考研考博-英语-华北电力大学考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-华北电力大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Peter’smotherkepttellinghimthat（）inthestreetisdangerous,buthewouldnotlisten.

问题1选项

A.played

B.willplay

C.playing

D.beenplaying

【答案】C

【解析】that引导的句子在句中作补语，在that从句中缺少主语，因此应该用动词的现在分词形式作主语。所以，选项C正确。

2.单选题

Ifacompanyisalreadyeffectively（

）itscompetitorsbecauseitprovidesservicethatavoidsadamagingreputationandkeepscustomers（

）leavingatanunacceptablerate,theninvestmentinhigherservicelevelsmaybewasted,sinceserviceisadecidingfactorforcustomersonlyinextremesituation.

问题1选项

A.inparwith...from

B.inaparwith...in

C.onparwith...outof

D.onaparwith...from

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。第一空的固定搭配是onaparwith“与……同等；和……一样”；第二个空格处的搭配是“keepsb.fromdoingsth.”。因此D选项符合题意。

3.单选题

InatimeoflowacademicachievementbychildrenintheUnitedStates,manyAmericansareturningtoJapan,acountryofhighacademicachievementandeconomicsuccess,forpossibleanswers.However,theanswersprovidedbyJapanesepreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisingly,littleemphasisisputonacademicinstruction.Inoneinvestigation,300Japaneseand210Americanpreschoolteachers,childdevelopmentspecialists,andparentswereaskedaboutvariousaspectsofearlychildhoodeducation.Only2percentoftheJapaneserespondents（答问卷者）listed“togivechildrenagoodstartacademically”asoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Incontrast,overhalftheAmericanrespondentschosethisasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.Topreparechildrenforsuccessfulcareersinfirstgradeandbeyond,Japaneseschoolsdonotteachreading,writing,andmathematics,butratherskillssuchaspersistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup.ThevastmajorityofyoungJapanesechildrenaretaughttoreadathomebytheirparents.

IntherecentcomparisonofJapaneseandAmericanpreschooleducation,91percentofJapaneserespondentschoseprovidingchildrenwithagroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Sixty-twopercentofthemoreindividuallyoriented（强调个性发展的），Americanslistedgroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.AnemphasisontheimportanceofthegroupseeninJapaneseearlychildhoodeducationcontinuesintoelementaryschooleducation.

LikeinAmerica,thereisdiversityinJapaneseearlychildhoodeducation.SomeJapanesekindergartenshavespecificaims,suchasearlymusicaltrainingorpotentialdevelopment.Inlargecities,somekindergartensareattachedtouniversitiesthathaveelementaryandsecondaryschool.

SomeJapaneseparentsbelievethatiftheiryoungchildrenattendauniversity-basedprogram,itwillincreasethechildren’schancesofeventuallybeingadmittedtotop-ratedschoolsanduniversities.SeveralmoreprogressiveprogramshaveintroducedfreeplayasawayoutfortheheavyintellectualizinginsomeJapanesekindergartens.

1.WelearnfromthefirstparagraphthatmanyAmericanbelieve（）.

2.MostAmericansurveyedbelievethatpreschoolsshouldalsoattachimportanceto（）.

3.InJapan’spreschooleducation,thefocusison（）.

4.FreeplayhasbeenintroducedinsomeJapanesekindergartensinorderto（）.

5.WhydosomeJapaneseparentssendtheirchildrentouniversity-basedkindergartens?

问题1选项

A.JapaneseparentsaremoreinvolvedinpreschooleducationthanAmericanparents.

B.Japan’seconomicsuccessisaresultoritsscientificachievements.

C.Japanesepreschooleducationemphasizesacademicinstruction.

D.Japan’shighereducationissuperiortotheirs.

问题2选项

A.problemsolving

B.groupexperience

C.parentalguidance

D.individually–orienteddevelopment

问题3选项

A.preparingchildrenacademically

B.developingchildren’sartisticinterests

C.lappingchildren’spotential

D.shapingchildren’scharacter

问题4选项

A.broadenchildren’shorizon

B.cultivatechildren’screativity

C.lightenchildren’sstudyload

D.enrichchildren’sknowledge

问题5选项

A.Theycandobetterintheirfuturestudies.

B.Theycanaccumulatemoregroupexperiencethere.

C.Theycanbeindividuallyorientedwhentheygrowup.

D.Theycanhavebetterchancesofgettingafirst-rateeducation.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据文章第一段，“However,theanswersprovidedbyJapanesepreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisingly,littleemphasisisputonacademicinstruction.”，可知日本的学前教育提供的答案并不是美国人所期望的。令人惊讶的是，在大多数日本学前教育中，很少强调学术教育指导。可判断出美国人相信日本的学前教育强调学术指导。相信C符合题意。

2.事实细节题。根据文章第二段，“91percentofJapaneserespondentschoseprovidingchildrenwithagroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Sixty-twopercentofthemoreindividuallyoriented，Americanslistedgroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.”，可知91%的日本受访者认为，让孩子们有团体经历是日本社会让孩子接受学前教育的三大理由之一，62%的美国受访者将团队经历列为他们的三大选择之一。可判断出大多数接受调查的美国人认为学龄前儿童也应该重视团队经验。相信B符合题意。

3.事实细节题。根据文章第一段，“Japaneseschoolsdonotteachreading,writing,andmathematics,butratherskillssuchaspersistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup.”，可知日本的学校不教授阅读、写作和数学等学业知识，而是教授诸如坚持、专注和团队意识等能力。可判断出在日本的学前教育中，关注的重点在于塑造孩子的性格。选项D符合题意。

4.判断推理题。根据文章最后一句，“SeveralmoreprogressiveprogramshaveintroducedfreeplayasawayoutfortheheavyintellectualizinginsomeJapanesekindergartens.”，可知一些更先进的项目引入了自由游戏，作为一些日本幼儿园摆脱沉重的课业负担的方法。可判断出日本的学前教育引入了自由玩耍的项目，目的是为了减轻孩子的学习负担。选项C符合题意。

5.事实细节题。根据文章最后一段，“SomeJapaneseparentsbelievethatiftheiryoungchildrenattendauniversity-basedprogram,itwillincreasethechildren’schancesofeventuallybeingadmittedtotop-ratedschoolsanduniversities.”，可知一些日本父母认为，如果他们的孩子参加一个大学的项目，这将使孩子未来更有可能被一流学校和大学录取。可判断出一些日本父母把孩子送到大学附属的幼儿园，原因在于这能增加他们上一流大学的机会，从而接受最好的教育。选项D符合题意。

4.单选题

Whathesaidinthemeeting（）everybodypresent.

问题1选项

A.repelled

B.dismissed

C.disposed

D.eliminated

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项repel“抵制，使厌恶”；B选项dismiss“解散，不予考虑”；C选项dispose“处理，处置”；D选项eliminate“消除，排除”。句意：他说的话令在场的所有人厌恶。由选项意思和句意可知，A选项符合句意。

5.翻译题

坦白说有压力是我们所有人正常生活状态里的一部分，重要的是我们不能让压力搅乱我们的生活，或者让压力超出了我们的控制范围，即使空闲时间是奢侈的，也请挤出几分钟或几小时放松自己，这是自我爱护的重要的部分，那么你就有了理由，喝杯咖啡或是撤销今晚计划的理由，最终你拥有了属于你自己的空间。

【答案】Frankly,thereisstressallofusinanormalpartoflife,butthekeyismakingsureitdoesn’trunourlivesorgrowoutofcontrol.Evenwhenfreetimeisaluxury,squeezeoutafewminutesorhourstorelaxisanimportantpartofself-care.Sothereyouhaveit—anexcusetotakeacoffeebreakorcancelyourplanstonight,andfinallymakesometimeforyou.

6.单选题

Airplaneandtelevisionareamongthe（）ofscience.

问题1选项

A.masks

B.martyrs

C.marvels

D.marrow

【答案】C

【解析】句意:飞机和电视都是科学的奇迹。

考查名词辨析。mask面具，口罩；martyr烈士;marvel奇迹；marrow骨髓，精华。四个选项中，只有C项符合句意。

7.单选题

8.

问题1选项

A.Shewillgetsomeadvicefromthedesk.

B.Shewillundergosomelabtests.

C.Shewillarrangeanappointment.

D.Shewillgetthetextresults.

【答案】C

【解析】M:Takethesliptothefrontdeskandthenarrangeanappointmentforthetests.

W:Thankyou,doctor!Haveaniceday!

Q:Whatwillthewomando?

【解析】细节题。男士对女士说：Takethesliptothefrontdeskandthenarrangeanappointmentforthetests（把小条拿到前台去做检查预约）。

8.单选题

ThesimplewoodenhousesitsinanunremarkableoldneighborhoodinanOsakasuburb,thekindofplacepeopleforgetstillexistsinmodemJapan.Therearenopachinkoparlorsorcybercafes—noshopsofanykind,really.It'sanunlikelyplacetoencounterthenextversionofJapan'stechnologicalevolution.Butlistentowhathappenswhenagray-hairedseptuagenariannamedKazukoKomiyamareturnsaftervisitingfriends,"Welcomehome,"avoicechirps."Isn’titaniceday?”

Thehigh-pitchedgreetingbelongstoarobot.It’sasimplemachine,tobesure.Thisisn'tathoughtfulroboticcharacterlikethosefoundinaStarWarsmovie,orlikeJapan’sownpopularcreationAstroBoy.Butit’sarobotnonetheless:achocolate-brownwombatthateventuallywillbeable,toflutteritseyeswhenKomiyama,77,enterstheroomandgigglewhenshescratchesitsfuzzylittlehead.Ittellsherwhattheweatherislike.Itremindsherwhenit’stimetotakehermedicine.Itsingssweetsongstoher.

ForKomiyama,amechanicalcompanionisaguardagainstthedreadfullonelinessmanyelderlyJapanesemustendure.ShesawonesuchtragicstoryonaTVnewsshowrecently.“Anoldman'sdeathwentunnoticedbecausehelivedalone,”shesays.“Dayafterday,hisdiaryread,‘Ididn'tmeetanybodytoday.Again.’Idon’twanttoenduplikethat.”SowhenwelfareworkersfromtheOsakasuburbofIkedaaskedforvolunteerstotesttheprototypeofMatsushitaElectricIndustrialCo.'spetrobot,shejumpedatthechance.Shekeepstherobotsittinginherlivingroom.Afteramonth,she’sstartingtowarm-uptothething,despiteoneirritatinghabit“Itspeakswithachildishvoice,”shecomplains.“ThatmakesmefeellikeI’mtreatedasanoldperson.Iwouldratherhaveanequalrelationshipwitharobot.”

ThisismodemJapan,aGizmoNationwhereevengrandmothersmakefriendswiththeirgadgets.Forhalfacentury,theJapanesehavemadeitaculturalmissiontoturnoutasuccessionofcool,elegantandincreasinglyhumanmachines.Andwhatmachinestheyhavebecome:roboticgeishas;headgearthatprojectscomputerscreensinmidairinfrontofwearers'eyes;toiletsthatmeasureaperson’sweight,bodyfatandurinesugarlevels.Thecountrythatgavetheworldtransistorradios,theWalkmanandhand-heldvideogamesisnowpositionedtoturnitsloveofgadgetryintoaprofitablenationalenterpriseonceagain.

1.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（）.

2.WhogigglesafterKomiyamacomesintotheroomaccordingtothepassage?

3.WecaninferfromthethirdparagraphthatnowadaysmanyoldpeopleinJapanare（）.

4.Thephrase"warm-upto"inthethirdparagraphcanbemostlikelyreplacedby（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedasoneoftherolestherobotscanplay?

问题1选项

A.itisimpossibleforpeopletofindhigh-techrobotsinasimplewoodenhouse

B.itiseasyforpeopletothinkofasimplewoodenhouseinthemodemJapan

C.Komiyamausuallygoestoacoffeerestauranttoreleaseherloneliness

D.Komiyamahasamechanicalcompanionwhosevoiceisverysharpandshort

问题2选项

A.TheoldwomanKomiyamaherself.

B.Komiyama'sfantasticpetrobot

C.AmechanicalcompanioninStarWars.

D.AnaughtyJapan'screationAstroBoy.

问题3选项

A.treatedasoldpersons

B.verylonelyintheirlife

C.enjoyingthemselves

D.nottakengoodcareof

问题4选项

A.becomewarmerandwarmer

B.prepareforagamewiththerobot

C.starttolikeorbefriendlywith

D.approachtoorcomeupto

问题5选项

A.Helpfulinstruments.

B.Friendlycompanions.

C.Entertainingmachines.

D.Instructiveeducators

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.根据第一段的第三句“It'sanunlikelyplacetoencounterthenextversionofJapan'stechnologicalevolution.”可知选项A正确。选项B,C,D都与原文不符。

2.根据第二段的一二三句“Thehigh-pitchedgreetingbelongstoarobot.选项A首先排除。It’sasimplemachine,tobesure.Thisisn'tathoughtfulroboticcharacterlikethosefoundinaStarWarsmovie,orlikeJapan’sownpopularcreationAstroBoy.”既不是星球大战里的机器人,也不是日本人创造的阿童木,所以排除选项C和D。

3.根据第三段的第一句“ForKomiyama,amechanicalcompanionisaguardagainstthedreadfullonelinessmanyelderlyJapanesemustendure.”可知,选项B日本的老人都很孤独,符合原文。

4.根据原文,老人把机器人放在客厅,一个月后,开始慢慢的接受它。选项C符合原文。

5.根据原文内容可知,只有选项D有益的教育工作者,在文中没有被提及,其他的均提到了。

9.单选题

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher5sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic（includingotherscientists）receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.

Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search，notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second，noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.

Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim-aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeach,other’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits（）.

2.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires（）.

3.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit（）.

4.AlbertSzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?

问题1选项

A.uncertaintyandcomplexity

B.misconceptionanddeceptiveness

C.logicalityandobjectivity

D.systematicnessandregularity

问题2选项

A.strictinspection

B.sharedefforts

C.individualwisdom

D.persistentinnovation

问题3选项

A.hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic

B.hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity

C.hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers

D.hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists

问题4选项

A.scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges

B.discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch

C.effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified

D.scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind

问题5选项

A.NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment

B.CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery

C.EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience

D.ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词thefirstparagraph和theprocessofdiscovery定位至第一段句Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.但在科学的日常实践中，发现常常遵循一条模糊而复杂的路线。A项中的uncertainty和complexity分别为ambiguous和complicated的同义替换，故A项正确。由第一段最后一句“Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.”科学发现过程中可能存在很多误解、错误和自欺。但这些只是可能性，不是科学发现过程的本质特点，故排除B项。本段第一句“Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.在科学是如何进行的理想化状态中，关于世界的事实正等着被客观的研究人员观察和收集，他们用科学的方法来进行他们的工作。”CD两项提到的都是理想化的特点，不是科学发现过程的真实特点，故排除。

2.细节事实题。由题干关键词credibilityprocess定位到第二段"Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher'sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.这就是可信度的过程，通过这个过程，个体研究者的我，在这里，现在变成了社区的任何人，任何地方，任何时间。客观知识是目标，不是起点。可知科学发现获得公众可信度的过程需要每个人的努力，故B项正确。ACD三项都是该过程的一个方面。

3.细节事实题。根据第三段“Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.”当一项科学发现在科学界中传播时，关于所涉及的科学和技术的共享和相互竞争的信念之间的相互作用和对抗会将个人的发现转变为科学界的可靠发现。”可知经过科学界的检查后，科学发现将变得可靠。故B项正确。

4.细节事实题。由题干定位到第四段NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”诺贝尔奖获得者、生理学家AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi曾将发现描述为“看到每个人看到的，思考没有人想过的”。由此可知，阿尔贝特•圣捷尔吉强调科学发现不能循规蹈矩，要有创新精神和批判精神。故D项正确。

5.主旨大意题。第一段讲述了日常科学研究存在不确定性和复杂性。第二段指出，科学发现需要经过可信性证实过程才能变为可靠的。第三段介绍了科学发现可信性的证实过程。在第四段，作者指出了可信性证实过程中存在的两个矛盾。由此可知本文通篇都在论述科学可信性的证实过程。所以C项正确。

10.单选题

Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeople（1）believethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemical（2）bydrug（3）.Theydon’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisis（4）themoreneutraltermsubstanceabuseisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase“substanceabuse”isoftenused（5）“drugabuse”to（6）thatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfully（7）asheroinandcocaine.

Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)is（8）:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobe（9）,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakenin（10）willproduce（11）effectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptual（12）.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreased（13）,withmoreandmoreofthesubstance（14）toproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasan（15）symptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.

Drugs(substances)that（16）thecentralnervoussystemand（17）perception,moodandbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,（18）depressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheir（19）effectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreekwordmeaning“mind-manifestation”)becausetheyseemedto（20）alterone’sstateofconsciousness.

问题1选项

A.seldom

B.always

C.mistakenly

D.rarely

问题2选项

A.made

B.taken

C.drunk

D.eaten

问题3选项

A.users

B.addicts

C.misuses

D.eaters

问题4选项

A.when

B.forwhich

C.that

D.why

问题5选项

A.than

B.morethan

C.lessthan

D.insteadof

问题6选项

A.ensure

B.sure

C.assure

D.insurer

问题7选项

A.misused

B.used

C.misuse

D.user

问题8选项

A.perverse

B.perspicuous

C.pervasive

D.perspicacious

问题9选项

A.sociable

B.affable

C.cordial

D.social

问题10选项

A.access

B.excess

C.redundancy

D.quantity

问题11选项

A.positive

B.good

C.neutral

D.negative

问题12选项

A.distortions

B.deformation

C.distraction

D.distress

问题13选项

A.tolerance

B.intolerance

C.toleration

D.endurance

问题14选项

A.requiring

B.beingrequired

C.required

D.havingbeenrequired

问题15选项

A.withdrawal

B.retraction

C.revocation

D.annulment

问题16选项

A.effect

B.influence

C.affect

D.impact

问题17选项

A.change

B.influence

C.switch

D.transform

问题18选项

A.and

B.or

C.meanwhile

D.whereas

问题19选项

A.primary

B.primal

C.major

D.prior

问题20选项

A.radically

B.drastically

C.radiantly

D.dramatically

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:D

第6题:C

第7题:A

第8题:C

第9题:A

第10题:B

第11题:D

第12题:A

第13题:A

第14题:C

第15题:A

第16题:C

第17题:A

第18题:D

第19题:A

第20题:A

【解析】第1题:考查副词辨析。seldom很少；always总是；常常；mistakenly错误地；曲解地；rarely很少地；难得；罕有地。该处句意为:很多人错误地认为毒品…。故选C。

第2题:考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式。空格前为somesortofmedicineoranillegalchemical(一些种类的药品或一种非法的化学药品)。因此，B项正确。

第3题:考查名词辨析。由空格前“anillegalchemical一种非法的化学药品”的对应可知这里指代“吸毒者”，故B项构成的“drugaddicts吸毒者”正确。

第4题:语法题。考查从句的引导词。空格前面句意为:Theydon’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs(他们没有认识到诸如酒精和烟草的常见物质也是毒品)，是解释说明后面moreneutraltermsubstanceabuseisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists(更中性的词（即药物滥用）如今被很多内科医生和心理学家使用)的原因。因此D项正确。

第5题:语义题。此处句意为:“substanceabuse”这个短语代替“drugabuse”使用。

第6题:考查词义辨析。ensure保证，确保；使安全；sure确信的；可靠的；必定的；assure保证；担保；使确信；弄清楚;insure给……保险：确保。空格处应填入一个动词，而且宾语是:substancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfully(诸如酒精和烟草等物质可以一样有害)。因此C项正确。

第7题:语义题。这里是为了解释说明“substanceabuse”(药物滥用)，而且空格处应该填入一个动词的过去分词形式表被动。因此A项“滥用”符合句意。

第8题:考查形容词辨析。perverse堕落的；不正当的；违反常情的；perspicuous明了的；清晰明白的；易懂的；pervasive普遍的；到处渗透的；流行的；perspicacious有洞察力的；聪颖的；敏锐的。该处句意为:我们生活在一个药物的医学和社会用途…的社会：用阿司匹林缓解头痛…。由此可知C项符合句意。

第9题:考查形容词辨析。sociable社交的；好交际的；友善的；affable和蔼可亲的；友善的；cordial热忱的；诚恳的；兴奋的；social社会的；群居的。这里表示:为了社交而喝酒。因此A项正确。

第10题:考查名词辨析。该处表示:首先，大多数物质的…使用都会产生…影响，如中毒或严重的感知错乱。因此，B项所构成的“inexcess(过量，过度)正确。

第11题:考查形容词辨析。positive积极的；肯定的；good好的；优良的；愉快的；neutral中立的；中性的；negative［数］负的；消极的；否定的；阴性的；负面的。参照本句句意可知此处表示“负面的影响”。

第12题:考查名词辨析。distortion变形；扭曲；曲解；deformation变形；distraction注意力分散；消遣；心烦意乱；distress危难；不幸；贫困。此题解题可以参照最后一段:...effectonperception,distortingandalteringit(对感知有影响，扭曲且改变它)。因此这里表示“感知的扭曲”。

第13题:考查名词辨析。tolerance公差；容忍；【医学】耐药力；耐受性；intolerance（尤指对别人的意见）不宽容；偏执；toleration宽容；忍受；endurance忍耐；持久；耐久。这里表示:药物依赖首先表现为…增强。因此A项符合句意。

第14题:语法题。考查非谓语。此处是with+主语+动词分词引导伴随状语。而动词require的分词与逻辑主语substance(药物)之间是被动关系，因此用require的过去分词形式。

第15题:考查固定搭配。withdrawalsymptoms表示“断症状；脱瘾综合征”，因此A项正确。

第16题:考查动词辨析。effect使发生；引起；实现；使生效；influence影响（可以是好的或坏的影响）；改变；affect影响（侧重不好的影响）；感染：感动；impact撞击；对…产生影响（一般与on搭配使用）。空格后为“thecentralnervoussystem中枢神经系统”，由此可知C项正确。

第17题:考查动词辨析。Change改变；influence影响；switch转换；transform变换；转化；使改变（思想、性格等）。此题解题可参考最后一段:...effectonperception,distortingandalteringit(对感知有影响，扭曲且改变它)，由此可知这里表示“改变感知”。

第18题:考查连词辨析。由空格前“speeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem(加速或激活中枢神经系统)”与空格后“(slowitdown)使其慢下来”可知前后属于转折关系。因此D项“然而”正确。

第19题:考查形容词辨析。primary主要的；初级的；基本的;primal首要的；原始的；最初的;major重要的；主修的；较多的；prior优先的；在前的。这里表示“迷幻药对感知的…影响”，因此A符合句意。

第20题:考查副词辨析。radically根本上；彻底地；以激进的方式；drastically彻底地；激烈地；radiantly清朗地；辉煌地；dramatically显著地；剧烈地。该句表示:这些药物通常被称为迷幻药（来自希腊语，意思是“精神显现”），因为它们似乎…改变了一个人的意识状态。因此A符合句意。

11.单选题

Mamapracticed______bydressingthekidsinhand-me-downsratherthaninnewclothes.

问题1选项

A.avarice

B.thrift

C.benevolence

D.luxury

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项avarice表示“贪婪，贪财”，B项thrift表示“节俭，节约”，C项benevolence表示“仁慈，善行”，D项luxury表示“奢侈，奢华，奢侈品”。根据dressingthekidsinhand-me–downs（给孩子们穿旧衣服）可知，“节俭”符合语境。句意：妈妈节俭，给孩子们穿旧衣服，而不是新衣服。因此，该题选择B项正确。

12.单选题

Thereisageneral______thatpouringoldwineintothesamebottlesisthewrongwaytogo.

问题1选项

A.consensus

B.census

C.censorship

D.conscience

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项consensus“一致；舆论；合意”；B选项census“人口普查，人口调查；（官方的）统计，调查”；C选项censorship“审查制度；审查机构”；D选项conscience“道德心，良心”。句意：人们普遍认为，把陈年的酒倒进同一个瓶子里是错误的做法。因此A选项正确。

13.单选题

Nowthejuries,andultimatelythesocietytheyspeakfor,havetofindsomewaytoexpress（

）atthebrutalitythatwomenandchildrenfaceeveryday.

问题1选项

A.aggression

B.extenuation

C.outrage

D.suppression

【答案】C

【解析】句意:现在，陪审团以及他们根本上所代表的社会，必须找到一些方法来表达对于妇女和儿童每天所面临的残酷的愤怒。

名词辨析。Aggression进攻，侵略;extenuation减轻;outrage愤怒;suppression镇压，抑制。因此C符合句意。

14.单选题

Itwastheworsttragedyinmaritimehistory,sixtimesmoredeadlythantheTitanic.WhentheGermancruiseshipWilhelmGustloffwashitbytorpedoesfiredtofromaRussiansubmarineinthefinalwinterofWorldWarII，morethan10,000people-mostlywomen,childrenandoldpeoplefleeingthefinalRedArmypushintoNaziGermany-werepackedaboard.Anicestormhadturnedthedecksintofrozensheetsthatseathundredsoffamiliesslidingintotheseaastheshiptiltedandbegantogoclown.Othersdesperatelytriedtoputlifeboatsdown.Somewhosucceededfoughtoffthoseinwaterwhohadthestrengthtotrytoclawwayaboard.Mostpeoplefrozeimmediately.“I’llneverforgetthescreams.”saysChristaNtilzinann,87,oneofthe1,200survivors.Sherecallswatchingtheship,brightlylit,slippingintoitsdarkgrave-andintoseemingnothingness,rarelymentionedformorethanhalfacentury.

NowGermany’sNobelPrize-winningauthorGtinterGrasshasrevivedthememoryofthe9,000dead,includingmorethan4,000children-withhislatestnovelCrabWalk,publishedlastmonth.Thebook,whichwillbeoutinEnglishnextyear;doesn’tdwellonthesinking;itsheroineisapregnantyoungwomanwhosurvivesthecatastropheonlytosaylater.“Nobodywantedtohearaboutit,nothereintheWest(ofGermany)andnotatallintheEast.”Thereasonwasobvious.AsGrassputitinarecentinterviewwiththeweeklytheWoche:“BecausethecrimesweGermansareresponsibleforwereandaresodominant,wedidn’thavetheenergyleftlotellofourownsufferings.’’

ThelongsilencethesinkingoftheWilhelmGuslloffwasprobablyunavoidable-andnecessary.Byunreservedlyowninguptotheircountry’smonstrouscrimesintheSecondWorldWar,Germanshavemanagedtowinacceptanceabroad,marginalizetheneo-Nazisathomeandmakepeacewiththeirneighbors.Today’sunifiedGermanyismoreprosperousandstablethanatanytimeinitslongtroubledhistory,forthat,ahalfcenturyofwillfulforgettingaboutpainfulmemoriesliketheGermanTitanicwasperhapsareasonablepricetopay.ButeventhemostpoliticallycorrectGermansbelievethatthey’venowearnedtherighttodiscussthefullhistoricalrecord.NottoequateGermansufferingwiththatofitsvictims,butsimplytoacknowledgeaterribletragedy.

1.Whydoestheauthor