考研辅导句子结构练习

复合句复合句有一个主句和一^个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在，且须由一个关联词引导。引导从句的关联词共有7类：.从属连词：引导名词性从句和状语从句，如that,whether,when,although,because,等。.疑问代词：引导间接疑问句，who,which,whom,what,whose。.疑问副词：when,where,how,whyo.关系代词：who,which,whom,whose,thato.关系副词：when,where,why。.缩合连接代词：多用于引导名词性从句,what(thatwhich),who(anyoneorthepersonwho),that(heorthemanwho),whoever(any person who),whatever(anythingthat),whichever(anyonewhoorwhich)o.缩合连接副词：多用于引导名词性从句,when(thetimewhen),where(theplacewhere),why(thereasonwhy),whenever(anytimewhen),wherever,however(nomatterhow)主语从句：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。一、由从属连词引导Thatweshallbelateiscertain.Itiscertainthatweshallbelate.二、由疑问代/副词引导Whoheisdoesn'tconcernme.Whatshedidisnotyetknown.Howtheprisonerescapedisacompletemystery.三、由缩合连接代/副词引导Whathesaysgoes.(他说了算。)Thethingswhichhesaysgoes.WherehehassurpassedeveryotherEnglishwriterisinhisballadsandsongs.四、经常可用形式主语it代替主语从句，成为Itis/was+n./a.+clause句型。但以what,whatever,whoever引导的主语从句除外。Itisapitythathefailedtheexam.Itisobviousthatthetaskisquiteimportant.Itissaidthattheplaceisbeautiful.而Whatsheneedsismoreexperience.练习：主语+名词+从句.事实是她做了错误的决定。(fact) shemadeawrongdecision..能和你合作是非常荣幸的。(honor) Icancooperatewithyou..杰支背叛朋友是可耻的。(shame)__________Jackbetrayedhisfriends..珍妮能做好这个项目是不足为奇的。(nowonder) Jennycandowellthisproject.主语+形容词+从句.幸运的是她有如此聪明的姐姐。(fortunate)shehassuchanintelligentsister..很可能这位老人已经死了。(possible)theoldmanhasdied..奇怪的是他离开了家乡。(strange)helefthishometown.主语+过去分词+从句.据报道空气污染越来越严重。(report)theairpollutionismoreandmoreserious..据宣布玛丽将接手管理公司。(announce)Marywilltakeoverthecompany..必须承认她很出色。(admit)sheisreallyexcellent.IL必须指出的是去我们不够重视这项工作。(pointout)wedon'tpayenoughattentiontothework..以what,whatever,whoever引导的主语从句：.谁触犯了法律都会受到惩罚。(whoever) willbepunished..他所做的一切都是为了她的幸福。(whatever)isforherhappiness..他所缺少的就是自信。(what) isconfidence.宾语从句：用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样。一、由从属连词引导Iunderstandthatheiswell-qualified,butIfeelthatheneedsmoreexperience.Idoubtwhetherhewillsucceed.Idon'tknowifyoucanhelpme.二、由疑问代/副词引导Doyouknowwhoallthesepeopleare?三、由缩合连接代/副词引导Hegavewhoeveraskedforitacopyofhislatestpaper.练习:.我确实相信Jim是在说真话.I really believe注：有两个这类宾语从句并列时，有时省去引导第一个从句的连词that,但引导第二个从句的that不能省略。.老师说这本书很有趣，值得一读。Histeachersaidandthat..我不知道他是否仍在那个工厂工作。I don't know.他们没有说他们想要哪一个。They didn'tsay・5.你简直想象不出这花多漂亮。You can'timagine.6.我对他的话感到惊讶!I was surprised at■7.我不知道他什么时候会来。wonder.我不明白他为什么来的这么晚。I can't understand.无论谁想去，我都带。PHtake..你喜欢做什么就做什么吧。Do.同位语从句：与先行词同位或同等的从句。同位语从句的先行词多为belief,thought,fact,hope,idea,news,report等表抽象概念的名词。同位语从句一般由that引导,但也可以用疑问代词(what,which,who)，疑问副词(when,where,why,how)或whether(if)引导。Thenewsthatweareinvitedtotheconferenceisveryencouraging.Thenewsthatwearetoldyesterdayisveryencouraging.练习：L她表示希望有一天能写一部小说。Sheexpressedthehope.他成功的消息使他们深受鼓舞。Thenewsinspiredthemall..这样就产生了一个问题：我们到哪里弄到贷款loan呢。(where)Therearosethequestion..我不知道我们第一1次见面是在什么时候。(when)Ihavenoidea .此事是否正确的问题尚未证实。(whether)Theproblemhasn"beenproved.定语从句：用作定语的从句叫做定语从句。引导定语从句的有关系代词who,whom,whose,which和that;关系副词when,where,why等。练习：请根据已给出的关系代词将两个句子组成一个复合句。who/thatThemanisafamouslawyer.Themanspokeatthemeetingthismorning.The manisafamouslawyer.whoseThebookbelongstome.Thecoverofthebookisbeautiful.Thebook belongstome.Theroomwhosewindowsfacetheseaisbig.whichHereisthedictionary.Thedictionarywillbelenttoyou.HereisthedictionarywhomThegirlisJane.Yousawthegirljustnow.ThegirlisJane.thatThatisthesameman.Themanaskedforhelpthedaybeforeyesterday.That'sthesamemanThat'sallthatIwantyoutodo.thatHewaswatchingthechildrenandparcels.Theyfilledthecar.Hewaswatchingthechildrenandparcels•which（or:介词+which）TheXinminEveningnewsreportedanotherboat-sinkingonJanuary20.Sevenpeoplearemissingfromit.TheXinminEveningnews,reportedanotherboat-sinkingonJanuary20.8.whenIwillneverforgettheday.IreachedthetopoftheHuangshanMountainonthatday.forgetthedayonIwillneverforgetthedayonwhereWhatisthenameofthetown?Westayedatthetownlastnight.WhatisthenameofthetownwhyThereasonwasthathiswifewasill.Hewaslate.Thereasonwasthathiswifewasill.11.whereHewenttotheriverbank.Therearetalltreesontheriverbank.Hewenttotheriverbank.12.whoseAteacherisaperson.Ateacher'sdutyistoteach.A teacher is aperson.whereThemanissaidtocomefromBeijing.Hewasbornthere.ThemanissaidtocomefromBeijing.whyIdon'tknowthereason.Whydidshedoit?I don't know thereason.whom（或：介词+whom）Thereare40studentsinourclass.Eightypercentofthemaregirls.Thereare40studentsinourclass,状语从句在复合句中充当状语。状语从句根据其用途可以大概分为九种。各种类型的状语从句的关联词分别是：.时间状语从句（when，while,as，before,aftei;since,until,once,assoonas,themoment).地点状语从句(where,wherever).原因状语从句(because,since,as,nowthat,inthat)Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustocorrectourmistakes..结果状语从句(that,so/suchthat,so...that,such...that).程度状语从句(that,so/suchthat,so...that,such...that9as(so)faras9tothedegreethat)SofarasIknow,heistrustworthy..目的状语从句(so,sothat,inorderthat,和表示否定意思的forfear(that),lest(书面语),incase.)注：目的状语从句常用助动词may(might),shall(should)9will(would)0如：Takeyourumbrellawithyou,lestthatitshould/would/mightrain.Hetookanumbrellawithhimforfearthatitmightrain.Takeyourumbrellaincaseitrains..条件状语从句(if,unless,so/aslongas).让步状语从句(though,although,as,evenif,eventhough,whoever,whatever,whenever,wherever,however,nomatterwho等).方式状语从句(as9asif/though,theway)DoasIsay..比较状语从句(as/so...as9形容词(副词)+ei7more〜than).对比状语从句：whereas,whileIliketeawhileshelikescoffee.练习：.我一见你就认出了你。(themoment)I recognized you.无论这头骆驼在哪里吃草,一总有一个空处没吃到。(wherever) ,therewasalwaysasmallspaceleftuntouched..因为树小，砍倒它没有花多少时间。(as) ,itdidn'ttakelongtocutitdown..他说起英语来就像是个英国人。(asif)He speaks English.只要你答应在11点以前回来，你可以外出。(aslongas)You can go out, before11o5clock.6.他高声叫喊使别人可以听到他的声音。(inorderthat)Heshoutedatthetopofhisvoice ..她说的那么快,―我们都跟不上了。(so...that...)She spoke.每当我不高兴时，他就给我鼓劲。(whenever),hecheersmeup..无论做什么事情都要把它做好。(nomatter....) ,doitwell..正当他们交谈的时候，他走进房间。(when)He entered theroom.IL这个小男孩做完家庭作业才回去。(until)Thelittleboydidn'tgohome..无论你到什么地方，都要把工作做好。(wherever) ,youshoulddoyourworkwell..她虽然看很多钱，但是却不幸福。(although) ,sheisunhappy..他俺我如陌生人。(asif)He treatsme..有志者事竟成。(where) ,thereisaway.「她那样穿戴是为了引起人们的注意。(sothat...)Shedresseslikethat.Drawone'sattention.不管它有多高，也高不到天上去。(however)itmaybe,itcan'treachthesky..要照教你的那样做。(theway)Doit..天气很糟，结果我不能外出。（suchthat）TheweatherwasIcouldn'tgoout..你是不是在别处还藏有另一个情人，所以置我于寒冷中而不顾？（that）Haveyouanothersweethearthiddensomewhereyouleavemeinthecold?Suchwastheeffectofthissimplepieceofcrape,thatmorethanonewomanofdelicatenerveswasforcedtoleavethemeeting-house.CouldMr.Hooperbefearfulofherglance,thathesohastilycaughtbacktheblackveil?非限定动词非限定动词包括不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。现在分词和过去分词的区别：1、从语态上来讲，现在分词无论是及物动词还是不及物动词一般表主动，而过去分词一般表被动。例如：DoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom?（主动）Thesoldierwoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor?（被动）2、从时态上来讲，现在分词表正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作。例如:ChinaisadevelopingcountryandAmericaisadevelopedcountry.（正在进行）（已经完成）练习：一、现在分词作定语。请根据中文意思用完成下列句子。.茁壮成长的农作物预告丰年。（well-grow）Thecropsforetellagoodharvest..一切运动的物体都具有能量。（move）Allbodieshaveenergy..问得多的人学得多。（ask）Onemuchlearnsmuch..朝南的那间房子是我们的阅览室。（face）Theroomsouthisourreading-room..她现在所教的学生年龄都在十五岁以下。(betaught)Thestudentsbyherareunderfifteen..街道下方建造的大楼将成为一家医院。(bebuilt)The large building downthestreetwillbeahospital..会叫的狗不咬人。(bark)Adogseldombites..这是一个令人信服的论点。(convince)Thisisaargument..天上有许多闪烁的星星。(twinkle)Therearemanystarsinthesky..他再也受不了这累人的工作。(tire)Hecannotbeartheworkanymore.二、现在分词做状语。根据中文意思完成下列句子。.有一天，鲁宾逊正沿着沙滩走向他的小船时，看见沙地上有个脚印。(walkalong)Oneday,thesandstowardshisboat,Crusoesawinthesandthemarkofaman'sfoot..我把信写好后，去邮局寄发。(havewritten)theletter,Iwenttothepost-officetomailit..她虽然失败过一次但并不气馁。(havefailed)once,shewasnotdiscouraged..我有不认识的词总是查阅词典。(notknow)aword,Ialwayslookitupinadictionary..因为忙，我不想去看电影。(bebusy) ,Ididn\twanttogotothecinema..他不知道做什么，便向老师求助。(notknow)whattodo,hehadtoasktheteacherforhelp..我望出窗外，看见一些学生们在玩耍。(look) outofthewindow,Isawsomestudentsplayingthere..我们作为团员，已经做好帮助别人的准备。(be)LeagueMembers,wearereadytohelpothers..捕鱼人一早就去捕鱼，只捞上来一只旧篮子。(get)Thefishermanwentfishingveryearly,onlyanoldbasket..他跑回来告诉我这消息。(run)Hecamebacktotellmethenews..他们听到这个消息，立即出发到上海去了。(hear)thenews,theyimmediatelysetoffforShanghai..他们离开机场时向我们频频招手。(leave)Whentheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous..他从小山走下来，高兴地唱着歌。(sing)Hewalkeddownthehill,happily..使用机器前务必先看说明书。(use)Whenthemachine,youmustreadtheinstructionfirst..她站在悬崖边，心跳加速。(stand)nearthecliff,herheartbeatfast.三、现在分词代替定语或状语从句(斜体部分)。Anyonewhodidnothearthenoisemusthavebeenstonedeaf.Presentswhichcostlessthantenpoundsinallmaybeimporteddutyfree.Mrs.Jayhasopenedasavingsaccountsincesheisplanningtobuyacar.AlthoughIadmitwhatshehassaid,Istillthinkthatshehasn'ttiredherbest.Themanwasaccompaniedbyaporterwhoweighsatleast16okilos.AsIamalaymaninmattersofcultureyIwouldliketostudythem.AfterIhadputdownmynewspaper,Iwalkedovertothewindowandlookedout.S.Ifyouturntotheright,youwillfindabookstore.(Turntotheright,andyouUlfindabookstore.)Sincewelivedinthecountry^wehadfewamusements.TheBritishMuseumhasarighttoonecopyofanybookthatappearsinBritain.Anydriverwhodoesn7havealicenseoughttobesenttojailrightaway.Atthestation,weweremetbyamanwhowascarryingacopyoftheTimes.Thedoctor,ashedidn'twanttomakethepatientnervous^didnotexplaintheseriousnessofhisillness.四、过去分词(短语)作定语。1、这是一张我叔叔画的画.(paint)Thisisapicturebymyuncle.2、昨日寄出的那封信，明天将会寄达他手中。(send)Theletteryesterdaywillreachhimtomorrow.3、进口的商品并不一定比国产的好。(import)GoodsarenotalwaysbetterthanthosemadeinChina.4、这是用钢笔写的信。(write)Itisaletterwithapen.5、穿白衣服的女人是她的妈妈。(dress)ThewomaninwhiteisJanefsmother.6、我有一支中国生产的钢笔。(make)Ihaveapen inChina.7、地上着些破碎的玻璃。(break)Therearesomeglass.8、在联合国说什么语言？(use)WhataretheLanguagesintheUN?9、在战争中受伤的那位士兵的位诗人。(wound)Thesoldierinthewarwasapoet.10、他是我们爱戴的领袖。(admire)Heisourleader.五、过去分词(短语)作状语。1、如果对这些树再多给予关注，它们可能长得更好。(givemoreattentionto),thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.2、英雄坐在那儿，许多学生围着他。(round)Theherosatthere,bymanystudents.3、把水加热到100度，水就沸腾了。(heat)，waterboils.Degree4、她被英雄人物所深深感动,决心好好学习。(move)Greatlybythehero,shedecidedtostudyharder.5、因被单独留下，小男孩哭了。(leave)alone,theboybegantocry.6、这个谋杀犯带进来时,手是被铐着的。(tie)Themurderedwasbroughtin,withhishands.7、这个小孩在妈妈背上睡着了。(carry).onitsmother'sback,thebabyfellasleep.8、人缺氧时就会死亡。(deprivesb.ofsth.)Oxygen,manwilldie.9、因感到心烦意乱，她匆忙地离开了那个房间。(cover)withconfusion,shehurriedlylefttheroom.10、从山上看去，峡谷宛若仙境。(see)fromthemountain,thevalleylookedlikeawonderland.IL在那个冬天他乔装成一个商人来到北京。(distinguish)HewenttoBeijingthatwinter, asamerchant..被风暴吹垮的屋子是我奶奶的。(wreck)Thehousebythestormbelongedtomygrandmother..从这个观点看，事情也不像人们所认为的那么严重。（see）inthislight,thematterisnotasseriousaspeoplegenerallysupposed.14.这座城堡在1485年烧毁,一直亲修复。（burndown）Thecastle,in1485,wasneverrebuilt.15.他从马上摔下来，静静地躺着好象被枪打死似的。（shoot）Hethrewhimselffromhishorseandlaystillasifdead.五、用过去分词短语代替定语或状语从句（斜线部分）。1、Anydutiablearticleswhicharenotdeclaredtothecustomswillbeliabletoconflscation.（充公）2»Ifitisusedeconomicallyfonetinwillbelastforatleastsixweeks3、Carsthatwereparkedillegallywereremoved.4、Assheisstrategicallylocated,HKactsasagatewayintoandoutofTaiwan.5、Astheywereexhausted^thechildrenfellasleepatonce.6、EvenifIaminvited,Iwillnotgo.7、Onceitwaspublished,thebookcausedaremarkablestir.8、Ifyouwereleftaloneonadesertisland,whatwouldyoudofirst?9、Thoughtheyweresurrounded,theguerillaswerenotdiscouraged.10、Whenhewasabsorbedinhiswork,Jimneglectedfoodandsleep.Whenshewasaskedtostay,shecouldn'tverywellleave.IfIamgivenanotherchance.Illdoitbetter.Assheisovercomewithsurprise,shewasunabletoutteraword.ItisabookwhichwaswrittenbyHenryJames.Althoughheiswounded,thebravesoldiercontinuedtofight..WhileIwaswaitingtoenteruniversity,Isawinalocalnewspaperateachingpost.ItwasadvertisedataschoolinasuburbofLondonabouttenmilesfromwhereIlived..However,threedayslateraletterarrived.ItsummonedmetoCroydonforaninterview.....fourevergreenshrubsstoodateachcorner.Theretheystruggledtosurvivethedustandfumesfromabusymainroad.....asacolonelmightlookataprivate.Theprivate'sbootlaceswereundone..Theschool,hesaid,consistedofoneclassoftwenty-fourboys.Theyrangedinagefromseventothirteen..Hewentouttothefrontdoorstep.Therehismotherwaswaitingwithhissuitcase..“Hush!”whisperedhismother.Shelookedpasthimtotheroadandthecarthatwaitedthereandthemanatthedriving-wheel..ShegaveTomthecase,andthenbentoverhim.Shepushedhistieuptocoverhiscollar-buttonandletherlipscometowithinaninchofhisear.Everymotoristdreamsofacarofthefuturethatdoesnothaveto(refuel)everyfewhundredmiles,....Ifatomicpowercouldbeusedinacar,onesmallpieceofuraniumwouldkeeptheengine(run)fortwentyormoreyears.Butisthisscience-fiction-likepictureoftheatom(explode)peacefullybeneaththebonnetofacarpossible?Thus,atthemomentanycar(carry)anatomicenginewouldalsohavetocarrymanytonsofleadinordertopreventtheradiationfromescaping.Sinceacar(make)upoftonsofleadisratherimpractical,theonlyansweratthemomentseemstobethediscoveryorinventionofametal....Itisextremelydoubtfulwhetheratthebeginningareallyeconomicenginecouldbemade,thatis,onecheapenoughtomakeitworth(put)inacar....andmanufacturersshouldeventuallybeabletoproducesomethingthatwillatleastbecheaperthan(have)topayforpetrolduringthelifetimeofthecar,Supposethatthereisaroadaccident(involve)one,orperhapstwo,atomiccars,andthattheatomicreactororitsprotectivecoveringweredamaged.Aswill(realize),thisisperhapsthebiggestproblemofalltoovercome.Itwasthewillofacomfortablyoffman,fortheincomefromtheestateprobablyamountedtoabout£200ayear.Thiswasalotofmoneyoverthreehundredandsixtyyearsago.ToplotShakespeare,slifeistobecomeinvolvedinakindofdetectivestory.Inthestorythereareplentyofcluesbutverylittleelse.AfterhisdeathonApril23rd,1616,Shakespeareleftbehindamassofquestions.Expertshavebeentryingtoanswerthemeversince.Itmaycreateunnecessarysuspenseandanxiety,aswhenyouwaitforan(expect)callthatdoesn\tcome;or(irritate)delay,aswhenyoukeepringinganumberthatisalwaysengaged.Perhapsyouhavebeenindiscreetenoughtohaveyournameandnumber(print)inthetelephonedirectory,abookwithalargecirculation,asuccessfulbooksooftenreprintedastomakeanyauthorsenvious,abookmoreinevidencethanShakespeareortheBible,and(find)inallsortsofprivateandpublicplaces....therearetwothings.TheEnglishseemtoshowparticularaptitudeforthem:oneismechanicalinvention,theotherisliterature.倒装句一、全部倒装。一般情况下，表方位的副词here,there,up,down,in,out,away等,或表时间的副词，或装示地点的介词词组引导的句子,且谓语动词是go,come,be等表示位置转移的动态动词，则句子要全部倒装，即谓语在主语前。练习：一、将下列句子改成倒装句。1、Thebuscomeshere.Here.2、Thearrowwentupintothesky.Upintothesky.3、Thedooropenedandagroupofsoldierscamein.The door opened andin.4、Bang!Bang!Bang!ThreereporterscameandJacksuddenlyfelthisbodybecomelightBang!Bang!Bang!andJacksuddenlyfelthisbodybecomelight.5、Yourturncomesnow.Now.6、Thentheordertotakeoffcame.Thentotakeoff.7、Tenstudentsareineachroom.Ineachroom.8、Herhusbandsatonherleft.Onherleft.9、Anoldfishermanlivesbeyondtheriver.Beyond the river■10、Therewasasuddengustofwindandhishatwentaway.Therewasasuddengustofwindandaway二、部分倒装。一般情况下，下列词引导的句子要部分倒装，也就是把助动词或情态动词置于主语前：1、so,such带状语时2、否定词（包括rarely,scarcely,等）放在句首时3、only引导的状语放在句首时4、频率副词often，always等在句首时。练习：将下列句子改成倒装句。1、Hegottothemeetingintime，onlybecausesomeonehadgivenhimalift.Onlybecause 2、YoucanmakeprogressinEnglishonlyinthisway.Only in thisway・3、Youcanlearnitwellonlywhenyourealizetheimportanceofaforeignlanguage.Onlywhen 4、IknewthetexfsmainideaonlyafterIreadthetextoveragain.OnlyafterIreadthetextoveragain■5、Hehadscarcelygottotheofficewhenhisbosswantedtoseehim.Scarcely 6、Weseldomhavehadtheopportunityofreceivingsuchadistinguishedwriter.Seldom 7、Ihardlyhavemethimrecently.Hardly 8、Thoughhewasveryill,hecaredlittleabouthisownhealth.Littlethoughhewasveryill.9、Ididn'trealizewhattroublehewasinuntilyesterday.Notuntil Itisnotuntilthat,10、Youcan'tfindmorefriendlypeopleanywhereintheworldthaninChina.Nowhereelseintheworld11、Hedrovesocarelesslythathealmostkilledhimself.Socarelessly 12、Theprofessorlikedhisjobsomuchthathewouldnotstopworkingevenafterhewas75.So much13、Ishallneverbelateforschoolagain.Never again■14、Translationiseasybynomeans.By no means15、Weoftenwarnedthemnottodoso.Often ■16、Wewillalwaysremembertheimportanceofthemeeting.Always17、Thefirstturbineenginewasn'tinventeduntil1876.Notuntil 18、IhaveseenthatkindoftreenowhereelseinEngland.Nowhere else inEngland.19、Ihaverarelyheardofsuchasillything.Rarely20、ProfessorJohnhadscarcelyfinishedhislecturewhenthebellrang.Scarcely 被动句练习：一、 根据中文意思完成下列句子.1、LittleJimshouldlovetothetheatrethisevening.tobetaken B.totakeC.beingtaken D.taking2、Afterhebecameconscious,herememberedandontheheadwitharod.A.toattack;hit B.tobeattacked;tobehitC.attacking;behit D.havingbeenattacked;hit3、Atthebeginningoftheclass,thenoiseofdeskscouldbeheardoutsidetheclassrooms.A.openedandclosedB.tobeopenedandclosedbeingopenedandclosedD.toopenandclose4、 WhereisGeorge?Hesaidhewouldmeetmeat3o'clock. HeseemswithMr.Brownintheoffice.A.totalkB.tobetalkingC.tohavetalkedD.talking说明：一.动词不定式用主动形式表被动含义的情况：在作表语或宾补的形容词后用状语时；作定语修饰have,therebe,this/that/these/thosebe等后面的名词或代词时；作表语的toblame9tolet,torent等。在主系表结构中，当表语形容词为good,light,heavy,difficult等时,其后常用不定式作状语,表示时间，原因，结果等，且常用主动形式表示被动意义，如：Thetextisdifficulttolearn.这篇课文很难学。（tolearn主动表被动）Wefoundthetextdifficulttolearn.我觉得这篇课文很难学。（tolearn主动表被动）Hewastoblameforthat.他因此受到了责备。（作表语的toblame主动表被动）I'mgoingtothesupermarketthisafternoon.Doyouhaveanything?A.tobebuying B.tobuyC.forbuying D.boughtlikegettingupveryearlyinsummer.Themorningairissogood・A.tobebreathedB.tobreatheC.breathingD.beingbreathed二.need,want和require表示“需要”，主语通常是物时，后面除用不定式的被动式外，也可用-ing形式的主动形式表示被动。如：6、Thereisanewprobleminvolvedinthepopularityofprivatecarsroadconditionsneed.A.that;tobeimproved B.which;tobeimprovedC.where;improving D.when;improvingTheywouldtellhowtheAfrican(bring)onashiptoanAmericanport.Hedoesnotpossessabicycle,thisoneheuses(belong)toPeter.Negotiation(open)againwithMoscowtomorrow,agreateventwillbediscussedthen.11、Thereasonforallthechangesbeingmade(explain)tousyet.Experimentsinthephotographyofmovingobjects(conduct)inboththeUnitedStatesandEuropewellbefore1900.Whenheturnedthecorner,hefoundhimself(tail)byamaninblack.Acandidate(候选人)forthedemocraticpresidentialnomination(提名)(interview)atthismoment.Asweapproachedtheworksite,theworkerswereseen(build)thenewhouse.17、Thecompositiondoesn'tneed(correct)anymore.>Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper(rob)inbroaddaylight(光天化日之下)yesterday19>Hurryup,orthetickets(sell)outbythetimewegetthere.20、Hecleanedtheglassescarefullyforfearthatit(damage)..这事将尽快处理。(dealwith)Thematterwill assoonaspossible..特权必须废除。(do)Privilegesmustawaywith..恐怕我正被人跟踪。(follow)I'mafraidI ..案子最近已复南西「(tiy)Thecaserecently..他们到达时，所有的票已经售完。(sellout)Allthetickets whentheyarrived..他们受到热烈的欢迎。(give)Theyawarmwelcome..中国大多数学校都教英语。(teach)EnglishinmostschoolsinChina..他们的婚礼将在这个教堂里举行。(hold)Theirweddingwill inthechurch..这一点不可忽视。(neglect)Thismustn't..这一点你在谈话中不必提及。(mention)Itneedn'tinyourtalk..这个计划本不该告诉他们的。(tell)Theyshouldn't abouttheplan..会议将在下周举行。(hold)Themeetingisgoingtonextweek..这种人应受到惩罚。(punish)Suchpeopleareto..地上有人坐过，床上有人睡过。(sit,sleep)Thegroundonandthebedin..顾客请勿触摸展品。(request)Customersnottotouchtheexhibits..她被认为是个优秀的歌手。(think)Shetobeagoodsinger..不是很可能把失去的时间补上。(makeup)Itisimpossibleforlosttimeto..我六岁开始接受教育。(educate)IbegantowhenIwassix..众所周知，这些岛屿向来归中国管辖。(know)IttoallthattheseislandshavealwaysbeenunderChinesejurisdiction..她的相没有照好。(photographv.)Shehasnotwello无生命物质做主语：.表示生理，心理状态的名词或表示某种遭遇的词(anger,desire,courage,faith,idea,word,etc.)做主语，以fail,desert,escape,seize,visit,strike,occur等词做谓语。如：Wordsfailedhim.他说不出话来。Manytroublesvisitedthefamily.这个家庭有不少麻烦。.以表示时间、地点的名词做句子主语。如：Romewitnessedmanygreathistoricevents.在罗马城发生过很多伟大的历史事件。.有行为或动作意义的名词做主语，含有役使意义的动词做谓语(make、remind、prevent、show、bring、keep)o如：Carefulcomparisonofthemwillshowyouthedifference.练习：一、把下列句子翻译成中文.Abitofafewknowledgekeptmefrommakingabigmistakewhenanimportantquestionwastobedecided.AquarterofacenturyaftertheintroductionoftelevisionintoAmericansociety,aperiodthathasseenthemediumbecomesodeeplyingrainedinAmericanlife.Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.Thelittlechap'sgood-naturedhonestfacewonhiswayforhim.MyconsciencetoldmethatIdeservednoextraordinarypoliteness.Afewstepsacrossthelawnbroughtmetoalarge,splendidhotel.Theirgoodtemperneverfailedthem.ThefaultescapedobservationformonthsThethickcarpetkilledthesoundofmyfootstepsAprofoundmelancholyseizedhim.二、根据中文意思完成下列句子.当他不得不对她说时，他突然失去了勇气。(desert).从来没人发现有逃出这条死巷的路的可能性。(occur).第5天，上帝造出了水中的鱼和空中的鸟。(see).生命充满了意义、目标和欢乐。(befilledwith).我记得看过这部电影，但是主角的名字却不工己得了。(escape).她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。(comeover).我们没有听到任何声音。(reach).他们欣喜若狂。(overcome)elation.他开始变得惊恐万状。(takeentirepossessionof)alarm.一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。(remindof)练习答案主语从句tisafactthatItisanhonourthatItisashamethatItisnowonderthatItisfortunatethatItispossiblethatItisstrangethatItisreportedthatItisannouncedthatItmustbeadmittedthatItmustbepointedoutthatWhateverhedoesWhoeverbreaksthelawWhateverhedidWhathelacks宾语从句(that)Jimwastellingthetruth(that)hecouldlearnitwell(that)noharmwillevercometoyouthebookwasveryinteresting,itwasworthreadingwhether/ifhestillworksinthatfactorywhetherhecanspeakEnglishornotwhichtheywantedhowbeautifultheflowersarewhathesaidwhoeverwantstoknow同位语从句Shewouldwriteanovelsomeday.HehassucceededHestolemoneyHewouldcomebyplane.ShehasdoneherbestWherewecouldgettheloanWhattodonextwhenwemetforthefirsttime.whytheTVwasoutoforder.whetherisright定语从句who/thatsokeatthemeetingthismorningwhosecoverisbeautifulwhichwillbelenttoyouthatyousawwhoworkedwithmeayearagowho/whomyouwanttoseeFromwhichsevenpeoplearemissingwhenIreachedthetopoftheHuangshanMountainwherewestayedlastnightwhyhewaslateWherethetalltreeisWhosedutyistoteachWherehewasbornWhyshediditeightypercentofwhomaregirls五、状语从句themomentIsawyouWhereverthecamelategrassAsthetreewasaverysmalloneasifhewasanEnglishmanaslongasyoupromisetobebackinorderthathemightbeheardsofastthatwecouldnotfollowherWheneverIamunhappyNomatterwhatyoudoWhentheyaretalking.untilhefinishedhishomework.WhereveryougoAlthoughshehasalotofmoney,asifIwereastranger.Wherethereisawill六、现在分词做定语well-growingmovingaskingfacingbeingtaughtbeingbuiltdownthestreetbarkingconvincingtwinklingtiring七、现在分词做状语walkingalongHavingwrittenHavingfailedNotknowingBeingbusyNotknowingLookingBeinggettingrunningHearingthenews,Whenleavingtheairport,Singinghappily.Whenusingthismachine,.Standingnearthecliff八、用现在分词代替下列句中的从句。Anyonenothearingthenoisemusthavebeenstonedeaf.Presentcostinglessthantenpoundsinallmaybeimporteddutyfree.Mrs.Jayhasopenedasavingsaccountsinceplanningtobuyacar.Althoughadmittingwhatshehassaid,Istillthinkthatshehasn'ttiredherbest.Themanwasaccompaniedbyaporterweighingatleast16okilos.Beingalaymaninmattersofculture^Iwouldliketostudythem.Afterhavingputdownmynewspaper,IwalkedovertothewindowandlookedoutTurningtotheright,youwillfindabookstore.Livinginthecountry^wehadfewamusements.TheBritishMuseumhasarighttoonecopyofanybookappearinginBritain.Anydrivernothavingalicenseoughttobesenttojailrightaway.Atthestation,weweremetbyamancarryingacopyoftheTimes.Thedoctor,notwantingtomakethepatientnervous,didnotexplaintheseriousnessofhisillness.九、过去分词作定语PaintedSentImportedWrittenDressedMadeBrokenUsedWoundedAdmired十、过去分词在句中作状语GivenmoreattentiontoRoundedHeatedMovedLeftTiedCarriedDeprivedCoveredSeenDistinguishedWreckedSeenBurntdownShot十一、用过去分词短语替换下列句中的从句1、Anydutiablearticlesnotdeclaredtothecustomswillbeliabletoconfiscation.2»Ifusedeconomically,onetinwillbelastforatleastsixweeks3、Carsparkedillegallywereremoved.4、Strategicallylocated,HKactsasagatewayintoandoutofTaiwan.5、Exhausted,thechildrenfellasleepatonce.6、Evenifinvited,Iwillnotgo.7、Oncepublished,thebookcausedaremarkablestir.8、Ifleftaloneonadesertisland,whatwouldyoudofirst?9、Thoughsurrounded,theguerillaswerenotdiscouraged.10、Whenabsorbedinhiswork,Jimneglectedfoodandsleep.Whenaskedtostay,shecouldn'tverywellleave.IfgivenanotherchancyI'lldoitbetter.Overcomewithsurpriseyshewasuna