号前说到借贷更加昂贵，后面说______人们购买新房或开工建设新项目，可知前者打击后者积极性，是主动关系，一方面动词应为现在分词，一方面动词discourage的意思为“使灰心，使泄气”，符合题意。因此此处应为discourage的现在分词discouraging。

【句意】利率更高让借贷更加昂贵，使人们不愿购买新房或开工建设新项目。

15.单选题

How

difficultitis（）themodern

worldwithoutoil.

问题1选项

A.Imagining

B.imagined

C.toimagine

D.haveimagined

【答案】C

【解析】句意：很难想象现代世界没了石油会怎么样。it做形式主语,不定式内容为实际主语。

16.翻译题

TheInternet,oncethedomainofeducationandgovernment,hassuddenlyexplodedintothecommercialsector.Fromthiswewillwitnessdramaticchangesinthewayweworkandthesystemswewilluse.JavawillhaveaveryimportantroletoplayinthisdigitalrevolutionallowingexecutablecontentthataresafetotraverseandridetheInternetontoourdesktops.Arich,interactive,three-dimensional“SecondWeb”isexpectedtoevolvewhichwillhelptoattractalargeraudiencethantoday’stwo-dimensionaltext-picturesmodel.

NewtechnologiesarealreadybeginningtotransformtheWorldWideWebfromitscentricsystemtoonemoreliketherealworld-interactive,three-dimensionalandanimate.

“TheFirstWeb”isprimarilyamediumfordocumentaccess.Itisfundamentallyareadingexperiencewithbenefitsoftenexpressedinthesavingsachievedbyeliminatingpaper-basedprocesses.Asaresult,theWebappliestoalimitedpartofourlives.Ithasnotbecomeamassmediumforthehomeliketelephonesandtelevisionsets.

【答案】过去，互联网是教育和政府专用的，但是，现在它突然广泛应用于商业层面，由此，我们发现我们的工作方式和使用的系统发生了巨大的变化。JAVA语言在这场数字革命中起了重要的作用，它使可执行文件可以通过互联网安全地传送到我们的计算机中。很快，会出现一个更丰富，互动的三维“第二代”网络，与今天的二维文本图像网络相比，它能吸引更多的用户。

新技术已经开始把万维网从以网页为中心的系统变得更加真实，更加有立体感以及更加栩栩如生。

第一代网络是一种以文件访问为主的媒介。它的主要用途是阅读，优点是消除了很多文字和材料工作，节省了费用。因此，它在我们的生活中的应用很小。它并没有像电话的电视那样成为一种大众媒体。

17.单选题

Shecontrivedtogetaglimpseofthelightoftruthhereandthere,andhopedthat（）raymightsufficetoguideher.

问题1选项

A.scant

B.scarce

C.meager

D.sparse

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项scant“不足的，缺乏的”，强调的是勉强足够的；B选项scarce“缺乏的，稀有的”，强调的是“稀缺、珍贵”；C选项meager“贫乏的”，多指收入微薄；D选项sparse“稀疏的，稀少的”，强调人烟稀少，资源匮乏。句意：她设法在各处瞥见一点真理的光芒，希望那微弱的光芒足以引导她。这里强调的是勉强足够的，所以选项A更符合语境。

18.翻译题

1.NaggingconcernsabouttheglobaleconomicdownturnandrisingunemploymentareforcingmanyyoungBritonstothinktwiceabouttyingtheknotthisyear,athink-tanksaidonSaturday.

Almost80percentofyoungBritishcoupleslivingtogetherwanttogetmarried,thethinktankCivitassaid,butwouldreconsidertheirweddingplansduetoincreasingjoblossesascompaniescutcostsandlayoffworkers.

2.“Astherecessionbitesit’sgoingtobeharderforpartnerstomakethatcommitment—withoutfinancialstabilityandjobstheywon’thavetheconfidencetosay‘Ido’,”thedirectoroffamilyandeducationatCivitas,said.

Thestudy,whichsurveyed1,560adultsagedbetween20to35,alsofoundthatfor50percentofthepeoplemakingacommitmentwasthemostThestudy,whichsurveyed1,560adultsagedbetween20to35,alsofoundthatfor50percentofthepeoplemakingacommitmentwasthemostimportantreasontogetmarried,andonlytwopercentconsideredmarriagefortaxadvantages.

“Ifmyboyfriendaskedmenow,thenIwouldstillsay‘yes’,butIwouldn’twastemymoneyforahigh-profilewedding,”JennyBrown,anemployeeworksinLondon’scentralfinancialdistrict.

ButDeWaalsaidtherecessionwouldhaveaseriousimpactonplanningalifetogether.

“Thisisnotaboutbeingabletoaffordafancyweddingdressfor10,000poundsornot.”

3.ABritishSocialAttitudessurveyinJanuaryfoundthatyoungpeopleshowedalesstraditionalattitudetowardsmarriageandwouldputtheircareersfirst.

About40percentofpeopleagedbetween18to34saidmarriagewasstillthe“bestkindofrelationship,”comparedwith84percentofpeopleaged65andover,itsaid.

【答案】1.英国一家智库机构上周六称，对全球经济衰退的担忧和不断上升的失业率让英国很多年轻人不得不重新考虑结婚计划。

2.Civitas家庭和教育事务主管阿纳斯塔西娅•德瓦尔说：“受经济衰退的影响，下决心结婚也将变得更加困难，没有稳定的收入和工作，人们没有信心说‘我愿意’”。

3.今年1月开展的一项“英国社会态度”调查发现，年轻人对婚姻的态度已经不那么传统了，他们倾向于将职业发展放在首位。

19.单选题

Thisweektentopdesignerswill（

）theirautumncollectionsatthefashionfair.

问题1选项

A.enhance

B.lubricate

C.hustle

D.unveil

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。enhance提高，增加；lubricate加润滑油，使润滑；hustle推搡，硬挤；unveil揭去…的面罩。句意：这周十位顶级设计师将在时尚展上揭开她们秋季作品的面纱。D项符合句意，答案D

20.单选题

MargaretMead'sreputationwasestablishedwiththepublicationofherbookin1928andwasenhancedbyhermanysubsequentcontributionstoanthropology.

问题1选项

A.obscured

B.entranced

C.heightened

D.restored

【答案】C

【解析】句意：enhanced意为“提高，增强”。obscured掩盖，遮蔽；entranced着迷的，狂喜的；heightened提高，升高；restored修复，恢复。选项C与之意思相近。

21.单选题

Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjournalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecializedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.

Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfindamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.

TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan£900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan£210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.

Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.

InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.

Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefromaround£500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese“articlepreparationcosts”hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.

1.Scientificpublishingisseenas"alicencetoprintmoney"partlybecause（

）.

2.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierhave（

）.

3.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?

4.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessterms（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingcharacterisesthescientificpublishingmodel?

问题1选项

A.itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease

B.itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful

C.itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced

D.itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing

问题2选项

A.thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries

B.gonethroughanexistentialcrisis

C.revivedthepublishingindustry

D.financedresearchersgenerously

问题3选项

A.Relieved.

B.Puzzled.

C.Concerned.

D.Encouraged.

问题4选项

A.allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney

B.renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists

C.reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially

D.freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens

问题5选项

A.Trialsubscriptionisoffered.

B.Labourtriumphsoverstatus.

C.Costsarewellcontrolled.

D.Thefewfeedonthemany.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节题。根据题干中关键词alicencetoprintmoney，定位到第一段第三句，其他科学家也免费进行同行评议的专门工作，因为它是获得地位和生产科学知识的核心要素。正确选项D，acquisition原词，forfree替换选项中的costnothing.

2.细节题。根据题干关键词Elsevier定位到第三段第一句话，该公司去年利润超过9亿英镑，然而仅英国大学在2016年就花费了超过2.1亿英镑。正确选项A“主要依靠大学图书馆”为定位句的同意表达。

3.态度题。根据题干中关键词Sci-Hub的成功定位到第四段第二句，这表明法律生态系统在其用户中已经失去了合法性，必须进行改造，以便为所有参与者服务。可见作者对于Sci-Hub的成功采取否定态度，正确选项Cconcerned担忧，担心。relieved宽慰的，puzzled困惑的，属错误选项，encouraged鼓励的，正反混淆。

4.推断题。根据题干关键词openaccess定位到第五段，最后一句...sothatthepublisherscanm