新概念英语语法表：简单句与并列句复合句

PAGE10新概念英语语法表：简单句与并列句，复合句简单句的五种基本句型句型种类主语谓语部分谓语动词表语宾语宾补S+ViPatarrivedS+Vt+OSheplaysthepianoS+Vt+CTheyare(系动词)heroes.S+Vt+Ino+DoIofferedhimdollarsS+Vt+O+OcAnnmademecry句子成分详解一览表句子成分意义充当词类例句主语TheSubject表示句子说的是什么人，或什么事名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、短语或句子等。1.WestudyinNo.7MiddleSchool.2.Jimisaneducatedchild.谓语Thepredicate说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样由动词或动词词组充当1.Iexpectyoutotakeme.2.Lucyisdancingunderthetree.3.Herparentshatetellinglies.宾语Theobject表示动作、行为的对象同主语的充当词类1.BothofthegirlslikeSpanish.2.Didshecallmejustnow?表语Thepredicative与系动词连用，一起构成谓语、说明主语的性质特征同主语的充当词类1.Hermotherisachemist.2.Thetwostateswereatwarthen.3.Whathesaidsoundsreasonable.定语Theattribute用来修饰名词或代词形、代、数、名、副、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语1.Theblacksweaterismine.2.Whatishisfather'sname？3.Wehaveninelessonseveryday.状语Theadverbial修饰动词、形容词、副词，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语来表示1.Theminersworkveryhard.2.SheoftenhelpsMike.3.TheyheldapartyinHollywood.宾语补足语Theobjectcomplement宾语的补足语，逻辑上与宾语是“主谓”关系一般由形容词、名词、介词短语等充当1.TheynamedthebabyLily.2.Shealwayskeepsthehousecleaneveryday.句子分类一览表分类说明例句按结构分类简单句Thesimplesentence由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。即：一套主谓关系Shegoestoworkeveryday.TomandIfoundherthere.Weallbreathe,eatandwork.并列句Thecompoundsentence由并列连词（如：and,so,but,or等）把两个或以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子Ioftenhelpherandshehelpsme,too.Harrylikeseggs,buthedoesn'tlikechicken.复合句Thecomplexsentence由一个主句和一个或以上的从句构成的句子Ibelieveyouareright.Ifhestudiesharder,hewillpasstheexam.按用途分类陈述句Thedeclarativessentence用来说明一个事实或陈述说话人的看法。They'repractisingEnglish.Motherdoesn'tlikedogs.祈使句Theimperativesentence用来表示请求、命令等。谓语动词用原形。有肯定、否定两种形式。Keepquiet,please.Don'treadinthesun.Let'sbefriends.感叹句Theexclamatorysentence用来表达强烈的感情Whatahotdayitis!HowfastLiuXiangruns!一般疑问句Thegeneralqusetion用yes和no来回答的句子，通常把助动词be,have或情态动词放在主语前Issheastudent？Canyouplaythepiano?Dotheylikebasketball?特殊疑问句Thespecialquestion用疑问词开头的疑问句，不能用yes和no回答。Whoisondutytoday?Howdidhegetthenews?Wheredoeshelive?选择疑问句Thealternativequestion提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择，两部分用or连接，其结构是：“一般疑问句+or+要选择部分？”Issheplayingorworking?Whichwouldyoulike,teaorcoffee?反意疑问句Thedisjunctivequestion在陈述句后附上一个简短问句，表示说话者对所叙述的事实虽然有一定的见解，但没有把握，提出相反的疑问，希望得到对方证实。其结构是：“前肯后否，前否后肯”Workisabagpartofyourlife,isn'tit?Youdon'twanttostayhere,doyou?Don'tbesonoisy,willyou?感叹句（Exclamatorysentence）与祈使句（Imperativesentence）类别结构例句备注以What引导What+a/an+adj.+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！Whatasillyquestionheasked!Whataninterestingstory(itis)!在口语中，后面的主语，谓语可以省略。What感叹句的中心词是名词，但名词前可以加形容词等来修饰。How“adj+a/an+单数名词”，但不能接“Adj+复数或不可数名词”What+(adj)+复数名词+主语+谓语！Whatlovelygirlstheyare!Whatbeautifulflowerstheyare!Whatfoolsyouare!What+adj.+不可数名词（+主语+谓语）！Whatfineweather(itis)today!Whatgoodadviceshegave!How引导How+adv./adj.+主语+谓语！1.Howcoolitwasyesterday!2.Howhardthestudentsstudy!其他形式有时陈述句、一般疑问句、单词或短语也可以用作感叹句Sheissuchanicegirl!Isn'tthestoryinteresting!Wonderful!Help!Lovelyday,isn'tit!注意感叹句有时可以用How和What来转换，但这只能适合于单数可数名词的情况。fun,advice,information,news,weather等不可数名词或复数名词前，即使其前有形容词来修饰，也不能加a/an.感叹句的结构与特点祈使句结构简表及用法常见形式例句肯定形式Vi（+副词）Stop!Sitdown!Getaway!Comehere,everyone!Vt+宾语stoptalking!Giveittoyoursister!Be+adj.Becareful!Bereasonable,Mary.Itwasn'tmyfault.Besuretoturnoffthelight!否定形式（Don't/Never+V）Don'ttakeitaway!Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatcanbedonetoday!Let结构Letmetry!Lethimnotwastetime!Let'sbefrankwitheachother!有主语结构（以示强调）（You+V）Youcleantheblackboard!John,youbequiet!加强语气结构（do/does/did+V.）Docome,please!2.Dobebrave!Tomdidtellmethenews!无动词祈使句Silence!2.Nosmoking!3.Noentry!注意：祈使句与and或or等连用，可以表示条件。如：Workhard,andyou'llsucceed.Don'tmove,orI'llfire!反意疑问句（Tagquestions）1.附加问句的肯定与否定陈述部分附加疑问部分例句hardly,few,little,no,not,never,nobody,nothing,seldom,nowhere等否定词或半否定词肯定式Nobodycameherewhileiwasout,didthey?There'slittlericeathome,isthere?Davecanhardlycook,canhe?noone,nobody,one,nothing,neither等作宾语多用肯定式也可用否定形式peterhasnothingtosay,does(n't)he?Yougotnothingfromher,did(n't)you?含有un-,in-,im-,dis-,--less等否定前、后缀构成的派生词否定形式That'sunfair,isn'tit?Theboyishopeless,isn'the?Shedislikespets,doesn'tshe?一些特殊句式的附加疑问句陈述部分句式附加问句部分例句Iam...aren'tII'myourfriend,aren'tI?Iwish...mayIIwishtohavealook,mayI?Let's(表建议，包括说着)shallwe(shan'twe)Let'ssinganEnglishsong,shallwe?Letus（表允许，不包括说话者）willyou(won'tyou)Letusmakeitbyourselves,willyou?Letme/him/themwillyouLetmedoitagain,willyou?Lethimjoinus,willyou?表示邀请、请求的祈使句will/won'tyouComeherethisevening,willyou?YouwillspeakEnglish,won'tyou?否定的祈使句（表示请求）will/can'tyouDon'tmakeanoise,will/canyou?感叹句用一般现在时be的形式Whatfineweather,isn'tit?并列句与邻近的分句一致Maryisanicegirl,butshedoesn'tlikeEnglish,doesshe?主从复合句多与主句的主、谓语一致Jimwouldn'tgoifitrained,wouldhe?Idon'tthink/believe/guess...+宾语从句与从句的主，谓语一致，且用肯定形式Idon'tthinkthisstoryisfunny,isit?Idon'tbelieveheknowsit,doeshe?So...,or...,oh...前后两部分一致（前否后也否）HeisMichaelJordan,orishe?附加部分与陈述部分主语不一致的情况陈述部分主语附加部分主语例句this,that,anything,something,nothing,everything，不定式，动名词（短语），从句itThis/Thatisyoursister,isn'tit?Everythingseemsallright,doesn'tit?Nothingisserious,isit?TolearnJapaneseisn'teasy,isit?Whatshesaidwastrue,wasn'tit?some（none）of...it/theySomeoftheboyshaveleft,haven'tthey?Noneofthefoodwasdelicious,wasit?these/thosetheyThese/Thosearenotparrots,arethey?anybody,someone,everyone,either,nobody,eachof...noone,one,neitherhe/theyEveryoneknowsthis,don'tthey/doesn'the?Eachofboyshadanapple,didn'the/they?Nobodysawhim,didthey?Noonecalledmejustnow,didthey?复数代词oneone/heOnecan'talwaysbeyoung,canone/he?the+形容词以及由both...and,either...or,neither...nor,and,notonly...butalso...,or等连接的主语复数代词Thepoorhadnorighttovotethen,didthey?BothRoseandMaryleft,didn'tthey?NeitheryouorIamwrong,arewe?附加问句部分与陈述部分谓语不一致的情况陈述部分谓语附加部分谓语例句have不作“有”讲do(does/did)Theyallhadagoodtime,didn'tthey?Wehavetosaygoodbye,don'twe?need/dare做实义动词doheneedsalotofmoney,doesn'the?I'veneverdaredtoaskher,haveI?must(必须)needn't(不必)Wemustfinishittoday,needn'twe?can't(不可能)表示推测根据can't后的动词选用相应的形式Thepersoncan'tbeaninspector,ishe?Theycan'thavefinisheditnow,havethey?must+be对现在情况进行推测作一般现在时或现在进行时处理Annlookspale.Shemustbeill,isn'tshe?Theboysmustbeplayingfootballontheplaygroundnow,aren'tthey?must+完成时表示对过去情况的推测作一般过去时的附加疑问句处理Theinterviewersmusthavecomeyesterday,didn'tthey?Hemusthavebeentherethen,wasn'the?must+完成时用来推测过去的动作持续到现在按现在完成时的附加疑问句处理Hiscousinmusthavelivedhereatleasttenyears,hasn'the?usedto+d动词原形didn't/usedn't+主语Heusedtoliveinthetown,usedn't/didn'the?语法讲义二、状语从句状语从句在句中起状语的作用，修饰主句的谓语动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由从属连词引导，与主句相接。状语从句放在句首时，常在其后加上逗号，若放在句末时，其前一般不用逗号。种类连接词例句注意事项时间状语从句When/bythetime/wherever;once,every/eachtime;assoonas=hardly/scarely...when=nosooner...than;themoment/minute=immediately/instantly;while/as;after;since;until/tillOncehahasmadeuphismind,nothingcanchangeit.Whileweareyoung,weshouldworkhard.I'mgoingtotalkwithyouassoonasIfinishmywork.Hedidn'tgotobedlastnightuntilhefinishedhiswork.Asshegrewolder,shebegantogodeaf.主“将”从“现”。when强调“特定时间”，while表示的是时间段，有时还有对比的含义，as用于口语，强调“同时”。地点状语where;whereverpleasestaywhereyouare.ImaygowhereverIlike.原因状语because;as/for;since/nowthatseeingthat/asconsidering(that)Sincenooneelseisagainstit,we'llpassthelaw.Assheisnotwelltoday,I'llgomyself.Seeingaswe'regoingthesameway,I'llgiveyoualift.because引导的从句一般在主句之后，且主句不可再用连词so;because语气最强，since较弱，as次之，for最弱。比较状语从句thanasasnotas/so...asItiswarmerinspringthan(itis)inwinter.Igetupasearlyasmyparentsdoeverymorning.Heisn'tastallasBill.LiuXiangrunsmuchfasterthanIdo.as和than引导从句，常省去与主句中相同部分，留下相比较的部分；常用替代动词do等形式代替与主句相同的谓语部分。目的状语sothat=inorderthatforfearthatthat(以便)incaseIgotupearlysothatIcouldcatchthefirstbustoMacao.Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold.表示目的的sothat=inorderthat,后常接may或should,could,would等。结果状语sothatsuchthatIwassoexcitedthatIcouldn'tgotosleep.Shespokeinsuchalowvoicethatwecouldn'thearheratall.注意so和such后的搭配词so+adj./adv...such+(adj.)+n..条件状语if;unless;as/solongasonconditionthat;supposethat;incaseHe'lltalkwithmeifhehastimetomorrow.Youwillfailintheexamunlessyouworkharder.Stayaslongasyoulike.Sendmeamessageincaseyouhaveanydifficulty.从句中的动词时态不可用将来时，只能用现在或过去时来表示将来时方式状语asif=asthoughasWeheardanoise,asifsomeonewerebreathing.Itlooksasthoughitisgoingtorainthismorning.Shewilldoassheistold.asif/asthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气让步状语(al)though;evenif/though;nomatterwhat/who/which/how...NativeEnglishspeakerscanunderstandeachothereveniftheydon'tspeakthesame.Theykeptonworking,thoughitwasraining.Nomatterhowdifficult(itmaybe),wemustgoon.Young/Childasheis,heknowsalot.as作“尽管”，用于让步状语从句时，需用部分倒装结构，而although/though则用正常语序。两者可和yet连用，但不可与but连用语法讲义三、宾语从句直接引语与间接引语类型直接引语改变方法间接引语陈述句"Ilikesports."Jimsaid.Hesaidtome,"Mysisterhasbeenhere."用连词that引导。从句中的人称、时态、时间、地点状语及指示代词等要作相应变化。Jimsaidthathelikedsports.Hetoldmethathissisterhadbeenthere.一般疑问句Hesaidtome,"Areyououtofwork?"Shesaid,"DidyouseeBoblastnight？"用连词if或whether引导，主句中谓语动词是said时，改为asked,如无间接宾语，可加一个（me,him,us等）。语序要用陈述句语序，句末用句号。heaskedwhether/ifIwasoutofwork.SheaskedmeifIhadseenBobthenightbefore.特殊疑问句“Whichdoyouwant?”heaskedme."Whohastakenmyrecord?"Tomasked.用原来问句中的疑问词引导，注意从句需用陈述语序，句末用点号。Heaskedmewhichwanted.Tomaskedwhohadtakenhisrecord.祈使句Shesaidtous，"Pleasecomein."Theteachersaid,"Don'tmakeanoise,boys."将原句中的动词原形变为不定式，并在前面加上tell,ask,order等动词，其句型是tell(ask,order)sb.todosth.如果祈使句是否定式，则在不定式前面加上not.1.sheaskedustocomein.2.Theteachertoldtheboysnottomakeanoise.直接引语变间接引语的一般规律变项分类直接引语要变项间接引语主句中的谓语动词时态一般现在时一般过去时现在完成时现在进行时一般将来时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去进行时过去将来时过去完成时情态动词can/mayshall/willmustcould/mightshould/wouldhadto(must)指示代词this/thesethat/those地点状语herethere方向性动词come/bringgo/take时间状语nowtodaytonighttomorrowyesterdaylastnight(week)nextweek/monthagothedaybeforeyesterdaythedayaftertomorrowthenthatdaythatnightthenext(following)daythedaybeforethenight(week)beforethenextweek/monthbeforetwodaysbeforeintwoday'stime直接引语变间接引语不变的情况不变项说明直接引语间接引语时态所转述的是科学真理，格言等已有表示明确或具体过去的时间状语Hesaid,"Practicemakesperfect."Nicksaid,"IwasborninMay1978."Hesaidthatpracticemakesperfect.NicksaidthathewasborninMay,1978.时间地点状语如转述发生在当地，当时的事，come，heretoday,thismorning，tomorrow等不必变。Shesaid,"I'llcomeherethisevening."Shesaidthatshewouldcomeherethisevening.语法讲义四、定语从句在复合句中，用一个由主谓结构的陈述句修饰某一个名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；引导从句的词叫关系词。（放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用；充当从句的某个成分；重复先行词的意义，故其数与先行词一致）关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语TheboywhohelpedusiscalledNick.Doyoulikethekidwhoiscrying?Whom及that，which在从句中作宾语时，在口语和非正式文体中常可省，但介词提前时，that不能用，whom,which不可省。whose=ofwhom指人；whose=ofwhich指物whom人宾语ThegirlwhomImetlookslikeLily.Iknowtheactortowhomyoujusttalked.that人，物主语，宾语Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Iamnotthefoolthatyouthoughtmetobe.which物主语，宾语ThisisabookwhichdescribesCanada.Thepen(which)youlentmeismissing.whose人，物定语Theroomwhosewindowisredismine.Thisisthescientistwhosenameisknownallovertheworld.关系副词when时间状语Don'tforgetthetimewhenwemether.IthappenedonthedaywhenIwasout.When可用in/onwhich代替where地点Thisistheplacewhere(=at/inwhich)welivedlastyear.Irecentlywenttothetownwhere(=inwhich)Iwasborn.where可用in、atwhich代替why原因Thereasonwhy(=forwhich)hedidn'tcomewasthathemissedhistrain.why可用forwhich代替由介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词之前如果带介词，可能出于以下三种情况之一：1.由于先行词的要求；2.由于从句某个关键词的搭配；出于语意表达的需要。类别语法意义及特征例句介词位于关系词前关系词which,whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，有时可将介词前置放在它们前面Mr.Liisthepersonfromwhomyoushouldlearn.Hebuiltatelescopethroughwhichhecouldstudythesky.Knowledgeisthewingswithwhichweflytotheheavens.介词位于从句有关动词之后关系词如果是作“动词+介词”固定词组的宾语，这个介词一般不拆开，仍放在动词的后面。Thebaby(whom/who/that)thenurselooksafterishealthy.Isthisthenecklace(which/that)youarelookingfor?限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句用法的区别类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对先行词起限定作用，是先行词不可或缺的定语，如去掉，主句的意思就会不完整，不明确或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不用逗号分开。IhavefoundthekeythatIlostlastweek.IthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.Theperson(whom)youtalkedtohasc