历年考研英语二真题答案解析

2010Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetecctedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemiconjune11,2009.Itisthefirstwotldwideepidemic_1_bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.Theheightenedalert_2_anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathatassembledafterasharppiseincasesinAustralia,andrising_3_inBritain,japan,Chileandelsewhere.Burtheepiemicis“_4_"inseverity.AccordingtoMargaretChan.Theorganization*sdirectorgeneral,_5_theoverwhelmingmajortyofpatientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandfullrecovery.Ofteninthe_6_ofanymedicaltreatment.Theourbreakcametogobal_7_inlafeApri12009.whenMexicanauthoritiesnotedanunusuallylatgenumberofhospitalizationsanddeaths_8_healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityShutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbeganto_9_inNewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUnitedStatesandatoundtheworld.IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade_10_warmerweatherarrived.ButinlateSeptember2009,officialsreportedtherewas_11—fluactivityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyallthe_12_testedarethenewswineflu.Alsoknownas(A)H1N1,notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,Ithas_13_morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmonethan600deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.Federalhealthofficials 14 Tamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileandbegan_15_ordersfromtheatatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromtheannualfluvaccine,is_16_aheadofexpectations.MorethanthreemilliondosesweretobemadeavailableinearlyOctober2009,thoughmostofthose17_doseswereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnot_18_forpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveralother_19_.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-riskgroups;healthcareworkers,people_20_infantsandhealthyyoungpeople.1.[A]criticized[B]appointed[C]commented[D]designated

2.[A]proceeded[B]activated[C]followed[D]prompted3.[A]digits[B]numbers[C]amounts[D]sums4.[A]Moderatre[B]normal[C]unusual[D]extreme5.[A]With[B]in [C]from [D]by6.[A]Progress[B]absence [C]presence[D]favor7.[A]Reality[B]phenomenon[C]cincept[D]notice8.[A]Over[B]for [C]among [D]to9.[A]stayup[B]cropup[C]fillup[D]coverup10.[A]as[B]if [C]unless[D]until11.[A]excessive[B]enormous[C]significant[D]magnificent12.[A]categories[B]examples[C]patterns[D]samples13.[A]imparted[B]immersed[C]injected[D]infected14.[A]released[B]relayed[C]relieved[D]remained15.[A]placing[B]delivering[C]taking [D]giving16.[A]feasible[B]available[C]reliable[D]applicable17.[A]prevalent[B]principal[C]innovative[D]initial18.[A]presented[B]restricted[C]recommended[D]introduced19.[A]problems[B]issues [C]agonies [D]sufferings20.[A]involvedoffin[B]caringfor[C]concernedwith[D]wardingSectionIIReadingcomprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CandD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextlThelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,aBeautifulInsideMyHeadForevern,atSothebyrsinLondononSeptember15th2008(seepicture).Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan£70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.Itwasalasthurrah.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingvertiginouslysince2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm-doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst'ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable,especiallyinNewYork,wherethebail-outofthebankscoincidedwiththelossofthousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemiseofmanyart-buyinginvestors.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector-forChinesecontemporaryart-theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.WithinweekstheworldTstwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby'sandChristie's,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemostseriouscontractioninthemarketsincethesecondworldwar.Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorevolatile.ButEdwardDolman,Christie'schiefexecutive,says:'Tmprettyconfidentwe'reatthebottom.”Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket,whereasintheearly1990s,wheninterestrateswerehigh,therewasnodemandeventhoughmanycollectorswantedtosell.Christie'srevenuesinthefirsthalfof2009werestillhigherthaninthefirsthalfof2006.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs-death,debtanddivorce-stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeepingaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.21.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst*ssalewasreferredtoas“alastvictory“because.A.theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionofvictoryiestheauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestbidsBeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallmasterpiecesitwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialcrisis22.Bysayingspendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Line1-2,Para.3),theauthorsuggeststhat,A.collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketauctionsB,peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalleriesartcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatextentD.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthbuying.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTture?A.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007to2008.Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.Themarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways.Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome..ThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphareA.auctionhouses'favoritesB.contemporarytrendsfactorspromotingartworkcirculationstylesrepresentingimpressionists.ThemostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbeFluctuationofArtPricesUp-to-dateArtAuctionsArtMarketinDeclineShiftedInterestinArtsText2IwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom-awomen，sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningonemanhadbeenparticularlytalkativefrequentlyofferingideasandanecdoteswhilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.TowardtheendoftheeveningIcommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon，ttalktothem.Thismanquicklyconcurred.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid"She'sthetalkerinourfamily.〃Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt."It'strue〃heexplained.“WhenIcomehomefromworkIhavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn，tkeeptheconversationgoingwe'dspendthewholeeveninginsilence.z，ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituationstheyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate’70s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook“DivorceTalk〃thatmostofthewomensheinterviewed-butonlyafewofthemen-gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percentthatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear-avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.Inmyownresearchcomplaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareertoaccompanyahusbandtohisordoingfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaningcookingsocialarrangementsanderrands.Insteadtheyfocusedoncommunication:"Hedoesn，tlistentome""Hedoesn，ttalktome.〃IfoundasHackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobefirstandforemostconversationalpartnersbutfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.Inshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisfacewhileawomanglaresatthebackofitwantingtotalk..Whatismostwives，mainexpectationoftheirhusbands?Talkingtothem.Trustingthem.C.Supportingtheircareers.Shsringhousework.27.Judgingfromthecontext,thephraseuwreakinghavoc”(LinePara.2)mostprobablymeans .Ageneratingmotivation.exertinginfluencecausingdamagecreatingpressure28.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPTmentendtotalkmoreinpublictanwomennearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedconversationwomenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweencouplesafemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherspouse29.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemianideaofthistext?A.Themoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.Marriagebreak_upstemsfromsexinequalities.Husbandandwofehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent.Inthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocusonavividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalkadetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalcartoonotherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheU.S.abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewHackerTxet3overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors-habits-amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likehandwashingwithsoap,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan,tfigureouthowtochangepeople,shabits,"Dr.Curtissaid.uWewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto-Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever-hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumersJlivesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.Ifyoulookhardenough,you*11findthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday-chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins-areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn,tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns,"saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.uCreatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers'lives,andit'sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwithsoap.shouldbefurthercultivatedshouldbechangedgraduallyaredeepiyrootedinhistoryarebasicallyprivateconcernsBottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soastorevealtheirimpactonpeople,habitsshowtheurgentneedofdailynecessities[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople,buyingpower[DjmanifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabitswhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople*shabits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]UnilverFromthetextwekonwthatsomeofconsumerJshabitsaredevelopeddueto [A]perfectedartofproducts[B]automaticbehaviorcreation[C]commercialpromotions[D]scientificexperimentstheauthorsattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople'shabitsis[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresconflictedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedtopersonsofsupposedlysuperiorintelligence,education,andmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofstrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlesstheypersonllyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat[A]bothliterateandilliteratepeoplecanserveonjuries[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublicThepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed[A]theinadequavyofantidiscriminationlaws[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces[C]theconflictingidealsinjuryselectionproceduresEveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause[A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws[B]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagementAftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed. [A]sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeabolished[B]educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurorsjurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirecommunitystatesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejurysystemindiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson[A]itsnatureandproblems[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions[D]itstraditionanddevelopmentPartBDirectionsReadthefollowingtextanddecidewhethereachofthestatementsistrueorfalse.ChooseTifthestatementistrueorFitthestatementisnottrue.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)CopyingBirdsMaySaveAircraftFuelBothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraft.The787and350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversity,ledbyIlanKroo,hassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluseanditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.Since1914,scientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation-aV-shape-expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird*swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtips.aphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddrag,andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,hassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.DrKrooandhisteammodeledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandIasVegasweretoassembleoverUtah,assumeaninvertedV-formationoccasionallychangeplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuel(coupledwithareductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.Thereare,ofcourse,knotstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,oratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellingincompanion?DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveralnauticalmiles,andwouldnotbeintheintimategroupingsfavouredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows,Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheotherplanes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatter,althoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviationOrganisationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines.Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulence,theplanes'wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.DrKroosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsobehardforairlinestoco-ordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraft,incontrast,mightbeeasiertoreschedule,asmightroutinemilitaryflight.Asithappens,Americaysarmedforcesareontheoncasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry?sDefenceAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformationflight,thoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.TherearereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringtheSecondWorldWar,butDrLissamansaystheyareunsubstantiated."MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostoverBerlin,“headds.Soheshouldknow.FindingsoftheStanfordUniversityresearcherswillpromotethesalesofnewBoeingandAirbusaircraft.Theupwashexperiencemaysavepropellingenergyaswellasreducingresistance.Formationflightismorecomfortablebecausepassengerscannotseetheotherplans.Therolethatweatherplaysinformationflighthasnotyetbeenclearlydefined.IthasbeendocumentedthatduringWorldWarII,America,sarmedforcesoncetriedformationflighttosavefuel.SectionIIITranslationDirections:InthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability“hasbecomeapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalwayshavepersonalmeaning.Havingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvaluesmustbeexpressedthougheverydayactionandchoice.Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He'dbeenthoughthedot-comboomandburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagency.Itdidin,tgowell."ItwasareallyhadmovebecausethatJsnotmypassion,“saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales.aIwasmiserable,IhadsomuchanxietythatIwouldwakeupinthemiddleofthenightandstareattheceiling.Ihadnomoneyandneededthejob.Everyonesaid,4Justwait,you'11trunthecorner,giveitsometime.’"SectionIVWritingPartADirections:YouhavejustcomebackfromtheU.S.asamemberofaSino-Americanculturalexchangeprogram.WritealettertoyourAmericancolleaguetoExpressyourthanksforhis/herwarmreception;Welcomehim/hertovisitChinainduecourse.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseaZhangWei”instead.Donotwriteyouraddress.(10points)2011UseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathaslacrosstheWeb.Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3 ?Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation,scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-aavoluntarytrustedidentityvsystemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver'slicense10bythegovernment.GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.12.theapproachwouldcreateaawalledgardenncyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods“andbright“streetlights“toestablishasenseofa13community.Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasaavoluntaryecosystem“inwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns”.Still,theadministration,splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet“drive'slicense”mentality.

Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthevoluntaryecosystem“envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.though3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless4.A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal5.A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over7.A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize10.A.releasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered11.A.carryonB.lingeronC.setinD.login12.A.InvainB.IneffectC.InreturnD.Incontrast13.A.trustedB.modernizedc.thrivingD.competing14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united17.A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18.A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forcedReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextlRuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanage