(超详细答案)综合学术英语教程2 答案 上海交通大学出版 蔡基刚

Unit1MultidisciplinaryEducationKeystotheExercisesApproachingtheTopic1.1)Theaimofcollegeeducationistoproduceindividualswhoarewellontheirwaytobecomeexpertsintheirfieldofinterest.2)Thegrowingimportanceofproducingprofessionalswhohavetheskillstoworkwithpeoplefromadiversesetofdisciplines.3)First,throughaninterdisciplinaryapproach;Second,throughamultidisciplinaryapproach.4)Collegeeducationshouldproduceindividualswhomaylaterbecomeexpertwhoareinterdisciplinaryproblemsolvers.2.1)f2)d3)a4)e5)g6)m7)j8)k9)l10)i11)b12)h13)c4.(1)offered(2)stresses(3)ability(4)different(5)approach(6)increasingly(7)graduates(8)enter(9)positions(10)Employment6.1)Multidisciplinarystudies.2)Theybothbelievethatcurrentcollegeeducationshouldlayemphasisonmultidisciplinarystudies,whichisaprerequisitetoproducingfutureexpertwhoareinterdisciplinaryproblemsolvers.3)Open.4)Open.5)Open.ReadingabouttheTopic3.1)ThestudentshavebroughttoMITtheirindividualgifts,suchastheirownintellect,energy,ideas,aspirations,distinctivelifeexperienceandpointofview,etc.2)TheyrepresentthegeographicandsymboliccenterofMIT.3)Namesofintellectualgiants.4)LeonardodaVinciwasapainter,scientist,engineer,sculptor,inventor,cityplannerandarchitect.4.Set1:1)c2)e3)d4)h5)a6)g7)f8)bSet2:1)e2)a3)h4)b5)c6)f7)d8)g5.(b)Para.A(b)Para.B(a)Para.C(c)Para.D(f)Para.E(e)Para.F(d)Para.G(g)Para.A6.1)Becauseforhim,thesimplicityheappreciatedinnaturebecamehisultimatestandardindesign.2)FirstwasdaVinci’scompletedisregardfortheacceptedboundariesbetweendifferentfieldsofknowledge.ThesecondfacetofdaVinci’scharacterwashisrespectforandfascinationwithnature.ThethirdqualityofdaVinci’scharacterwasanenthusiasticdemandforhands-onmaking,designing,practicingandtesting,andforsolvingproblemsintherealworld.3)“ThereisagoodchancethatyouwillneveragainliveandworkinacommunitywithasmanydifferentculturesandbackgroundsasMIT.”(Para.F)4)Becausebydoingso,thestudentscanengagethemselvesinnewintellectualadventuressoastousetheirtimeatMITtoitsfullestpotential.5)Itmeansthat“Theytooktheinitiativetosearchforthedeepestanswers,insteadofsittingbackandlettingthingshappentothem.”7.Set1:1)h2)d3)a4)g5)f6)e7)b8)cSet2:1)c2)g3)d4)a5)h6)f7)e8)b8.1)ShewantedtodescribeforthenewstudentsthreeofhischaracteristicsthatparticularlyfitwiththevalueofMIT.2)Becausebydoingso,thestudentscanencounterthemoststimulatingmindsandinspiringrolemodels,experiencealifeinacommunitywithdiversifiedculturesandbackgroundsandparticipateinvariousnewintellectualadventures,sothattheycangetthemostoutoftheirMITeducation.3)ThethreeofDaVinci’scharacteristicswillbetheheritageofMITtobeinheritedbythestudents.ShehopedthatthenewstudentswouldfollowDaVinciaswellasagreatmanyextraordinaryMITteachersastheirrolemodelstousetheirtimetoitsfullestpotential.4)Multidisciplinarythinkingisamodeofthinkingthatgoesbeyonddisciplinaryboundariesinordertogainnewideasandfreshperspectives.9.1)Humaningenuitywillneverdeviseanyinventionsmorebeautiful,normoresimple,normoretothepurposethanNaturedoes.(Para.A)2)ForDaVinci,thesimplicityheappreciatedinNaturebecamehisultimatestandardindesign.(Para.B)3)BeasdeterminedinyourcuriosityasLeonardodaVinci—andyouwilluseyourtimeatMITtoitsfullestpotential.(Para.F)4)MITisaplaceofpracticaloptimismandofpassionateengagementwiththemostimportantproblemsoftheworld.(Para.G)5)Ihadlongsinceobservedthatpeopleofaccomplishmentrarelysatbackandletthingshappentothem.(Para.H)10.ManyscientistsandengineersatMITpursuesimplicityintheirdesignanddevelopmentoftechnologies.ExploringtheTopic4.1)Itisbelievedthatamultidisciplinaryapproachtoscientificeducationisofvitalimportance.2)Second,amultidisciplinaryemphasisisbelievedtobeaprerequisitetotrainingindividuals.3)Itcannotbedeniedthatthesefirmsareparticipatinginturningoutthefuturethinkers.4)Howaboutexaminingourproblemsaboutscienceandtechnologyfromaliberalartsperspective.5)Surprisingly,however,ouruniversitiesandcollegesfailtoswitchfromtheconventionaldivisionsanddepartmentalsectionstodailyextracurricularmultidisciplinarywork.5.Reading1beginswithacontrast—“Collegeeducationhasalwayshadtheresponsibilityto...However,...wealsoseethegrowingimportanceofproducing...”.TheintroductionofReading2isinformativeaswellasinteresting,whicharousesthereaders’interesttogoonreading.IntegratedExercises2.(1)ultimate(2)spirit(3)feed(4)approach(5)property(6)represent(7)discipline(8)aspiration(9)inspire(10)perspective(11)inherit(12)generate3.ThemembersofawordfamilyinspireinspirationinspiredinspiringChineseequivalentv.激励n.灵感adj.有灵感的adj.鼓舞人心的v.产生n.一代adj.有生产力的n.发电机generategenerationgenerativegeneratoraspirationaspireaspiringn.渴望v.渴望adj.有抱负的v.继承n.继承物n.继承人adj.遗传的inheritinheritanceinheritorinheriteddisciplinedisciplineddisciplinaryrepresentrepresentationrepresentativeanatomistanatomyanatomicaln.纪律adj.纪律严明的adj.v.代表n.表现n.代表者有关纪律的n.解剖学家n.解剖学adj.解剖的speculatespeculationspeculativespeculatorv.推测n.推测adj.推测的n.思索者celebratecelebrationcelebratedcelebrityv.庆祝n.庆祝活动adj.著名的n.名人intellectintellectualintelligenceintelligentn.智力adj.智力的n.智慧adj.有才智的collaboratecollaborationcollaborativecollabotatorv.合作n.合作adj.合作的n.合作者Integrateintegratedintegrationv.合并adj.完整统一的n.整合(1)inspiring(2)generation(3)collaborative(4)aspiring(5)Intelligent(6)inherit(7)celebrity(8)speculated(9)representative(10)anatomical4.(1)D(2)A(3)C(4)B(5)D(6)A(7)B(8)C(9)A(10)C5.(1)Manycelebratedresearchersaroundtheworldarecollaboratingtodevelopanewvaccine.(2)Thescientists’experimentgeneratedanunexpectedoutcome.(3)Ifthesystemsarerestructured,theireffectivenesswillbeultimatelyintegratedintotheglobaleconomy.(4)Thedoctorsspeculatethathediedofastrokecausedbyablowonthehead.(5)Themurdertrialattractedconsiderablepublicattention.(6)Theaspirationforcollegeeducationinspirespeopleinremoteareastoworkhard.(7)Heinheritedhisparents’fortuneaftertheirdeath.(8)Hedisregardedhisfather’sadviceandleftcollege.(9)Inthisaddress,heaskedtheyoungsters,whoembodythespiritsofthenation,tojointhecampaign.(10)Thespecialdietincorporatesmanydifferentfruitsandvegetables.7.(1)Whoeverruntheredlightshowsacompletedisregardforpublicsafety.(2)Success,asheexplained,wasnothingmorethanaconsistentpursuitofartandgoodluck.(3)Thenewproducthasbenefitedfromresearchworkatthecrossroadsbetweenbiologicalandmedicalstudies.(4)Itwasamazingthathisideaechoedwellthegreatphilosopher’sbelief,whichheclaimednottohaveheardaboutbefore.(5)Theone-monthintensetrainingprogrampreparedtheteammemberswellforpossibleemergencies.(6)Theaudiencewasdeeplyimpressedwiththevigorandpowerofthespeechdeliveredbytheenvironmentalist.(7)Thistravelingexperiencewillprovideyouwitharareopportunitytosampleadifferentwayoflife.(8)Usingthelimitedtimetoitsfullestpotentialisoneofthemust-have/requiredskillsinadaptingtothefast-pacedmodernlife.(9)Moreandmorecountriesarebringingrobotstobearontheirvariousproblems.(10)Thesestudentsareencouragedfromaveryearlyagetofollowtheirownboundlessinterestswellbeyondtheboundariesofconventionalbeliefinobedientlearning.8.A.(1)B(2)C(3)B(4)B(5)DB.Asmultidisciplinarydesignhasbecomeatrendintheindustry,thereisaneedformoreemphasisonmultidisciplinaryperspectives.Educationalinstitutionsshouldtaketheirroleintrainingindividualswhocanfunctioninacollaborativeenvironmentandbepreparedtofacemultifacetedprojectsthattheymaynothavebeenexposedto.However,ouruniversitiesandcollegesfailtoshiftfromtraditionaldivisionsanddepartmentalsectionstomultidisciplinaryworkbeingpracticedonadailybasisoutsidetheclassroom.C.1)F2)T3)F4)T5)TD.(1)whatlearningisabout(2)beinquisitive(3)learnanewsubject(4)analyzeanewproblem(5)teacher-taught(6)master-inspired(7)self-learner(8)thetrapofdogma(9)nosinglesimpleanswer(10)blackandwhite(11)criticalthinking(12)tolerantandsupportive(13)anewthesistopic(14)flexibility(15)styleofleadershipUnit2TheScientificMethodKeystotheExercisesApproachingtheTopic1.1)TheScientificMethodisabodyoftechniquesforinvestigatingphenomenaandacquiringknowledge,aswellascorrecting/integratingpreviousknowledge.Itinvolvesgatheringobservable,empiricalandmeasurableevidence,thecollectionofdatathroughobservationandexperimentation,andtheformulationandtestingofhypotheses.2)Scientistsputforwardhypothesestoexplainwhatisobserved.Theythenconductexperimentstotestthesehypotheses.Thestepstakenintheexperimentmustbecapableofreplicationandtheresultsemergeasthesame.Whatisdiscoveredmayleadtoanewhypothesis.3)Scientistsarehumanandcanbeunintentionallybiased;totalobjectivityisimpossible.4)Scientistsarehumanandcanbeunintentionallybiased.Scienceusesoursensesandoursensescanbemistaken.Wecanneverunderstandsomethingasitreallyisbecauseourverypresenceaffectswhatisbeingstudied.5)①Scienceisbothabodyofknowledgeandaprocess.②Scienceisexciting.③Scienceisuseful.④Scienceisongoing.⑤Scienceisreliable.⑥Scienceisacommunityendeavor.2.1)c2)g3)e4)f5)a6)d7)h8)k9)b10)i11)j4.(1)aspects(2)process(3)satisfy(4)technologies(5)puzzle(6)collection(7)evidence(8)ensure(9)diversity(10)professional6.1)Science.2)Itbringstomindmanydifferentpictures:whitelabcoatsandmicroscopes,ascientistpeeringthroughatelescope,thelaunchofthespaceshuttle,andsoon.3)Sciencecandiscoverthelawstounderstandtheorderofnature.4)Becauseitreliesonasystemsofchecksandbalances,whichhelpsensurethatsciencemovestowardsgreateraccuracyandunderstanding,andthissystemisfacilitatedbydiversitywithinthescientificcommunity,whichoffersarangeofperspectivesonscientificideas.5)Open.ReadingabouttheTopic3.1)Themodernscientificmethodischaracterizedbyconfirmationsandobservationswhich“verified”thetheoriesinquestion,butsomegenuinelytestabletheories,whenfoundtobefalse,arestillupheldbytheiradmirers,whichrescuesthetheoryfromrefutationonlyatthepriceofdestroying,oratleastlowering,itsscientificstatus.2)Atheorywhichisnotrefutablebyanyconceivableeventisnon-scientific.3)Theirtheorieswereconstantlyverifiedbytheirclinicalobservations.Theyalwaysfittedandwerealwaysconfirmed.4)Lightmustbeattractedbyheavybodies(suchasthesun).5)Thereistheriskinvolvedinaprediction:thetheoryisincompatiblewithcertainpossibleresultsofobservation—infactwithresultswhicheverybodybeforeEinsteinwouldhaveexpected.4.Set1:1)c2)a3)d4)b5)f6)e7)h8)gSet2:1)b2)e3)a4)f5)d6)c7)h8)g5.Para.A(b)Para.B(c)Para.C(e)Para.D(e)Para.E(a)Para.F(d)6.1)Observations,hypotheses,anddeductions,thenconclusions.2)Youwillneedtoresearcheverythingthatyoucanfindabouttheproblem.3)Youshouldn’tchangethehypothesis.Instead,trytoexplainwhatmighthavebeenwrongwithyouroriginalhypothesis.4)Animportantthingtorememberduringthisstageofthescientificmethodisthatonceyoudevelopahypothesisandaprediction,youshouldn’tchangeit,eveniftheresultsofyourexperimentshowthatyouwerewrong.5)Becausethereisachancethatyoumadeamiscuesomewherealongtheway.7.Set1:1)c2)a3)d4)b5)f6)e7)h8)gSet2:1)e2)g3)a4)f5)c6)b7)d8)h8.1)Observation,asthefirststageofthescientificmethod,isawayofcollectinginformationfromanypossiblesources,whichcanserveasafoundationinverifyingatheory.Inthisprocess,oneshouldexpectaneventwhichcouldrefutethetheory.Onlythroughbeingrefutedbynewobservationswhichareincompatiblewiththetheorycoulditbefalsified,whichreflectsitstruescientificvirtue.2)Ahypothesisisapossiblesolutiontoaproblem,basedonknowledgeandresearch,whileatheoryisahypothesisconfirmedbytheresearchfindings.Everytheorycannotbeappliedtoeverysituation;otherwise,itisnotagoodtheory.3)Itisalwayspossibletoverifynearlyeverytheory,butthatwouldrescuethetheoryfromrefutationatthepriceofdestroying,oratleastloweringitsscientificstatus.4)Tofalsifyatheoryismorevaluable,becauseatheorywhichisnotrefutablebyanyconceivableeventisnon-scientific.9.1)Becauseofthispersonalexperienceandaninterestintheproblem,youdecidetolearnmoreaboutwhatmakesplantsgrow.(Para.B)2)Theexperimentthatyouwilldesignisdonetotestthehypothesis.(Para.D)3)Throughinformal,exploratoryobservationsofplantsinagarden,thosewithmoresunlightappeartogrowbigger.(Para.H)4)Thejudgesatyoursciencefairwillnottakepointsoffsimplybecauseyourresultsdon’tmatchupwithyourhypothesis.(Para.K)5)Youcannotprovethehypothesiswithasingleexperiment,becausethereisachancethatyoumadeamiscuesomewherealongtheway.(Para.Q)10.Observation,theinitialstageoftheresearch,requiresathoroughunderstandingofaresearchprojectyouhavechosenbycollectingadequateinformationfromvarioussources,andisfollowedbythenextstageknownashypothesis,anuncomplicatedstatementthatdefineswhatyouthinktheoutcomeofyourexperimentwillbe.ExploringtheTopic4.1)Sciencedoesnotincludeexplanationsbasedonnoempiricalevidence.2)Thehumannatureofscience,however,rendersitunlikelytobefreeofpersonalprejudices,misapprehensions,andbias.3)Thescopeofscienceencompassesthewholeuniverseandnaturalworld.4)Scienceisaprocessofdecidingwhethertheacquiredevidencemayprovewhatismostlikelytobecorrectcurrently.5)Itisnotpossibletoproveahypothesiswithasingleexperiment,aschancesarethatamistakewasmadesomewhereintheprocess.IntegratedExercises2.(1)additional(2)illustrate(3)interpret(4)conduct(5)previous(6)involve(7)design(8)verify(9)reflect(10)collect(11)research(12)support3.ThemembersofawordfamilyChineseequivalentacquireacquiredacquisitionv.获得adj.获得的n.获得物n.计划adj.规划的adj.突出的n.规划n.方法adj.有方法的n.方法论adj.方法论的projectprojectedprojectingprojectionmethodmethodicalmethodologymethodologicalidentifyidentifiableidentificationidentityv.识别adj.可辨认的n.鉴定、身份adj.无unidentifiable法识别的empiricalempiricallyempiricismconfirmconfirmationconfirmedadj.凭经验的adv.凭经验地n.经验论v.确认n.证实adj.确认的v.接近adj.可接近的adj.逼近的adj.亲近的approachapproachableapproachingunapproachable不易theorytheoreticaltheoreticallytheoristn.理论adj.理论上的adv.理论上地n.理论家emphasisemphasizeemphaticemphaticallyn.强调v.强调adj.强调的adv.强调地achieveachievableachievedachievementv.取得adj.可以实现的adj.高度完美的n.成就commitcommitmentv.把……托付给n.承诺constituteconstituencyconstituentconstitutionconstitutionalconstitutivev.组成n.选区n.组成部分n.宪法adj.宪法的adj.构成的assumeassumedassumingassumptionexposeexposedexposurev.假定adj.假装的conj.如果n.假定v.揭露adj.裸露的n.暴露logicalillogicalillogicallylogicianadj.逻辑上的adj.不合逻辑的adv.不合逻辑地n.逻辑学家(1)methodical(2)commitment(3)achievable(4)assume(5)illogical(6)exposure(7)constitutive(8)emphatic(9)confirmation(10)identity4.(1)A(2)B(3)A(4)D(5)A(6)B(7)C(8)A(9)D(10)B5.(1)ThisobservationmotivatedNewtontodevelopatheoryofgravity.(2)Otherscholarsattempttoapproachthesubjectfromaneconomicalperspective.(3)Participatingintheactivitywillprovideonewithaninitialtasteoftheobjectivesofsociology.(4)Scientistsinsistedtherewasarationalexplanationforthestrangephenomenon.(5)Tomostyoungpeople,highereducationisnothingbutaprocessofacquiringknowledge.(6)Thestudydemonstratesthenecessityoftakingamuchbroaderviewinthematter.(7)Thenewcar’sdesignsuccessfullyintegratesartandtechnology.(8)Chinaactuallyencounteredtheidenticalstagesofitsdevelopmentintheearly1990stotheWest.(9)Theviruscanspreadtoadocumentorapplicationbetweencomputersandrenderthecomputeruseless.(10)Ifthesustainabledevelopmentofsmalleconomiesisfacilitated,theireffectivenesswillbeultimatelyintegratedintotheglobaleconomy.7.1)Wecouldnotattendaconferencewithouthearingsometalksaboutchangeandchallenge.2)Thingsseemhighlyoptimisticinthelightofnumerousreports,especiallyfromcountrydistricts.3)Iaminfavoroftheargumentthaturbanizationshouldbecontrolledproperly.4)Somethingslowlybegantodawnonme—IstilllovedwhatIdid.5)Mycomputerdoesnotworkbecauseitwasrenderedparalyzedbysomeviruses.6)Expertsareworkingontheplaninquestion.Andthey’llcometoananswer.7)Anationalcurriculumframeworkislogicallyincompatiblewithpupil-centeredlearning.8)Formanywomensuccessisoftenachievedatthepriceoftheirmarriedlife.9)ManyattemptshadbeenmadebeforeIsuccessfullyenteredakeyuniversity.10)Thereisagoodchancethatitwillturnfinetomorrow.8.A.(1)B(2)A(3)C(4)A(5)BB.Understandingscientificmethodiscriticaltoyourscientificendeavor.Thescientificmethodisaseriesofstepsthatserveasguidelinesforscientificefforts,andatoolthathelpsscientistssolveproblemsanddetermineanswerstoquestionsinalogicalformat.Therearetwoformsofscientificmethod:theexperimentalmethodandthedescriptivemethod.Theformeremploysnumericaldataandgraphs,usedinphysicalsciences,whilethelattergathersInformationthroughvisualobservationandinterviewing,employedinzoologyandanthropology.Thescientificmethodinvolvesfivesteps,namely,identifyingaproblem,researchingtheproblem,formulatingahypothesis,conductinganexperimentandreachingaconclusion.C.(1)Theprocessofscience,incontrasttothelinearstepsofthesimplifiedscientificmethod,isiterative.(2)Sciencecirclesbackonitselfsothatusefulideasarebuiltuponandusedtolearnevenmoreaboutthenaturalworld.(3)GregorMendelshowedthatinheritanceisparticulatethatinformationispassedalongindiscretepacketsthatcannotbediluted.(4)Anypointintheprocessleadstomanypossiblenextsteps,andwherethatnextstepleadscouldbeasurprise.(5)Sciencemayinvolvemanydifferentpeopleengagedinallsortsofdifferentactivitiesindifferentordersandatdifferentpointsintime.D.(1)naturalworld(2)investigations(3)basicquestion(4)information(5)Experiments(6)detailedunderstanding(7)builtupon(8)deepenandextend(9)intheprocess(10)testing(11)observation(12)newdirection(13)indifferentorders(14)represent(15)lessimportantUnit3AncientChina’sContributiontoScienceKeystotheExercisesApproachingtheTopic1.1)Needhamistheworld’sfamousSinologistandauthorofScienceandCivilizationinChina.2)TheEuropeanpeoplejusttaketheseinventionsforgranted.AlloriginatedinChinabuthavelongsincebeenadoptedbytheWest.3)TheyhelpedtoinspiretheEuropeanagriculturalandindustrialrevolutions.4)IthaswonfiveliteraryawardsinAmericaandbeentranslatedinto43languages.5)Hisbook,TheSpiritofChineseInvention,wasapprovedbytheChineseMinistryofEducationforuseinconnectionwiththenationalsecondarycurriculuminChina.2.1)f2)k3)c4)a5)o6)n7)g8)e9)d10)m11)i12)h13)j14)l15)b4.(1)credit(2)considerable(3)befriended(4)breakthroughs(5)thoroughly(6)flown(7)academic(8)embark(9)suggested(10)staff6.1)TheoverlookedgreatbreakthroughsinancientChina.2)Dr.NeedhamarguedthataproperbookonthehistoryofChinesescienceandtechnologywouldhaveawidebearingonthegeneralhistoryofthoughtandideas.3)HehelpedtobringduecredittoChina’soverlookedcontributiontoscientificinnovation.4)Yes,hedoes.Becausehebelievedthataproperpopularbookwouldhaveawidebearingonthegeneralhistoryofthoughtsandideas,whichcouldnotbepossibleifthebookwastooacademic.ReadingabouttheTopic3.1)BothWesternersandChinesepeopleareignorantofthefactthattheWestimportedalotofinventionsfromancientChina.2)Becausemorethanhalfofthebasicinventionsanddiscoveriesuponwhichthe“modernworld”restscomefromChina.3)Becausetheytakemanygreatachievementsforgranted,andeventheChinesethemselveslostsightofthetruth,sotheirwesterninheritorswouldn’ttroublethemselvestoknowthetruth.4)Becauseitisalwaysmoresatisfyingtotheegotothinkthattheyhavereachedtheirpresentpositionaloneandunaided,andthattheyaretheproudmastersofallabilitiesandallcrafts.4.Set1:1)d2)e3)a4)b5)c6)g7)f8)hSet2:1)d2)g3)e4)h5)b6)a7)c8)f5.Para.A(e)Para.B(b)Para.C(f)Para.D(a)Para.E(a)Para.F(a)Para.G(c)Para.H(g)Para.I(h)Para.J(d)6.1)Thethreeinventionstransform-edcompletelythemodernworldandmark-editofffromtheancientandtheMiddleAges.2)TheEuropeanagriculturalrevolution,whichlaidthebasisfortheIndustrialRevolution,cameaboutonlybecauseoftheimportationofChineseideasandinventions.3)ThetruththathalfofthebasicinventionsanddiscoveriesoriginatedfromChinaneedstobeimpartedtoschoolchildren.ThepurposeistoletthemknowthetruthandthentobridgethechasmbetweentheEastandtheWest.4)ThebureaucraticorganizationofChinainitsearlierstagesstronglyhelpedsciencetogrow;onlyinitslateronesdiditinhibitfurthergrowth,andinparticularpreventedabreakthroughwhichhasoccurredinEurope.5)TheauthorpointsoutthereasonswhyChinawasdevelopedinthepastbutbackwardatpresentandwhytheWestwasunderdevelopedinthepastbutadvancedatpresent.7.Set1:1)c2)g3)h4)b5)f6)d7)a8)eSet2:1)c2)d3)g4)e5)a6)b7)f8)h8.1)ThetworeadingsbothlistaseriesofgreatinventionsanddiscoveriesthatoriginatedinancientChina.Reading1tendstobefactual,whileReading2ismorecriticalofthefactthattheChineseareignorantoftheirancientachievementsandtheWesternerssimplytakethemforgranted.2)TheargumentinReading2ismorereasonableandacceptablesincetheauthorusesalotofexamplesandexaminesthequestionfromboththeChineseandWesternperspectivestoillustratehispoint.3)Reading2holdsmoreobviousnegativeattitudestowardsWesterners.4)Itwouldbebetterifthenationsandthepeoplesoftheworldhadaclearerunderstandingofeachother,allowingthementalgapbetweenEastandWesttobebridged.(Reading2)ThediscoveriesandinventionsmadeinEuropeintheseventeenthcenturyandthereafterdependedsomuchinsomanycasesoncenturiesofpreviousChineseprogressinscience,technologyandmedicine.(Reading3)9.1)Heregardedtheoriginsoftheseinventionsas“obscure”andhediedwithouteverknowingthatallofthemwereChinese.(Para.B)2)ChauvinisticWesterners,ofcourse,alwaystrytominimizetheindebtednessofEuropetoChinaintheancientandtheMiddleAges,butoftenthecircumstantialevidenceiscompelling.(Para.C)3)InmanycaseswesimplycannotidentifythechannelsthroughwhichknowledgewasconveyedfromEasttoWest.(Para.C)4)Modernsciencewhichdevelopedintheseventeenthcenturywasamathematizationofhypothesesaboutnature,combinedwithexperimentation.(Para.D)5)OnefactorwhichmusthavegreatrelevancehereisthecircumstancethatthefeudalismofEuropeandChinawerefundamentallydifferent.(Para.E)10.ThefeudalismofChinadifferedgreatlyfromthatofEuropeinthatitsbureaucraticorganizationpromotedthegrowthofscienceinancientChinabutinhibiteditsfurtherdevelopmentlateron.ExploringtheTopic4.1)IncreasinglybeingbewitchedbytheadvancedEuropeantechnology,theChinesehaveforgottentheirownachievements.2)Abooklikethatwouldbeabsolutelynon-academic;itwouldneverthelesshaveafar-reachinginfluenceonthegeneralhistoryofthoughtandideas.3)Thelessontobedrawnfromthehistoryofagriculturecanbestillustratetheignoranceoftheegoisticwesterners.4)TheChineseandWesternersareequallysurprisedwhentheyrealizethatmodernagriculture,modernshippingandeventheessentialdesignofthesteamenginealloriginatedfromChina.5)AclearunderstandingamongthenationsandthepeoplesoftheworldwouldbewelcomedtobridgethegapbetweenEastandWest.5.2)Thedeafeningnoise,andtheglareoftheenginefire,wouldhaveabadeffectonnerves.Further,beingmovedthroughtheairatahighspeedwoulddogreatinjurytodelicatelungs.Thesuddenplungingofatrainintothedarknessofatunnel,andtheequallysuddenrushintofulldaylight,wouldcausegreatdamagetotheeyesight.3)Whatwasitthatenabledthemtobecomegreatorsuccessful?Weretheybornwithsomethingspecial?Ordidtheirgreatnesshavemoretodowithtiming,devotionand,perhaps,anuncompromisingpersonality?Theanswerisaneversurrenderattitude.Ifgreatachieversshareanything,itisanunrelentingdrivetosucceed.Thereisatendencytothinkthattheyareendowedwithsomethingsuper-normal.IntegratedExercises2.(1)insight(2)expertise(3)obscure(4)backward(5)undertake(6)ignorant(7)acknowledge(8)essential(9)minimize(10)shatter(11)fading(12)illustration3.ThemembersofawordfamilyChineseequivalentinsightinsightsinsightfuln.洞察力n.领悟adj.有深刻见解的minimizeminimizedminimizingv.使减到最小adj.最小化的adj.极小值的circumstancecircumstantiallycircumstantialn.环境adj.依照情况的、详尽的adv.情依照况地parallelparalleledunparallelledadj.平行的n.平行线adj.并行的adj.配的无法匹hypothesishypotheticalhypotheticallyirrespectiveirrespectivelyrespectivelyn.假设adj.假设的,爱猜想的adv.假想地adj.不考虑的,无关的adv.无关地adv.地各自bureaucratbureaucraticbureaucraticallydazzledazzleddazzlingdazzlinglyn.官僚adj.官僚的adv.官僚主义地v.使目眩