TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型课件

TOEFL

阅读理解之十大题型TOEFL

阅读理解之十大题型TOEFL阅读十大题型之再分类1.改写题（Paraphrasing）FactualInformationquestions(3-6questionsperset)NegativeFactualInformationquestions(0-2questionsperset)SentenceSimplificationquestions(0-1questionsperset)2.语篇纽带题（TextConnectors)Referencequestions(0-2questionsperset)InsertTextquestion(0-1questionsperset)3.推论题Inferencequestions(0-2questionsperset)RhetoricalPurposequestions(0-2questionsperset)4.篇章结构题（TextStructure）ProseSummaryFillinTable5.词汇题TOEFL阅读十大题型之再分类1.改写题（Paraphra1.改写题（Paraphrasing）FactualInformationquestionsNegativeFactualInformationquestionsSentenceSimplificationquestions1.改写题（Paraphrasing）FactualI①FactualInformationquestions

这类问题实际考察的是对英文句子进行改写（paraphrasing）的能力。原句与正确选项之间一般存在三种关系：原文引用；同义替换（同义词/反义词/结构转换）；对原句内容的提炼与概括。关键词定位法①FactualInformationquestion先看两个例子：Asameteorologicalterm,“eye”describeacircularregionatthecenterofaseverewindstorm.

Asameteorologicalconcept,“eye”referstoaroundareainthemiddleofanextremewinddisturbance.该例使用了同义词进行同意转述。Becausethisareaissosmallandirregular,itisdifficulttoobserve.

Peoplehavedifficultyobservingthissmallandirregulararea.该例使用了结构转换进行同意转述。先看两个例子：OG：P42-7：Manyincompleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimeinanarchaeocyte,acompletehindlegthatfeaturesafootwiththreetinytoes.Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoosmalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland.ThehindlegofBasilosauruswasasignificantfindbecauseitshowedthatBasilosaurusA.livedlaterthanAmbulocetusnatansB.livedatthesametimeasPakicetusC.wasabletoswimwellD.couldnothavewalkedonlandOG：P42-7：ManyincompleteskeleItshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans——whales,porpoises,anddolphins——aremammals.Theybreathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthe

presenceofaflukeandblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithland-dwellingmammals.Inparagraph1,whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthepresenceofablowholeincetaceans?○Itclearlyindicatesthatcetaceansaremammals.○Itcannotconcealthefactthatcetaceansaremammals.○Itisthemaindifferencebetweencetaceansandland-dwellingmammals.○Itcannotyieldcluesabouttheoriginsofcetaceans.Itshouldbeobviousthatceta再看一个例子：1790sawthenationenteringaneweraofroaddevelopment.Unabletofinanceroadconstruction,statesturnedforhelptoprivatecompanies,organizedbymerchantsandlandspeculatorswhohadapersonalinterestinbettercommunicationswiththeinterior.Accordingtothepassage,whydidstatesneedprivatecompanies’helpinroadbuilding?A.ThestateswereunabletobuildroadsthemselvesfinanciallyB.PrivatecompaniescouldspendlesstimecompletingroadsC.ThestatesdidnothaveasmuchequipmentasprivatecompaniesD.Privatecompanieshadmoreknowledgeoftheinterior再看一个例子：1790sawthenationent②SentenceSimplificationquestions句子简化题与细节题在本质上类似，都是对原句的改写句子简化题应注意两点：文间逻辑关系一致；核心信息点一致问题形式：Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.②SentenceSimplificationques四大“显性”/“隐性”逻辑关系因果/比较/最高级/否定否定逻辑关系明显否定关系:no,not,none,never,neither,deny隐含否定关系:failto,absentfrom,lack,lackof,refuse,few,little,否定词缀less.四大“显性”/“隐性”逻辑关系因果逻辑关系明显因果关系:because,becauseof,since,for,as,dueto,owingto,inthat,so,sothat,asaresult,therefore,thereby,hence,consequently,accordingly.因果逻辑关系隐含因果关系:a.表示导致含义:leadto,cause,result,resultin,giveriseto,render,produce,make,使役动词,support,support,stimulate,spur,spark,fuel,motivate,prompt.b.由……而来:comefrom,resultfrom,originate,derivefrom,initiatefrom,stemfrom,beattibutableto,beresponsiveto.c.反映,体现:reflect,present,suggest,show,imply,demonstrate.d.考虑到…,依赖…:give,considering,onaccountof,inviewof,thanksto,accordingto,relyon,dependon,resortto.e.条件关系:if,when,while,as,assoonas,aslongas,虚拟条件句.f.分词短语\不定式\独立主格作状语隐含因果关系:比较的逻辑关系明显比较关系:as…as/more…than/less…than隐含比较关系:a.“变化”:change,vary,alter,modify,revise,increase,decrease,crect,destroy,develop,improve,progress,advance,grow,degenerate,continue,remain,stay,stableb.“差异”:same,different.c.“超越”:surpass,exceed,transcend,excel.比较的逻辑关系最高级/绝对化明显最高级/绝对化关系:-est/比较级隐含最高级/绝对化关系:a.自身含有最高级含义:maximum,minimum,outstanding,extreme.b.否定加比较:nothingcanbetterthanthatc.程度较深的词:surprisingly,amazingly,prohibitively(修饰价格的high)最高级/绝对化PassageExcerpt:“…Sincethelawsofphysics,notsomearbitrarydecision,havedeterminedthegeneralfromofapplied-artobjects,theyfollowbasicpatterns,somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits.…”○Functionalapplied-artobjectscannotvarymuchfromthebasicpatternsdeterminedbythelawsofphysics.○Thefunctionofapplied-artobjectsisdeterminedbybasicpatternsinthelawsofphysics.○Sincefunctionalapplied-artobjectsvaryonlywithincertainlimits,arbitrarydecisionscannothavedeterminedtheirgeneralform.○Thegeneralformofapplied-artobjectsislimitedbysomearbitrarydecisionthatisnotdeterminedbythelawsofphysics.TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型课件E.G.Withmillionsofpeoplevisitingtheserefugesandseeingthebirdsintheirnaturallocales,attitudeshavechangedsignificantly.A.Manypeoplehavechangedthewaytheythinkaboutbirdsasaresultofvisitingbirdrefuges.B.Birdshavebecomeaccustomedtohavingmillionsofpeoplecometotheirnaturallocales.C.Birdshavechangedthewaytheylivebecauseofthemillionsofpeoplewhocometoseethem.D.Millionsofpeoplenowwanttoobservebirdslivinginhabitatsthatarenaturalandsafe.E.G.WithmillionsofpeoplevHerefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology,reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors,thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine---aprojector---fromhiminsteadofseveral.A.Edisonwasmoreinterestedindevelopingavarietyofmachinesthanindevelopingatechnologybasedononlyone.B.Edisonrefusedtoworkonprojectiontechnologybecausehedidnotthinkexhibitorswouldreplacetheirprojectorswithnewermachines.C.Edisondidnotwanttodevelopprojectiontechnologybecauseitlimitedthenumberofmachineshecouldsell.D.Edisonwouldnotdevelopprojectiontechnologyunlessexhibitorsagreedtopurchasemorethanoneprojectorfromhim.HerefusedtodevelopprojectiAllofthesefactorsledtoawarbetweentheNorthandSouthwhichwouldbethebloodiestinthenation’shistory.(A)Therearemanyreasonsforthewarinwhichmorepeoplediedthananyotherwar.(B)Duringthewar,therearemorecasualtiesinthesouthandnorththanintheeastandwest.(C)Theonlyonereasoncontributedtothewarwhichistheworstintheworldhistory.(D)Manypeoplediedbecauseoflackofbloodtransfusionwhichledtoawar.Allofthesefactorsledtoa③NegativeFactualInformationquestions

排除列举题可利用题干的关键词在原文定位，再利用选项中的关键词在原文定位，把原文没有提及的选项排除请注意解题顺序：先看题干，接着看选项，最后定位原文优先利用文章结构框架图进行判断排除充分利用已作题目进行判断排除③NegativeFactualInformationPassageExcerpt:“Thefirstgenerationtoexperiencethesechangesdidnotadoptthenewattitudeseasily.Thefactoryclockbecamethesymbolofthenewworkrules.Onemillworkerwhofinallyquitcomplainedrevealinglyabout“obediencetotheding-dongofthebell——justasthoughwearesomanylivingmachines.Withthelossofpersonalfreedomalsocamethelossofstandinginthecommunity.Unlikeartisanworkshopsinwhichapprenticesworkedcloselywiththemasterssupervisingthem,factoriessharplyseparatedworkersfrommanagement.Fewworkersrosethroughtherankstosupervisorypositions,andevenfewercouldachievetheartisan’sdreamofsettingupone’sownbusiness.Evenwell-paidworkerssensedtheirdeclineinstatus.”AllofthefollowingarementionedintheparagraphaboveasconsequencesofthenewsystemforworkersEXCEPTalossof○freedom○statusinthecommunity○opportunitiesforadvancement○contactamongworkerswhowerenotmanagersPassageExcerpt:“ThefirstgeWhatconstitutesbarriersdependsonthespeciesanditsmethodofdispersal.Somearephysicalbarriers.Forlandanimals,bodiesofwater,chainsofmountainsordesertsareeffective.Forexample,theAmericanbisonspreadthroughouttheopengrasslandsofNorthAmerica,butinthesouthernpartofthecontinenttherearedeserts,sothebisoncouldnotspreadthere.Foraquaticcreatures,strongcurrents,differencesinsalinity,orlandareasmayserveasbarriers.AllofthefollowingconstitutesbarriersforaquaticcreaturesEXCEPTA.landareasB.differencesinsalinityC.desertsD.strongcurrentsWhatconstitutesbarriersdepe2.指代题ReferencequestionsInsertTextquestion2.指代题Referencequestions①Referencequestions瞻前顾后，寻找代词的照应关系；代词指代的数与格应保持一致；还应注意托福考试中代词指代的第二个代词考察现象。代词的照应（人称代词和指示代词的照应；前位照应与后位照应；）复合句和并列句中的代词照应；定语从句中的代词照应①Referencequestions瞻前顾后，寻找代词的PassageExcerpt:“…Thedistribution,ifnotthesale,ofnewspaperswasassistedbytheestablishmentofapostalservicein1710,whichhadanetworkofsome65officesby1770,servingall13colonies…”Thewordwhichinthepassagerefersto○distribution○sale○newspaper○postalservicePassageExcerpt:“…ThedistrPassageExcerpt:“…TheFreudianperspective,inasense,seesusas“steamengines”.Byholdinginratherthanventing“steam”,wesetstageforfutureexplosion.Pent-upaggressiveimpulsesdemandoutlets.Theymaybeexpressedtowardparentsinindirectwayssuchasdestroyingfurniture,ortheymaybeexpressedtowardstrangerslaterinlife.Thewordtheyinthepassagerefersto○futureexplosions○pent-upaggressiveimpulses○outlets○indirectwaysPassageExcerpt:“…TheFreudi②InsertTextquestion三个语篇纽带与InsertTextquestion有内在的联系，也就是我们从语篇纽带的角度来解析InsertTextquestion，在插入句前后寻找上下文联系的纽带，这些纽带可以是逻辑的、语法的亦或是词汇的。②InsertTextquestion三个语篇纽带与InPassageExcerpt:“Scholarsofferthreerelatedbutdifferentopinionsaboutthispuzzle.■Oneopinionisthatthepaintingswerearecordoftheseasonalmigrationsmadebyherds.■Becausesomepaintingsweremadedirectlyoverothers,obliteratingthem,itisprobablethatapainting’svalueendedwiththemigrationitpictured.■Unfortunately,thisexplanationfailstoexplainthehiddenlocations,unlessthemigrationswerecelebratedwithsecretceremonies.■”Lookatthefoursquares■thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Allthreeofthemhavestrengthsandweaknesses,butnoneadequatelyanswersallofthequestionsthepaintingspresent.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?PassageExcerpt:“ScholarsofTheproductistheendoculticle,ameshofmoleculesthatmakesupthelowestlayeroftheshell.Theendoculticleisnotdurableenoughfordailywearandtear.■Overtime,however,itsmoleculescontinuetobondtogether.■Astheendocuticleispushedupwardbytheformationofnewsheetsbytheepidermis,itbecomesthemiddleshelllayercalledtheexocuticle.■Withitsmoleculeslockedsotightly,theexocuticleisverytough.■Therearepointsonthebodywhereitdoesnotform,sinceflexibilityisneededaroundjoints.Thisarrangementallowssupplemovementbutprovidesarmor-likeprotection.Lookatthefoursquares■thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Whilethisprocesspersists,theendocuticleisgradullyshifted.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型课件3.推论题InferencequestionsRhetoricalPurposequestions3.推论题①Inferencequestions推论题要求读出文章的言外之意，这类题目的答案不会出现在原文的句子之中，而是要通过对上下文逻辑关系的把握来进行逻辑的推断。常见推断方法有（辩证思维方法）：①对比推理(你有我无型）②历史的维度进行推论；③由一般→具体或由具体→一般的逻辑维度。①Inferencequestions推论题要求读出文章的E.G.However,unlikethecaseofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutearlyseaotters?A.Itisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlike.B.Thereweregreatnumbersofthem.C.Theylivedintheseaonly.D.Theydidnotleavemanyfossilremains.TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型课件PassageExcerpt:“Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumberofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.Oncethesoilhasbeenremovedbyerosion,onlythepassageofcenturiesormillenniawillenablenewsoiltoform.Inareaswhereconsiderablesoilstillremains,though,arigorouslyenforcedprogramoflandprotectionandcover-cropplantingmaytakeitpossibletoreversethepresentdeteriorationofthesurface.○Governmentswillactquicklytocontrolfurtherdesertification.○Thefactorsinfluencingdesertificationoccurincyclesandwillchangeinthefuture.○Desertificationwillcontinuetoincrease.○Desertificationwillsoonoccurinallareasoftheworld.PassageExcerpt:“TheextremesE.G.FundamentaltoanyappreciationofCanadainthe20yearsafterWorldWarIIisthecountry’sdramaticpopulationgrowth……ItseemedthatCanadawasoncemorealigningwiththetendencytowardsmallerfamiliesthathadmanifesteditselfallthroughtheWesternworldsincetheIndustrialRevolution.WecaninferfromthepassagethatbeforetheIndustrialRevolutionA.familieshadmoremembersB.theeconomicsituationwaspessimisticC.populationstaticswerehardlycredibleD.thepopulationchangedverylittle.E.G.Fundamentaltoanyapprec②RhetoricalPurposequestions

所谓修辞目的就是作者的写作目的，对于这类题目我们不但要理顺上下文的逻辑关系，还要从语用学的角度出发，瞻前顾后，探讨句子在上下文中的语言功能。在这类题目中上下文的逻辑关系和语言功能一般体现为：下定义、举例子、解释、对比、反驳、批评等。推论题和修辞目的题有个共同点就是我们需要仔细把握上下文的逻辑关系，要理解体会上下文的言外之意。②RhetoricalPurposequestionsPassageExcerpt:“….Sculpturesmust,forexample,bestable,whichrequiresanunderstandingofthepropertiesofmass,weightdistribution,andstress.Paintingsmusthaverigidstretcherssothatthecanvaswillbetaut,andthepaintmustnotdeteriorate,crack,ordiscolor.Theseareproblemsthatmustbeovercomebytheartistbecausetheytendtointrudeuponhisorherconceptionofthework.Forexample,intheearlyItalianRenaissance,bronzestatuesofhorseswitharaisedforelegusuallyhadacannonballunderthathoof.Thiswasdonebecausethecannonballwasneededtosupporttheweightoftheleg…”WhydoestheauthordiscussthebronzestatuesofhorsescreatedbyartistsintheearlyItalianRenaissance?○Toprovideanexampleofaproblemrelatedtothelawsofphysicsthatafineartistmustovercome○Toarguethatfineartistsareunconcernedwiththelawsofphysics○Tocontrasttherelativesophisticationofmodernartistsinsolvingproblemrelatedtothelawsofphysics○TonoteanexceptionalpieceofartconstructedwithouttheaidoftechnologyPassageExcerpt:“….SculptureOneofthemostmystifyingcharacteristicsofthepaintingsistheirlocation.Otherrockpaintings——forexample,thoseofBushmeninSouthAfrica——areeithersituatednearcaveentrancesorentirelyintheopen.CavepaintingsinFranceandSpain,however,areinrecessesandcavernsfarawayfromoriginalcaveentrances.TheauthordiscussesBushmeninSouthAfricaintheparagraphtoA.suggestthatearlyartistsworkedinnarrowspacesinsteadofwideonesB.contrastthelocationoftheirrockdrawingstothosediscoveredatLascauxC.provideanexampleofotherartistswhopaintedinsecretlocationsD.implythatancientartistsfromallovertheworldpaintedanimalsonrocksOneofthemostmystifyingcha4.篇章总结题ProseSummaryFillinTable4.篇章总结题ProseSummary①ProseSummary这类题型考查对文章主要观点及相对重要信息的理解和辨别能力形成文章的一个整体结构框架，把握文章的主要观点和其他重要信息文章总结题会出6个选项，要求选出3个最能概括文章内容的选项。①ProseSummary这类题型考查对文章主要观点及相对②FillinTable表格题考查考生将文中主要观点和其他重要信息抽象出来并填入表格正确位置的能力形成一个文章的整体结构框架，记清文章主要观点和其他重要信息表格题常见文章结构：对照——对比；问题——解决方法；原因——结果；表格题会有2或3栏/行表格，包括5或7个备选答案②FillinTable表格题考查考生将文中主要观点和其TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型课件TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型课件TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型课件TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型课件TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型课件5.词汇题词汇类问题要求考生确定文中个别单词或短语的具体意思一个单词可能有多个意思，但在阅读文章中只有一个意思与原文相符，需带入原文验证重视已考词汇题；重视核心词根和前缀；利用上下文的逻辑关系进行猜测5.词汇题词汇类问题要求考生确定文中个别单词或短语的具体意①带入验证E.G.Thesesurvivedasthebasiccomponentsofflagdesignwhensmallregionalkingdomswerelater“combined”intolargernationstates.TheyremainsuchformanyEuropeancountriestoday.Theword“components”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.statesB.stylesC.partsD.markers①带入验证E.G.Thesesurvivedasth②利用词根和前缀猜测词义E.G.EasterIslandisanisolatedislandinthePacificbetweenChileandTahiti.Theislandisroughlytriangularandcoversonly64squaremiles(165squarekilometers).Becauseofitsimmensestatues,EasterIslandhaslongbeenthesubjectofcuriosity.Theword“immense”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.ancientB.enormousC.ruinedD.peculiar②利用词根和前缀猜测词义E.G.EasterIslandE.G.Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.Thelargehindlegswereusedforpropulsioninwater.Theword“propulsion”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.stayingafloatB.changingdirectionC.decreasingweightD.movingforwardE.G.Thestructureoftheback③根据上下文逻辑关系猜测词义同义词组的上下文逻辑关系一般可分为：定义同位语And/or/but结构例子定语从句③根据上下文逻辑关系猜测词义同义词组的上下文逻辑关系一般可分E.G.Carsonarguedthattheregulationgoverninguseofthesechemicalswereinadequate,thoughherpositionswerenotastheyaresometimesnowrepresented.Shedidnotsupportthecompletebanningofpesticide.Rather,shewasopposedto“indiscriminate”use,i.e.usewithoutanyconsiderationforcautionandmoderation.Theword“indiscriminate”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.inefficientB.sponsoredC.uncontrolledD.irrationalE.G.CarsonarguedthatthereE.G.Inspiteofitssimplicity,thenationalflagasweknowittodayisinnowayaprimitiveartifact.Itis,rather,theresultofmillenniaofdevelopmentinmanycornersoftheglobe.Theword“primitive”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.classicalB.ancientC.unsophisticatedD.identifiableE.G.InspiteofitssimplicitTOEFL

阅读理解之十大题型TOEFL

阅读理解之十大题型TOEFL阅读十大题型之再分类1.改写题（Paraphrasing）FactualInformationquestions(3-6questionsperset)NegativeFactualInformationquestions(0-2questionsperset)SentenceSimplificationquestions(0-1questionsperset)2.语篇纽带题（TextConnectors)Referencequestions(0-2questionsperset)InsertTextquestion(0-1questionsperset)3.推论题Inferencequestions(0-2questionsperset)RhetoricalPurposequestions(0-2questionsperset)4.篇章结构题（TextStructure）ProseSummaryFillinTable5.词汇题TOEFL阅读十大题型之再分类1.改写题（Paraphra1.改写题（Paraphrasing）FactualInformationquestionsNegativeFactualInformationquestionsSentenceSimplificationquestions1.改写题（Paraphrasing）FactualI①FactualInformationquestions

这类问题实际考察的是对英文句子进行改写（paraphrasing）的能力。原句与正确选项之间一般存在三种关系：原文引用；同义替换（同义词/反义词/结构转换）；对原句内容的提炼与概括。关键词定位法①FactualInformationquestion先看两个例子：Asameteorologicalterm,“eye”describeacircularregionatthecenterofaseverewindstorm.

Asameteorologicalconcept,“eye”referstoaroundareainthemiddleofanextremewinddisturbance.该例使用了同义词进行同意转述。Becausethisareaissosmallandirregular,itisdifficulttoobserve.

Peoplehavedifficultyobservingthissmallandirregulararea.该例使用了结构转换进行同意转述。先看两个例子：OG：P42-7：Manyincompleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimeinanarchaeocyte,acompletehindlegthatfeaturesafootwiththreetinytoes.Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoosmalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland.ThehindlegofBasilosauruswasasignificantfindbecauseitshowedthatBasilosaurusA.livedlaterthanAmbulocetusnatansB.livedatthesametimeasPakicetusC.wasabletoswimwellD.couldnothavewalkedonlandOG：P42-7：ManyincompleteskeleItshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans——whales,porpoises,anddolphins——aremammals.Theybreathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthe

presenceofaflukeandblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithland-dwellingmammals.Inparagraph1,whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthepresenceofablowholeincetaceans?○Itclearlyindicatesthatcetaceansaremammals.○Itcannotconcealthefactthatcetaceansaremammals.○Itisthemaindifferencebetweencetaceansandland-dwellingmammals.○Itcannotyieldcluesabouttheoriginsofcetaceans.Itshouldbeobviousthatceta再看一个例子：1790sawthenationenteringaneweraofroaddevelopment.Unabletofinanceroadconstruction,statesturnedforhelptoprivatecompanies,organizedbymerchantsandlandspeculatorswhohadapersonalinterestinbettercommunicationswiththeinterior.Accordingtothepassage,whydidstatesneedprivatecompanies’helpinroadbuilding?A.ThestateswereunabletobuildroadsthemselvesfinanciallyB.PrivatecompaniescouldspendlesstimecompletingroadsC.ThestatesdidnothaveasmuchequipmentasprivatecompaniesD.Privatecompanieshadmoreknowledgeoftheinterior再看一个例子：1790sawthenationent②SentenceSimplificationquestions句子简化题与细节题在本质上类似，都是对原句的改写句子简化题应注意两点：文间逻辑关系一致；核心信息点一致问题形式：Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.②SentenceSimplificationques四大“显性”/“隐性”逻辑关系因果/比较/最高级/否定否定逻辑关系明显否定关系:no,not,none,never,neither,deny隐含否定关系:failto,absentfrom,lack,lackof,refuse,few,little,否定词缀less.四大“显性”/“隐性”逻辑关系因果逻辑关系明显因果关系:because,becauseof,since,for,as,dueto,owingto,inthat,so,sothat,asaresult,therefore,thereby,hence,consequently,accordingly.因果逻辑关系隐含因果关系:a.表示导致含义:leadto,cause,result,resultin,giveriseto,render,produce,make,使役动词,support,support,stimulate,spur,spark,fuel,motivate,prompt.b.由……而来:comefrom,resultfrom,originate,derivefrom,initiatefrom,stemfrom,beattibutableto,beresponsiveto.c.反映,体现:reflect,present,suggest,show,imply,demonstrate.d.考虑到…,依赖…:give,considering,onaccountof,inviewof,thanksto,accordingto,relyon,dependon,resortto.e.条件关系:if,when,while,as,assoonas,aslongas,虚拟条件句.f.分词短语\不定式\独立主格作状语隐含因果关系:比较的逻辑关系明显比较关系:as…as/more…than/less…than隐含比较关系:a.“变化”:change,vary,alter,modify,revise,increase,decrease,crect,destroy,develop,improve,progress,advance,grow,degenerate,continue,remain,stay,stableb.“差异”:same,different.c.“超越”:surpass,exceed,transcend,excel.比较的逻辑关系最高级/绝对化明显最高级/绝对化关系:-est/比较级隐含最高级/绝对化关系:a.自身含有最高级含义:maximum,minimum,outstanding,extreme.b.否定加比较:nothingcanbetterthanthatc.程度较深的词:surprisingly,amazingly,prohibitively(修饰价格的high)最高级/绝对化PassageExcerpt:“…Sincethelawsofphysics,notsomearbitrarydecision,havedeterminedthegeneralfromofapplied-artobjects,theyfollowbasicpatterns,somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits.…”○Functionalapplied-artobjectscannotvarymuchfromthebasicpatternsdeterminedbythelawsofphysics.○Thefunctionofapplied-artobjectsisdeterminedbybasicpatternsinthelawsofphysics.○Sincefunctionalapplied-artobjectsvaryonlywithincertainlimits,arbitrarydecisionscannothavedeterminedtheirgeneralform.○Thegeneralformofapplied-artobjectsislimitedbysomearbitrarydecisionthatisnotdeterminedbythelawsofphysics.TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型课件E.G.Withmillionsofpeoplevisitingtheserefugesandseeingthebirdsintheirnaturallocales,attitudeshavechangedsignificantly.A.Manypeoplehavechangedthewaytheythinkaboutbirdsasaresultofvisitingbirdrefuges.B.Birdshavebecomeaccustomedtohavingmillionsofpeoplecometotheirnaturallocales.C.Birdshavechangedthewaytheylivebecauseofthemillionsofpeoplewhocometoseethem.D.Millionsofpeoplenowwanttoobservebirdslivinginhabitatsthatarenaturalandsafe.E.G.WithmillionsofpeoplevHerefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology,reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors,thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine---aprojector---fromhiminsteadofseveral.A.Edisonwasmoreinterestedindevelopingavarietyofmachinesthanindevelopingatechnologybasedononlyone.B.Edisonrefusedtoworkonprojectiontechnologybecausehedidnotthinkexhibitorswouldreplacetheirprojectorswithnewermachines.C.Edisondidnotwanttodevelopprojectiontechnologybecauseitlimitedthenumberofmachineshecouldsell.D.Edisonwouldnotdevelopprojectiontechnologyunlessexhibitorsagreedtopurchasemorethanoneprojectorfromhim.HerefusedtodevelopprojectiAllofthesefactorsledtoawarbetweentheNorthandSouthwhichwouldbethebloodiestinthenation’shistory.(A)Therearemanyreasonsforthewarinwhichmorepeoplediedthananyotherwar.(B)Duringthewar,therearemorecasualtiesinthesouthandnorththanintheeastandwest.(C)Theonlyonereasoncontributedtothewarwhichistheworstintheworldhistory.(D)Manypeoplediedbecauseoflackofbloodtransfusionwhichledtoawar.Allofthesefactorsledtoa③NegativeFactualInformationquestions

排除列举题可利用题干的关键词在原文定位，再利用选项中的关键词在原文定位，把原文没有提及的选项排除请注意解题顺序：先看题干，接着看选项，最后定位原文优先利用文章结构框架图进行判断排除充分利用已作题目进行判断排除③NegativeFactualInformationPassageExcerpt:“Thefirstgenerationtoexperiencethesechangesdidnotadoptthenewattitudeseasily.Thefactoryclockbecamethesymbolofthenewworkrules.Onemillworkerwhofinallyquitcomplainedrevealinglyabout“obediencetotheding-dongofthebell——justasthoughwearesomanylivingmachines.Withthelossofpersonalfreedomalsocamethelossofstandinginthecommunity.U