考研英语94-05真题翻译

什么是定语从句和状语从句，对于定语从句前面说到两个词是that和which,这两个词需要放在名词的前面。如果是状语的话，则可以把它放在整个句子的最前面去，或者放在整个动词的最前面去，这样翻译的时候，就会变得非常简单。也希望在6月18号六级考试过后，把专业课抓紧，并且在放暑假的时候，全力进攻考研阅读基本功训练-阅读真题李勇全老师特别提示：考研真题比较宝贵，先把基本功打好才能训练

1997—2009年考研真题。我特别为北京导航、北京领航的学员列出

了1994—2001年真题，建议考研学子用来做精读，把里面每个单词，

每个句子给理解清楚，最好能把不认识每个单词都查出来，每个句子

都翻译出来。 北京导航、北京领航李勇全1999年Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian，scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.73)Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74)Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof"tunnelmethod,“frequentlyfallvictimtothe“technicistfallacy."Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75)Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.2000年Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Undermodemconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.72)Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,themayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,ofintheymaycooperatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentonscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrializationwithallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed-wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.AllthishastheeffectofbuiIdingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.75)Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements-themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.2001年Inlessthan30year'stimetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Direct1inksbetweenthebrain,snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.71)Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72)Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.AccordingtoBT,sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium(aperiodof1,000years),whensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife.73)Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertoworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputerhuman1inks."Bylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherlikethehoiidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeck,“hesays.74)Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:"Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.”Throughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbeavailable,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswill,forexample,causeproblemsin2010,whilethearrivalofsynthetic1ifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75)Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder—kitchenrage.1999年.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。.人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。2000年.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。.再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。.大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。.在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。.由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易）造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。2001年.届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。.儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。.皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。.但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：”它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”.家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病一厨房狂躁。1994Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.(71)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(72)“Inshort”,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,,thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”(73)Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxwe11,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo，sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemy,anastronomerofthesecondcentury,whoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.(74)Galileo'sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestory,accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,wasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses.Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.(75)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa(反之)oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.1995年Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicaltestthatarewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andevenincongress.71)Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionformthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgrades,researchproductivity,salesrecords,orwhateverisappropriate.72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73)Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.74)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75)Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.1996年Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.71)Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.Some,however,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotake,bypersonsinauthority,acttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.72)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetai1.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.73)Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.Thiskindofsupport,1ikeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupporting"good“asopposedto"bad"science,butavaliddeterminationisdifficulttomake.Generally,theideaofgoodsciencetendstobecomeconfusedwiththecapacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerateaneleganttheory.74)However,theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld'smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.75)Newformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhaveinthepast,givingrisetonewstandardsofelegance.1997年Doanimalshaverights?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeauseful,groundclearingwaytostart.71)Actually,itisn't,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.72)Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Therefore,animalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurd,forexactlythesamereason,soistheideathattigershaverights.However,thisisonlyoneaccount,andbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople—forinstancetoinfants,thementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inaddition,itisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit,howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon'tlikethiscontract''?Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeople,arguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.73)Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanother,morefundamental,question:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall?Manydenyit.74)Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake—asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans.Thisview,whichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwood,mayseembravely“logical”.Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning—theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl—istoweighothers'interestsagainstone'sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenough,formost,toengagesympathy.75)Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:itismankind'sinstinctformoralreasoninginaction,aninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.1998年Theywere,byfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdecided:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlightyearsfromearth.71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected;theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration'sCosmicBackgroundExplorersatellite-Cobe-haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBang(thetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginabledenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies,stars,plantsandeventually,evenhumans.Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswell,theseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuper-clustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn，thavelongtowait.73)AstrophysicistsworkingwithgroundbaseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoonborneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.74)Ifthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatveryearlyon,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrilliontrillion-foldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbyasortofantigravity.75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.1994年.他们（新学派科学家们）说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。.新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”.工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。.伽里略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。.政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。1995年.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。.这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。.因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息,或是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。.一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效;而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。.例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。1996年.在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求；另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。.给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。.然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人人胜的课题的。.同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。1997年.事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为前题的，而这种共识并不存在。.有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任与权益相交换的一部分。.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。.这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。.这种反应并没什么错：这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲弄。1998年.更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。.巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的宇宙大爆炸理论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。.天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久就会报告他们的观测结果。.假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学观点的胜利，即更完美的大爆炸理论，亦称宇宙膨胀理论。75.宇宙膨胀理论虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论，在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一理论是正确的。翻译技巧一、英语复句转换成汉语复句鉴于考研英语的英泽汉试题中大多数句子都是复杂句或复合句，即所谓的长句，所以我们对英语长句的翻译作较详细的论述。前面我们对英语长句已进行过概括说明，知道了长句的特点以及具体的分析方法。下面我们就长句的英汉转换以及在此过程中所运用的方法进行分析。对付长句，有两个行之有效的方法。首先“拆”，就是把原句一个句子拆成几个分句、意群或小的句子；其次是“排”，就是按照汉语的逻辑顺序等习惯，重新安排所拆开的分句、意群或小的句子。为方便记忆，我们把这两种方法简称为“一拆二分”。一般来说，翻译英语长句非一种方法所能及，它需要各种方法的综合,既有分译，又有合译；既有顺序译法，又有逆序译法；既有单独使用一种方法，又有种种方法综合使用现在我们就上述各种方法的运用举例说明。（1）顺序法：当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时，可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如：例1 Agrantedpatentistheresultofabargainstruckbetweenaninventorandthestate,bymeansofwhichtheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetaiIsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiodterminates.例2 Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichhepossessed.（1992年考研试题）例3 Butnowitisrealizedthatsuppliesofsomeofthemarelimited,anditisevenpossibletogiveareasonableestimateoftheir“expectationoflife”,thetimeitwilltaketoexhaustallknownsourcesandreservesofthesematerials.（1984年考研试题）例4 ItbeginsasachiIdlikeinterestinthegrandspectacleandexcitingevent;itgrowsasamatureinterestinthevarietyandcomplexityofthedrama,thesplendidachievementsandterriblefailures;itendsasdeepsenseofthemysteryofman,slifeofallthedead,greatandobscure,whooncewalkedtheearth,andofwonderfulandawfulpossibilitiesofbeingahumanbeing.例5 Ifparentswerepreparedforthisadolescentreaction,andrealizedthatitwasasignthatthechiIdwasgrowingupanddevelopingvaluablepowersofobservationandindependentjudgment,theywouldnotbesohurt,andthereforewouldnotdrivethechildintooppositionbyresentingandresistingit.(2)逆序法：又称“倒置法”，主要指句子的前后倒置问题。有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时就必须从原文后面译起，逆着原文的顺序翻译。考研英语中这样的例子很多，许多句子都需要作这样的调整。逆序法在长句的翻译中，我们可根据不同的情况按意群进行全部逆序或部分逆序。例1 WithaviewtosuccessfullymaintainingabalancedsystemimplementedbyabasicallyevendistributionofFederalresources,Federalfinancialaidisgivenonlyifastatehasacceptablestandardsofadministration.Soitwasthatthefarmpoorwerecaughtintheirownpast,thedoublevictimsoftechnology:exilefromtheirhomebyadvancesinagriculturalmachinery;unfittedforlifeinthecitybecauseoftheconsequencesofindustrialmechanization.例3 AgreatnumberofgraduatestudentsweredrivenintotheintellectualslumwhenintheUnitedStatestheintellectualpoorbecametheclassicpoor,thepoorundertheratherromanticguiseoftheBeatGeneration,arealphenomenoninthelatefifties.例4 Itthereforebecomesmoreandmoreimportantthat,ifstudentsarenottowastetheiropportunities,therewillhavetobemuchmoredetailedinformationaboutcoursesandmoreadvice.例5 SuchisahumannatureintheWestthatagreatmanypeopleareoftenwillingtosacrificehigherpayfortheprivilegeofbecomingwhitecollarworkers.(3)分译法：又叫“拆译法”，是指将长句中的某些成分(句子、词组或词)从句子主干中拆开，另行处理，以利于句子的总体安排。在考研英译汉试题中，有些长句里的某些成分是很难用“顺序法”或“逆序法”翻译。此时，采用“分译法”，将它们放到句子主干之首或句尾，分开来叙述。有时，为了拆分的需要，还要适当增加词语。考生必须注意的是：分译的目的是化长为短、化整为零，消除译文的阻塞；人译的条件是当句中主语与修饰词的关系并不十分密切时。分译后的译文必须连贯，有整体感。例如：例1 Thisland,whichoncebarredthewayofwearytravelers,nowhasbecomealandforwinterandsummervacations,alandofmagicandwonder.例2 Theveryimportantoi1industry,whichhasdonemuchtorejuvenatetheeconomyoftheSouthsincetheendofWorldWarII,madeconsiderableheadwayespeciallyinthefivestatesofArkansas,Louisiana,Mississippi,OklahomaandTexas.例3 Asthecenturydeveloped,theincreasingmagnitudeandcomplexityoftheproblemstobesolvedandthegrowinginterconnectionofdifferentdisciplinesmadeitpossible,inmanycases,fortheindividualscientisttodealwiththehugemassofnewdata,techniquesandequipmentthatwererequiredforcarryingoutresearchaccuratelyandefficiently.(4)综合法：有些长句单独使用以上三种方法中的任何一个都有不妥之处，那么可按时空顺序、有顺有逆、主次分明的方式进行处理。下面举例说明：例1Thisphenomenondescribesthewayinwhichlightphysicallyscatterswhenitpassesthroughparticlesintheearth'satmospherethatare1/10"indiameterofthecolorofthelight.二、英语被动结构的汉译英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛，尤其是在科技文体和说明文体中，被动语态几乎随处可见。英以对比，英语的被动句显然多于汉语。在很多情况下，汉语在主谓之间的关系上并不十分重视，而一律用主动式。这是因为汉语动词不具备英语动词那样的形态变化，因而主要依赖于词汇手段以及句式来表示被动语态，而且在很多情况下主谓之间的被动关系是隐含的。对于英语被动句的翻译，我们经常采用以下方法：(1)被动隐含法。这种方法是指将被动语态译为主动语态时，被动形式隐含，即原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语，有时我们需要添加诸如“加以、予以、给以、经过、用……来、由……所、靠……来”等词来体现原文的被动含义。例如：例1Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideas,andtoplantogether,sothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.例2Inotherwords,mineralsubstanceswhicharefoundonearthmustbeextractedbydigging,boringboles,artificialexplosions,orsimilaroperationswhichmakethemavailabletous.例3Theyconsidertheincreaseinvariousformsofcancermaypossiblybeexplainedbyotherfactorsinthecomplexhumanenvironment atmosphericpollution,increasednervoustress,chemicalsubstancesinprocessedfood,orchemicalpesticidesthatarenowbeingusedbyfarmersinvastquantitiestodestroyinsectsandsmallanimals.例4Thosewhosupportthe“nature“sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.（1990年考研试题）例5Iwouldsuggest,however,thatthisminimumofsubsistenceshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftime,let'ssaytwoyears,soastoavoidtheencouragingofanabnormalattitudewhichrefusesanykindofsocialobligation.（2）主语转换法。这种转换方式有以下几种：1）英文中的主语转换成汉语译文中的宾语，英文中介词by后的宾语转换成汉语译文中的主语。例1Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.（1999年考研试题）例2Bytheendof1994,morethan9600patientshadbeencuredofleukaemiabyDr.BlackSmith,afamousmedicaldoctor.例3Cigarettesmokingisbelievedbymostresearchworkersinthisfieldtobeanimportantfactorin