《法律英语》知识点归纳

unit1lesson11.Abasicpurposeoflawinsocietymaintainthismakelawstodefineouranddutiesweshoulddo.在我们的社会里，法律的一个基本目的是维持秩序、解决争议。为此目的我们制定法律，以界定权利义务，规定我们应做什么不应做什么。6.Ifwithwrongfulactsorpropertyonthetheorythatincivilizedsociety,whoinjureothersorpropertymustfor它侵权法)处理危害人身或财产的过行为，它的理论依据是在明社会里,危他人或他人财产者必须赔偿损失。phrase“sourcesof”isdescribemethodswhichisdeveloped,orthewhichcoerciveforce.“法的渊源”这一术语用以描述法形成和发展的方法和程序，或特定法律获取权威和强制力的源头。waystolaw,nosinglecompletelysatisfactory.T3.Lawbringsaboutchangesinitisaninstrumentofchange.F5.JudicialdecisionsaresourceofinandGermany.1.Lawcanbe___defined___differentwaystoitsdifferent.ifthe____imposes____（罚款）onhim,thejudgmentwillbe____enforceable_____heispay.lawsdefinewhileprocedurallawsbyare___protected___andenforced.Publiclawspubliclawsdealwithrelationshipbetween___individuals___。可将实法根据内容分成民法法和行政法三大领域它各自又可再分成若干部分。例法是官制定的，而成文法则是由立法或行政机构制定的。与陆欧洲的法官相对照，普通法国家的法官权力大得多。lawsdividedsubjectmasterintothreeareas:civilcriminalandadministrativewhichcanintoseveral“judg，statutorylawbyoradministrative6.ContrastedwithjudgesinContmentalEurope,thoseincommonlawcountriesgreaterunit1lesson22.INareasbothfederaland，lawprevailsifthetwoin在既有联邦也有州法律的领域，如果两者相冲突，则以联邦法为准。3.Asaconsequenceoflawjudgesindisputesasfrequentlyasinlitigation.联邦制造成的后果之一是，法官和律师在跨辖区的纠纷中常常要面临法律选择问题，几乎就像在国际诉讼中一样。．Thepowerofthelimited.F5lawpartoflaw.T8.Thelawfortortclaimislawplaceofinjury.achoiceofT9.lawrules，substantiveissues.F11.ChoiceforumdoesaffecttheofaT12.lawexistdespiteofuniformThepowersenumeratedintheare____specific___andlimited.However,canbestretchedthroughthethe“necessaryandproper”clauseoftheConstitution,whichhasasourcef___powersofThepowerofnotsincestatesalsotaxes.canquotecourtwithoutworryingabout。Theyareinpublicbethelawforofperformance?Istheregeneralrule?8.Choiceofforumproceduralquestion,butitmay__affect,____the10.Inspiteof____uniform______substantial____differencesstillexistinofdifferentstates____conflicts___oflawoftenarisein____multi-jurisdistion___cases.美国法律制度的复杂性很大程度上largely)由美国式的联邦制造的。在联邦制的架构中，每个州都有实质性的自主权，有自己的宪法、自的立法机构制定的法律，以及自己的法院作出的判例法。如果纠涉及数州，而这些州在有争议的问题上又有不同的实体法，那么法律选择就成为至关重要的问题。complexityofAmericanlegalsystemfrom2)Withinthefederalstructure,eachstatehasautonomy.Eachstatutesmadebyitsownandabodycaselawcreatedby4)Ifstateshavedifferentsubstantivelawsquestionsatissue,choiceofbecomesunit1lesson3incarcancourtsfederalpartywithappellatecourtdecisionareviewofbytheU.S.T8.cannotbefromofficefororunpopular．AllfederalnominatedbyapprovedSenate.meantto___regulate____human，andthecourtseenastheforsettling．I’have____access___tocomputerwhenIwasinhotelI’emailmessageuntil．areon8.Whenjudgesdecideacase,theyoftenrely邦法官是终身制的。这有助于减少对他们的政治压力。“因循例”的原则使法律具有一定程度的稳定性和可预见性。4)FederaljudgesappointedforThispoliticalpressurefromthem.6)Theprincipleofgivesthelawmeasureofandpredictability.unit2lesson1joininonelawsuitasplaintiffsifthecausesofactionariseofsametransactionseriesoftransactionsandinvolvecommonquestionsofor如果案由出自同一桩交易或者同类交易并且涉及的事实或法律问题又相同，原告可以合并起诉。3.ifdefendantcompletedeterminationbemadewithout，defendantbringinnewthirdpartiesthird-party如果被告声称彻底解决争议还必须有其他当事人，他可以将其他人作为第三人被告纳入该案。4.Inthissystemofprocedure,theresponsibilityforbeginningforissuesandforproducingrestsentirelyupontheparties在这种庭审程序制度中，提起诉讼、界定争议以及出示证据都几乎完全是争议当事人随任。7.Criticsofsystemoutthatittendstoreducelitigationtoainwhichthelawyerstheprincipalandtheoutcomewillturnmerits对抗辩制持批评态度的人指出，抗辩制把诉讼变为一场费钱的比赛，律师成了主角而结果则取决于他们的技巧而不是案子本身的是非曲直。joinalldefendantswhoarenecessaryacompletedeterminationofdispute.F3.Undersystemthejudgetakesaninofdisputes.judgeisresponsibleforguidingproceedingsrulingonquestionslaw.Thepartywhothetois。Thedecisionofthecourtisgenerallytoasthe___appellant___。。thecausesofaction___arise___outofsameof，phases__inonelawplaintiffs.7.Inacourtthefor___beginning____suit,issuesfor___producing__almost____thealsobear____theburdenofthetimeandexpensesrequired.thattheoutcomeofcaseoncase.既然案是出自同一桩交易，我们可以把所有的受害人作为原告合并在一个案子中。美国法院，法官并不积极参与诉讼。官根据程序法指导案子的进程并决定法律问.案子的果应该取决于案子本身的事实真相，但是抗辩制往往使它取决于律师的技巧。2)Sincethearisesfromsametransaction,joinallpartiesasinaction.Incourtsjudgetakesactivelitigation.Heguidestheproceedingrulesofprocedureanddecidesoflaw.Theoutcomeoflawsuitthemeritsofthecase.makeitontheunit2lesson2courttohearacase，ithavesubjectjurisdictionoverorjurisdictionoverovertheofwithsubjecttocontrolanothaveminimumwiththeforumcourtinthatcanhim.maybetheresortbutitnotbest1.Theregrievancesforthelawnot___provide_____relief，andwhichthelawredress___3.JurisdictionintheAnglo-Americanlegaltwo_____aspects_____：jurisdictionovertheandjurisdiction。the__files___complaintwithcourt,heitsIfnotforumstate，hemustminimum___contactswiththestateforcourtinthattoassertjurisdictionhim.The__probability___ofwinningthelawsuitforapartydependslargelythatparty’sabilityproduce这个案的胜诉可能性不大，也许采取息事宁人的办法是最明智的。原告向院提交诉状即表明他自动服从法院的管辖。2)TheprobabilityofthislawsuitisPerhapslettingrestwillbethewisest5)Plaintiffsfilingofcompliantindicatesthathevoluntarilytheofcourt.unit2lesson32.Tolegallysufficient,acomplaintone“causesofactionis,onesetsofallegationsthatupthelegalgroundsforfilinglawsuit,“breachof”or“fraud诉状要具有法律上的充分性，必须包含一个或多个案由，也就是说，必须有一组或多组事实或指称，以构成提起诉讼的法律依据，如“违约”或“欺'offactclaimedpartyandbybecomethetobe一方当事人主张而另一方又否认的事项便成了有待庭审解决的争议。T2Thecourtwillassumethataindefaultallallegationsinthe。thethatserviceisproper,canadismiss.purposeofthepleadingsistoinformtheofeachF7.Ifthelegalofcomplaint,itmeansthatadmittedallinthecomplaint.F8.Ifaisdismissedtheplaintiffcannotincourt.firstofpleadingsis。didnotsummons.Sowas5.Hasthebeen__served___onthe7.Afterthe___files___hiscomplaintwiththethecourtIfdefendantfilesentryofappearance,itthathe11.Motionstocanbewantstochallengethe__jurisdiction___ofthe，theservice，venue,thethe13.Allegationsmadebyoneandbytheotherbecome__issues____tothetrial.原告第份状纸被称为诉状，在诉状中他陈述对被告的指控。传票向告送达后，被告可以登记到庭，或者作出答辩状。被告可答辩状中作出要求驳回起诉的动议，这个动议对管辖权、审判地、传票送达或是诉状的法律充分性提出异议。ThepleadingiscalledthecomplaintinwhichallegationsagainsttheAfteronthethedefendantmayfileentryofappearanceanThemaketoinhisanswer.Thismotionthevenue,orlegalsufficiencyofunit2lesson41.First，ittakesthesurpriseelementthattheresultsarebasedthanontheabilityorcounsel.首先它消除了诉讼中的意外因保件的结果基于争议的事头真相而不是律师的能力或技巧。alsomakeaandfair，becauseitenablesapartyfindonthenoevidence.调查取证使即决判决成为一种公正并切实可行的程序，因为它使一^方|事发现对方当事人在哪些争议问题上不掌握证据。lawyermaytakefromtheopposingF5.Atconferenceslawyersthejudge.therulesofcanserveforlatterunderT9.Summaryjudgmentpartiestheofgoing3.Thecourtdenieddefendantmotionfor__summary__judgment,becausehefailedto__produce__thetojurywillfindinfavor__ifatrialistechniquesincludetheofpartiesandwitnesses，onthe___physicalexaminations.allbothparties.forjudgment,thetriespartylacksevidenceondecisiveissue,andso,thejurywillfindthe___mover__favor.通过运调査取证的各种方,律师不仅能够获得证据并且还获得导致证据发现的信息。如果一当事人拒绝回答取证要求，或者提出不恰当的取证要求，另方可以请求法院命令犯规的一方服从取证规则。Bytechniqueslawyerobtainonlyalsoinformationleadingofevidence.Ifpartytorequestsorthemaymakemotionforordertheviolatingthediscoveryrules.unit2lesson53.Ifmotionthewillwitnesses,whowillbetotheprocessofcross-examination.如果动议被否决将出他自己的证人证人也同样要受到直接质和交叉质证。F1.Americanlawforjurytrialincases.T3.Lawyerscanchallengejurorsforcause.F5.Intheirthelawyerspresentevidence.foraverdictasksthecasetothejurythecredibilityoftheF11.Judgesdonothingbutacceptverdict.5.Ifisbeingquestionedbythelawyercalledhim，heisdirect___examination.7.Awhomakesamotionfordirectedaskstheisjurytofindin___favor___oftheotherpartyhavingofproofmustevidencetoconvincethejuryissue.Ifdoesjurywilldecide___against___him.usuallythelawproofissuerulesforthe___credibility___of陪审团定证人是否可信，但是法官可以指导陪审团，告诉他们决定可信性的规则。即决判的动议可以免去当事人进行庭审的麻烦令决的动议省去了陪审目认识事实的麻烦。Thejurydecidescredibilityofinstructjuryonthefordeterminingcredibility.AfortroubleofgoAmotionforverdictsavesjurytroublefindingunit3lesson1presidentisnotsubjecttoforpoliticalnovoteofconfidencecanhim总统不因其政治行为而受立法机构的控制美国）没有对政府不信任的表决制度可迫使他辞职。“”此处指在任免官员和其他决策中有明显政党派别倾向的行为。6.Ifvetoedbythestatutebepassedbeforeit如果被总统否决，法案必须重新在两院以三分之二的多数获得通过方能生效。onlywaypresidentbyofprocedure.additionpowersalsoiswithimpliedbillsfederalbudget.F12.BillslawwhentheypassedbysinglemajorityinHouses.2.Agovernmentusuallyhasthree：the__legislative____，the__executive___andthe__judiciary____。Bymeansofcan___remove___thePresidentandfederalofficialsfromoffice.Proposedstatutes___originate__intheHouses,Theybymajority__andsignedbythePresident__force___,Ifthe____vetoes____theproposedbetwomajorityintheyfinally提案在终生效之前，必须在两院以简单多数获得通过并由总统签署。美国宪第一章第八节列举了国会的立法权中最重要的是联邦税收和对外商务，宣战，建立武装部队并为其提供给养。Billshavetopassbothbysimplesignedbytheyenter?5)SectionArticle1ConstitutionenumeratespowerofCongress,thewhichandforeignconuncrce,ofwarestablishmentandofforces.unit3lesson43Itthestatesfromdepriveanypersonofliberty,orwithoutprocessoflawperson....theequalprotectionlaws.它禁止各州不经正当司法程序剥夺任何人的生命、自由和財或者拒绝J给任何人以平等的法律保护。unit4lesson1ofconsiderationthatthereceiveforpromisemakesandpromiseegainingpromise,orincuradetriment.对价的原则要求允诺者因他所作的承诺而得利接受允诺者在从允诺中得利时有所舍弃或损失。。Ifcontractualfallwillonlyifthereexistsawritingbythepartyresistswhichdocuments如果合同的承诺属于这几种，那么只有在有拒不履行的一方当事人的字据证明他的合同义务时，案件方能成立。intentionofthepartiesisbytheythetimewasformed.mentalincompetentcannotunderstandfullyT5.ConsiderationmayexistintheformofaItmayexistinthepublicpolicy1.IFsomethingwhichdeliveredtobymistake,youhaveunjustly__enriched___yourself.Ifexpensesintryingtosaveunconsciousyoumayberepayment.canexplainedwhichalsocalled____implied-in-law____contracts.Ifoffersellusedfor$50，yourhewillitforhasmadea___counteroffer__aofthemmakesan___offer____whichis____accepted___other.10.Thefactorsmaythevalidityofacontract1)whether；2)whethertheparties3)is4)thecontractis_____illegal___。ifthecontractisanagreement,wetowhethertheStatutesofFraudsandthereforerequiresa。合同也一种交易。这就意味着合同的义务必须有对价支撑。出卖不产的合同属于反诈骗法的适用范围，它必须是书面的。AisalsomeansthatcontractualobligationsmustbeAforthesaleofrealfallsStatutesoftobeinwriting.unit4lesson2withtheconditions,ofwhetherexpressedorimpliedintheisperformancerequired服从合同中明示或默示的条件是依约履行的不可分割的一部分。4.Apartyabefromdutyperformliabilityforifthewrongfullyhindersorpreventsperforming，orhasrightinsisting)onperformance，ifbecomesimpossibleor在以下情况下，合同一方当事人可以被解除履行合同的义务或不承担违约责任:（对方当地阻碍或阻止其履行对方放弃了要求其履行权利或因为禁止反言得再要求其履行履行不可能或在商业上行通。barsdenyingafactsinconsequenceorconduct.禁止反言的原则是因为某人先前的声称、否定或行为，不让他再否定或声称某一事实或情况甲方先前为某种需要使乙方相信某某是他的代理，而乙方因此作出了相应的行为，甲方就不得在此后否认某某是其代即使某某确实不是其代理includes,inadditiontononperformance,delayedininwhichitaparticulartimeasofstipulationaswell违约除了不履行外包括在有明文规定或默示条件限期履行的案子中延误履行及不当履行。F1.Performancethewayterminatearelationshipcanbeterminatedbywhichimpossible.T6.Apartyinjuredbytheotherparty’sbreachmaytoandreleasewaystoterminatethecontractonlyonepartyperformance.therequirementof___strict_____performancetoofordebtor.Andiswhentheof___substantial____performancecomesintoplay.assertionwill___estop_____himfromdenyingitlater.performancematerialtime8.Athat____repudiates____performanceofcontractbeforeitdue商业上受挫是一种使一方的合理预期落空的情况。它可以是不履约的有效理由。如果对方不当地阻碍履行，或放弃了主张履行的权利，或由于情况使履行不可能或不切实际，就有可能解除一方的合同义务。Commercialisconditionthereasonableexpectationparty.Itmaybeavalidfornon-performance.Relieffromone’scontractualobligationispossibletheotherpartywrongfullypreventsperformance,iftheotherpartyhaswaivedhistoinsistonperformance,ifcircumstancesperformanceorunit4lesson35.However,trendistoallowpunitivewhenthecontractbreachfraudulent,oppressive,malicious,orotherwiseindicativeofbreachingparty’sintentharmtheother’sexpectations但是，目前的趋势是:果违约具有欺诈性、压抑性、恶意或其他表明违约方有意要损害对方对合同的合理预期的情,允许惩罚性赔偿。interestsopromiseesarerelyonprotectionrelianceinterestisdesignedtoputtheinthepositionhebeenintherelegalremedyformostofbreachcasesismoneydamages.T10.Consequentialspecialcircumstances.partiestorelyonby__expectation___interestoftheinsteadofby__compelling__performance.toprevent__unjust___focusispartybutmakinginhereceived.Ifpartiesinprovisionwhichstatesthemoneytobeincaseofthatcalled____liquidated____Generallyspeaking，arefourof：unit6lesson12.Sincetangibleproperty，lawbesidesmobilitydistinguishpropertyTheytestsof，andintention.由于有形财产的法律地位是可以改变的，法律便发展了除“可移动性测试”之外的其他标准，以便在难以确定的情况下将动产与不动产区分开来它们是“附加性测试测试”和“意图测试4.Theyarenotas，butas，courtspartiesnot商业设施被视为动产而非不动产，因为法院推定双方当事人希望该物不是永久地固定在不动产之上。F.2.Allisandtangible.F.4.Personaltypropertypersons.F.5.Jackin。Heagreedwiththelandlordmightanelectricremoveitwhenterminated,Inelectricbyfallsintheofrealty.T.7.Ifabuilt-inintheshethewillbetreatedasrealifsheapartment.T.10.Ifthingattachedstructurecanberemovedfromthewithoutdamagingthelatter，itbeaspersonal；butifitisessentialtothestructure,ittreatedrealty.Wethingsasorpersonalof，__annexation____，andrealtyofvaluephysicalelectricalfurnaceonfloorisintoanelectricalnottobutitpropertybecauseitessentialfunctioningofandissuch_____realty_______undertestof__adaptation___.财产分为有形财产和无形产两种：前者包括土地及永久地固定在地上的物体（即不动产动产而后者就是通常所说的知识权一般包括专利权秘和版权。有形的财产既可能是动产可能是不动产动与不动产通常四个标准.可移动性、财产的合并，适用性以及意图性。Propertybetwocategories：propertyandintangibleformerthingspermanentlyattachedit(i.e.，realty),andpersonalproperty,latterreferredproperty,whichincludestrademarks,andpropertycaneitherorpersonalty.fourdistinguishpersonaltyrealtytestsofadaptationintention.unit6lesson2ofdonotallhavetheownershipForexample,ownerscannotwillawaytheir不动产的所有人其权不相同，比,些所有权人就不能立遗嘱转让自己的有权。estatecontinuesforthelengthoftheperiodandispartynoticeoftermination。一般而言，这种地产权在租金期到期时自动续展，除非一方适当提漏终止通知。estateisownershipofthelifeoftheholder.studentwhohasrentedestateinfirstcaneasilyouttheofsemesteravailable.forisleaseholdestateforfixedsomeonegrowintoyourgardencancutbranctesthataresurfaceyourT9.Tenantsleasehold2.Anestateofwhichdurationofenjoymentispotentiallyunlimitedorismeasuredbylifeofaas__freehold__estate.3.Iftestate’senjoymentisforaspecifiedtime,oT^inspecifiedperiodnotintendedtobeindefinite,itisa____leasehold____Theofthe，attachedland，theairspaceaboveandthesurfacearecollectivelyTheofa__lease__?partyofleaseand__terminate__thewith30-day财产权是对财产享有的占、使用、收益和处分的权利。同一份財产的上述权利可以同时归不同的人所有。周期租赁很灵活,大多数情况下房东和房客都可以在给予适当的知后终止租约。1.Propertyrightsarerightsuse,disposalofsamepropertybyatsametime.5.Periodicveryflexible.Inwithadequatenotice.unit6lesson32.Excutionrefersthe，andnotarizingofdeedingDeliveryinvolvestransferringpossesionaproperlyexecutedmeansthattheindicatestoissumethedeliveryusually(契约的）正式签订是指契约文本的形式、语言、签字及公;付是卖方有意转让所有权而将正式签署的契约转让给买方；接受则是指买方表示愿意接受所有一般而言,契约收下便构成了接受。T3.Jointholdsameinteresttheestate.ajointhisownershipinterestshisheirs.byentiretyjointaresimilarinthatthetosurvivordeathco-tenant.T7.Atenancybyentiretymayseveredbyonetenantwithoutthe’sconsentIfacoupledivorcedortransformedintoinF9.Ajointtenantcannotinterestwithoutofjointtenants.TimTom,fathermakingjointtenantswithTransferofrealpropertybeaccomplishedbydeliveryofa_____deed_____.___easement___usuallyanirrevocablerighttosomelimiteduseofanotherrealty.7.Whenpartyotherthanownerhasafinancialtheanydeedingprocessmustinvolvethree：and_____delivery______?地役权是指为了自己使用理土地的方便而使用他人土地的权土地所有权可以通过签订让契约的方式进行转移。Anisuse’realtyfor’and’Ownershipofbebyadeed.unit6lesson42.Anymayestablishrightsinpropertyanalogousthoseofalienholderinrealtybyacquiringsecurityinterestintheproperty.通过获得对动产的担保权益,任何债权人都可以在动产上设置与不动产的置权相似的权利。Tl.thepersonaltyisgovernedstateinAmerica.T4.Jill’smothergaveapassbooktosavingsaccounttolditwasagifttoforhercollegeeducation.mcmeyinhertrashanditforinherbasementfamilyroom.isnow’。F6.Burtdiscoversman’swristwatchonainman’sroomofrestaurant.IfBurtpicksitup,watchbecomeshis.walletontheisprobablylostthesameoncheckoutgrocerystorefriendofmislaidpropertyisunlesstrueownerit.4.Ownershipof__abandoned___personalpropertybeacquiredbymerelytakingofAinterestinpersonalty____analogous__tolienonAmaypromisetomakegift,butthisnotbindingandis____unenforceable_______?Bailmentinvolvesonlythetransferpropertyownership.The__bailee___isrequiredthepropertytoclaimit.财产所权转让是财产所有人依法将自己所有的财产通过出卖或赠与转交他人。财产所人可以将其财产的使用权暂时转让给承租2.Conveyanceistheinpropertybytheownersalesdeedgiftingoftransfertothetotemporarily.unit7lesson11.Incontrast,tortiscivilbroughtbytheinjuredItsistoprotectanindividuaFscompensatinghimatthewrongdoer’sexpense.相反侵诉讼是由受害人提起的民事诉主要目的是通过侵权人赔偿害人以保护个体的利益。Thatofincriminal，threatlifeorlibertyofdefendanttomandatedegreeofcertainty.这种说服力度在刑事案件中是不够的，刑事案件事关被告的生命或自由，因此证据必须要有相当的确定性。6.Tortsmayaccordingtotheofofwrongdoer.可以依据侵权人的过错程度将侵权进行分类。tortactortoobligationsarevoluntarilybydealwithanother，whiletortobligationsimposedT7.Strictliabilitypersonseveniftheirtortoccurswhenapartyviolatesstandardimposedbylaw,ifwrongdoerdoesnottothe，not1.Whenanoffenseisagainsttheitwhenititis___.3.Understrictthelaw___imposes____onpersonswrong-doingisornonexistent.There___overlap____andThisthatsometortiousareThe$10,000-damageawardisactually___sustained____.按不当行为的严重性可把权分为故意侵权和过失侵权。对侵权造成的伤害的补偿常是金钱赔偿。4.Tortscanbedividedintotortsnegligencethegravityoftheact.forinjuriesfromaisusuallyunit7lesson2isainlikewouldnormallyapprehensive.(判某行为是否具有威胁性）的一般标准是看一个理性人在相似的情况下否通常会感到害怕reasonable，性人指精神正常并具有一般识、经验及处事能力的人。它是法律拟定的抽象标准tortofofdistressrecognizestofromserious，andunprivilegedofandemotional.有关故意伤害感情的侵权法，确认了人们享有感情和精神淸静、不受故意的、严重的和不受法律保护的侵犯的权利。F2.Inassault,onethatdidoccutafte