考研考博-英语-上海师范大学天华学院考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海师范大学天华学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Outof（）revenge,hedidhisworsttoblackenhercharacterandruinherreputation.

问题1选项

A.perfect

B.total

C.sheer

D.integral

【答案】C

【解析】句意:纯粹出于报复，他拼命诋毁她的人品，败坏她的名誉。

考查形容词辨析。perfect完美的，纯熟的；total全部的，整个的；sheer全然的，纯粹的，十足的；integral完整的，整体的。因此C项符合句意。

2.单选题

Brazil’sconstitution（

）themilitaryuseofnuclearenergy.

问题1选项

A.Withdraws

B.objects

C.interrupts

D.forbids

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。withdraw“撤销，收回，撤退”；object“反对，拒绝”；Interrupt“中断”；forbid“禁止”。句意：巴西宪法规定禁止军队使用核能。选项D符合题意。

3.单选题

ItoldmyfriendGrahamthatIoftencyclethetwomilesfrommyhousetothetowncentreblitunfortunatelythereisabighillontheroute.Hereplied,“Youmeanfortunately.”HeexplainedthatIshouldbegladoftheextraexercisethatthehillprovided.

Myattitudetothehillhasnowchanged.Iusedto(1)asIapproacheditbutnowItellmyselfthefollowing.Thishillwillexercisemyheartandlungs.Itwillhelpmetolose(2)andgetfit.ItwillmeanthatIlivelonger.Thishillismyfriend.FinallyasIwindmywayuptheincline,I(3)myselfwiththethoughtofallthosesillypeoplewhopaymoneytogotoagymandsitonstationeryexercisebicycleswhenIcangetthesamevaluefor(4).IhaveasmileofsatisfactionasIreachthetopofthehill.

Problems(5)befacedandovercome.Wecannotachieveanythingwithaneasylife.HelenKellerwasthefirstdeafandblindpersontogainauniversitydegree.Heractivismandwritingprovedinspirational.Shewrote,“(6)cannotbedevelopedineaseandquiet.Onlythroughexperiencesoftrialandsufferingcanthesoulbestrengthened,visioncleared,ambitioninspiredandsuccessachieved.”

Oneofthemain(7)ofsuccessinlifeisourattitudetowardsadversity.Fromtimetotime,weallfacehardships,problems,accidents,afflictionsanddifficulties.Someareofour(8)butmanyconfrontusthroughnofaultofourown.Whilewecannotchoosetheadversitywecanchooseourattitudetowardsit.

Howcanyouchangeyourattitudetowardstheadversitythatyouface?Trythesesteps:Confronttheproblem.Donotavoidit.Deliberatelytakea(9)attitudeandwritedownsomebenefitsoradvantagesofthesituation.Visualizehowyouwillfeelwhenyouovercomethisobstacle.Developanactionplanforhowtotackleit.Smileandgetcracking.

Thebiographiesofgreatpeoplearelitteredwithexamplesofhowtheytookthesekindsofstepstoovercomethedifficultiestheyfaced.Thecommonthreadisthattheydidnotbecomedefeatistordepressed.Theychosetheirattitude.They(10)tobepositive.

Theytookonthechallenge.Theywon.

问题1选项

A.grumble

B.fear

C.giveup

D.stop

问题2选项

A.temper

B.control

C.weight

D.sight

问题3选项

A.provide

B.converse

C.deal

D.console

问题4选项

A.good

B.free

C.ever

D.return

问题5选项

A.arethereto

B.whichcan

C.willnot

D.wehave

问题6选项

A.Education

B.Interest

C.Character

D.Friendship

问题7选项

A.causes

B.determinants

C.symptoms

D.components

问题8选项

A.making

B.doing

C.taking

D.thinking

问题9选项

A.special

B.strong

C.negative

D.positive

问题10选项

A.seemed

B.opted

C.had

D.used

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

第6题:A

第7题:B

第8题:A

第9题:D

第10题:B

【解析】1.动词辨析。grumble抱怨,嘟囔;fear害怕,敬畏,为……担心;giveup放弃,交出；stop停止,逗留。此处句意为:我对这座山的态度现在改变了,过去我看到它总是…。因此A符合句意。

2.名词辨析。temper脾气，(钢等)回火，性情，倾向；control控制，管理；weight重量，体重，负担;sight视力，景象。And连接空格和getfit(变得健康),因此and前面很可能表示“减肥,减掉体重”,故选C。

3.动词辨析。provide提供，供应；converse交谈，谈话；deal处理，交易；console安慰，慰藉。此处表示“想起这些愚蠢的人去健身房的做法来安慰自己”。故选C。

4.短语辨析。Forgood永久地，一劳永逸地;forfree免费；ever永远，曾经；forever永远，永恒地；forreturn作回报。这里句意为:自己能免费地得到同样的价值,故选B。

5.语法题。考查一般将来时。句意:难题是用来被面对和克服的,顺风顺水就不会有进步。因此要用一般将来时,排除B和D。C不符合句意。故选A。

6.名词辨析。education教育，培养，教育学；interest兴趣，利息；character性格，品质，特性；角色friendship友谊，友爱，友善。空格后句意为提示信息:只有通过磨炼和受难的经历，人的心灵才能被强化,由此可知C符合句意。

7.名词辨析。cause原因，事业，目标;determinant决定因素；symptom症状，征兆；component成分，组件。句意为:我们对待逆境的态度是生命中成功的主要决定因素之一,因此选B。

8.名词辨析。making发展，制造，造成；doing做，不能接受，难以完成，事件；taking捕获，收入；thinking思考，意见，见解。这里表示“一些问题是我们造成的”,因此A符合句意。

9.形容词辨析。special特别的，专门的，专用的；strong坚强的，强壮的，牢固的；negative负的，消极的，否定的，阴性的；positive积极的，确定的。空格前句意为:你怎样能改变自己对待所面临的逆境的态度呢？可以尝试这些步骤。所以此处表示“故意采取一种积极的态度”,故选D。

10.动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去式。seem似乎，像是，装作，seemto似乎，看起来;opt选择，optto选择;have有，从事，允许，haveto必须，不得不；use利用，耗费。这里应表示“他们选择积极地面对”,故选B。

4.单选题

Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold(霉)onapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoflaborioustrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.

Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshotsatthegoal—andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovationandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabstractions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities.

“Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere’snoparticularvirtueindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,”wroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:“Howcomenobodythoughtofhatbefore?”

Thecreativeapproachbeginswiththepropositionthatnothingisasitappears.Innovatorswillnotacceptthatthereisonlyonewaytodoanything.FacedwithgettingfromVtoB,theaveragepersonwillautomaticallysetoutonthebest-knownandapparentlysimplestroute.Theinnovatorwillsearchforalternatecourses,whichmayproveeasierinthelongrunandareboundtobemoreinterestingandchallengingeveniftheyleadtodeadends.Highlycreativeindividualsreallydomarchtoadifferentdrummer.

1.Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby“untaughtminds”inthefirstparagraph?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,whatdiffersinnovatorsfromnon-innovators?

3.TheauthorquotesRudolphFleschinParagraph3because______.

4.Thephrase“marchtoadifferentdrummer”(thelastlineofthepassage)suggeststhathighlycreativeindividualsare______.

5.Themostsuitabletitleforthispassagemightbe______.

问题1选项

A.Apersonignorantofthehardworkinvolvedinexperimentation.

B.Acitizenofasocietythatrestrictspersonalcreativity.

C.Apersonwhohashadnoeducation.

D.Anindividualwhooftencomesupwithnewideasbyaccident.

问题2选项

A.Thevarietyofideastheyhave.

B.Theintelligencetheypossess.

C.Thewaytheydealwithproblems.

D.Thewaytheypresenttheirfindings.

问题3选项

A.RudolphFleschisthebest-knownexpertinthestudyofhumancreativity

B.thequotationstrengthenstheassertionthatcreativeindividualslookfornewwaysofdoingthings

C.thereaderisfamiliarwithRudolphFlesch’spointofview

D.thequotationaddsanewideatotheinformationpreviouslypresented

问题4选项

A.diligentinpursuingtheirgoals

B.reluctanttofollowcommonwaysofdoingthings

C.devotedtotheprogressofscience

D.concernedabouttheadvanceofsociety

问题5选项

A.DiscoveriesandInnovation

B.WhatAreSoSpecialaboutCreativeIndividuals

C.ToBeaCreativeExpertintheStudyofHumanCreativity

D.TheRelationbetweenCreationandDiligence

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.语义推测题。由题干关键词“untaughtminds”可以定位到文章第一段第一句Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.（科学技术上的发明创造被“不知内情者”看作是灵感的眩目闪现或戏剧性事件的结果。），接下来第二句以青霉素发明者弗莱明爵士为例，对首句进行反驳，说明科技发明的取得都是经过长期的艰苦实验，从失败走向成功的，只有那些不明真相、不知其艰辛的人才会把发明创造想象为灵感或戏剧性事件的产物，所以“untaughtminds”在文中是指“不了解发明与革新的艰辛的人”。因此A选项“对实验中的艰苦工作一无所知的人”正确。B选项“一个限制个人创造力的社会的公民”，C选项“一个没有接受过教育的人”，D选项“一个经常偶然想出新点子的人”均不符合题意，所以B,C,D错误。

2.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第二句Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovationandothersisoneofapproach.（有创造力的人与他人的最大区别在于他们对待事物的方法不同。），说明创新者与非创新者的区别在于对待事物的方法。因此C选项“处理问题的方式”正确。A选项“想法的多样性”，B选项“拥有的智慧”，D选项“展示他们的发现的方式”在文中均没有提及，所以A,B,D错误。

3.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第一句“Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere’snoparticularvirtueindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,”wroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.（语言权威人士鲁道夫•弗莱什写道：“创造性思维可能仅仅意味着意识到按一贯的方式做事并没有什么特别的优点。”），说明作者引用弗莱什的话是为了支持自己的观点：有创造力的人经常探索做事的新方法。因此B想象“这段话加强了有创造力的人寻找新的做事方法的推断”正确。A选项“鲁道夫•弗莱什是研究人类创造力的最著名的专家”，原文只说它是一位语言权威，和研究人类创造力无关，所以A错误。C选项“读者对鲁道夫•弗莱什的观点很熟悉”在文中没有提及，所以C错误。D选项“这段引文为前面介绍的信息增加了一个新的观点”，由原文可知，弗莱什的话和作者的看法是一致的，并未添加新的观点和思想，所以D错误。

4.推理判断题。由题干关键词“marchtoadifferentdrummer”可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Highlycreativeindividualsreallydomarchtoadifferentdrummer.（极具创造力的人确实是与众不同的。），说明有创造力的人“不随波逐流，与其他人所走的道路或所持的思路不同”，这是对文章主旨的一个形象总结。因此B选项“不愿意遵循普通的做事方式”正确。A选项“勤奋地追求自己的目标”，C选项“致力于科学的进步”，D选项“关注社会的进步”在文中均没有提及，所以A,C,D错误。

5.主旨大意题。文章开头举例说明了发明及创新几乎都来自于反复尝试和失败，接着介绍了创新者与其他人的主要区别在于处理问题的方法，最后总结道极富创造性的人的确是标新立异的。因此B选项“有创造力的人有什么特别之处”最适合作为文章标题。A选项“发现与创新”表述太过宽泛，不适合作为文章标题，所以A错误。C选项“成为研究人类创造力的专家”，D选项“创造与勤奋的关系”在文中没有提及，所以C,D错误。

5.单选题

Webookedroomsatthehotel（

）weshouldfindnovacanciesonourarrival.

问题1选项

A.whenever

B.if

C.since

D.lest

【答案】D

【解析】考查语法中连词的用法。A项whenever表示“无论何时”；B项if表示“如果；是否”；C项since表示“自从；既然”；D项lest表示“以免，唯恐”，根据句意以及逻辑关系可知，本题正确答案为D项。

6.单选题

AspecialfeatureofeducationatMITistheopportunityforstudentsandfacultyto（）togetherinresearchactivities.

问题1选项

A.specialize

B.participate

C.consist

D.involve

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。specialize“使专门化”；participate“参与”；consist“由…组成”;involve“包含，牵涉”。句意：麻省理工学院教育的一个特色是学生和老师都有机会一起参与研究活动。B项符合题意，故答案B。

7.单选题

Agreatmanypeopleareoftenwillingtosacrificehigherpayforthe（

）ofbecomingwhitecollarworkers.

问题1选项

A.privilege

B.advantage

C.profit

D.preference

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。privilege“特权”；advantage“优势”；profit“利润，利益”；preference“偏爱，倾向”。句意：很多人愿意为白领阶层的优越性而放弃更高的工资。选项A符合题意。

8.单选题

Thereisnobeerleftandthepubsareshutsoyou’llhaveto（

）it.

问题1选项

A.gofor

B.gothrough

C.gooff

D.gowithout

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。gofor“主张，拥护”；gothrough“仔细检查”；gooff“离开，进行”；gowithout“没有”。句意：这里没有啤酒了，且酒吧也关门，所以你没有啤酒喝了。由上下文语义可知D项正确。答案D

9.单选题

BlackandLatinoboyscommitplentyofviolenceinschool,ofcourse,butthey’remorelikelytoassaultanindividualwhomtheyknow.

问题1选项

A.intrude

B.violate

C.attack

D.battle

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.intrude闯入，侵入B.violate违犯，违背（法律、协议等）

C.attack袭击，攻击D.battle搏斗，奋斗，斗争

【答案】C

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】assault的意思为“袭击，侵犯人身”，指的是黑人和拉丁裔男孩有可能攻击他们认识的人，attack与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。

【句意】当然，黑人和拉丁裔男孩在学校犯下了很多暴力行为，但他们更有可能攻击他们认识的人。

10.单选题

ThetrainwaswhirlingonwardwithsuchdignityofmotionthataglancefromthewindowseemedsimplytoprovethatplainsofTexaswerepouringeastward.Vastflatsofgreengrass,dull-huedspacesofmesquiteandcactus,littlegroupsofframehouses,woodsoflightandtendertrees,allweresweepingintotheeast,sweepingoverthehorizon,aprecipice.

AnewlymarriedpairhadboardedthiscoachatSanAntonio.Theman’sfacewasreddenedfrommanydaysinthewindandsun,andadirectresultofhisnewblackclotheswasthathisbrick-coloredhandswereconstantlyperforminginamostconsciousfashion.Fromtimetotimehelookeddownrespectfullyathisattire.Hesatwithahandoneachknee,likeamanwaitinginabarber’sshop.Theglanceshedevotedtootherpassengerswerefurtiveandshy.

Thebridewasnotpretty,norwassheveryyoung.Sheworeadressofbluecashmere,withsmallreservationsofvelvethereandthere,andwithsteelbuttonsabounding.Shecontinuallytwistedherheadtoregardherpuffsleeves,verystiff,andhigh.Theyembarrassedher.Itwasquiteapparentthatshehadcooked,andthatsheexpectedtocook,dutifully.Theblushescausedbythecarelessscrutinyofsomepassengersasshehadenteredthecarwerestrangetoseeuponthisplain,under-classcountenance,whichwasdrawninplacid,almostemotionlesslines.

Theywereevidentlyveryhappy.“Everbeeninaparlor-carbefore?”heasked,smilingwithdelight.

“No.”sheanswered;“Ineverwas.It’sfine,isn’tit?”

“Great!Andthenafterawhilewe’llgoforwardtothedinnerandgetabiglay-out.Freshmealintheworld.Chargeadollar.”

“Oh,dothey?”criedthebride.“Chargeadollar?Why,that’stoomuch—forus—aren’tit,Jack?”

“Northistrip,anyhow,”heansweredbravely.“We’regoingtogothewholething.”

Laterheexplainedtoheraboutthetrains.“Yousee,it’sathousandmilesfromoneendofTexastotheother;andthisrunsrightacrossit,andneverstopsbutfourtimes.”Hehadtheprideofanowner.Hepointedouttoherthedazzlingfittingsofthecoach;andintruthhereyesopenedwiderandshecontemplatedthesea-greenfiguredvelvet,theshiningbrass,silver,andglass,thewoodthatgleamedasdarklybrilliantasthesurfaceofapoolofoil.Atoneendabronzefiguresturdilyheldasupportforaseparatedchamber,andatconvenientplacesontheceilingwerefrescosinoliveandsilver.

Tothemindsofthepair,theirsurroundingsreflectedthegloryoftheirmarriagethatmorninginSanAntonio;thiswastheenvironmentoftheirnewestate;andtheman’sfaceinparticularbeamedwithanelationthatmadehimappearridiculoustotheNegroporter.Thisindividualattimessurveyedthemfromafarwithanamusedandsuperiorgrin.Onotheroccasionshebulliedthemwithskillinwaysthatdidnotmakeitexactlyplaintothemthattheywerebeingbullied.Hesubtlyusedallthemannersofthemostunconquerablekindofsnobbery.Heoppressedthem.Butofthisoppressiontheyhadsmallknowledge,andtheyspeedilyforgotthatinfrequentlyanumberoftravelerscoveredthemwithstaresofderisiveenjoyment.Historicallytherewassupposedtobesomethinginfinitelyhumorousintheirsituation.

“WearedueinYellowSkyat3:42.”hesaid,lookingtenderlyintohereyes.

“Oh,arewe?”shesaid,asifshehadnotbeenawareofit:Toevince（表现出）surpriseatherhusband’sstatementwaspartofherwifelyamiability.Shetookfromapocketalittlesilverwatch;andasshehelditbeforeher,andstaredatitwithafrownofattention,thenewhusband’sfaceshone.

“IboughtitinSanAntonfromafriendofmine,”hetoldhergleefully.

“It'sseventeenminutespasttwelve,”shesaid,lookingupathimwithakindofshyandclumsycoquetry（调情；卖俏）.Apassenger,notingthisplay,grewexcessivelysardonic,andwinkedathimselfinoneofthenumerousmirrors.

Atlasttheywenttothedining-car.TworowsofNegrowaiters,inglowingwhitesuits,surveyedtheirentrancewiththeinterest,andalsotheequanimity,ofmenwhohadbeenforewarned.Thepairfelltothelotofawaiterwhohappenedtofeelpleasureinsteeringthemthroughtheirmeal.Heviewedthemwiththemannerofafatherlypilot,hiscountenanceradiantwithbenevolence.Thepatronage,entwinedwiththeordinarydeference,wasnotplaintothem.Andyet,astheyreturnedtotheircoach,theyshowedintheirfacesasenseofescape.

1.Thedescriptionofthecouple’sclothesandbehavioratthebeginningofthepassageseemstoindicatethattheyhadasenseof（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdepictstheinteriorofthecoach?

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheattitudeofotherpeopleonthetraintowardsthecouple?

4.Whichofthefollowingcontainsametaphor?

5.Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthatinthedining-car（）.

问题1选项

A.secrecy

B.elation

C.superiority

D.awkwardness

问题2选项

A.Modern.

B.Luxurious.

C.Practical.

D.Complex.

问题3选项

A.Theyregardedthecoupleasanobjectoffun.

B.Theyexpressedindifferencetowardsthecouple.

C.Theywereverycuriousaboutthecouple.

D.Theyshowedfriendlinesstowardsthecouple.

问题4选项

Alikeamanwaitinginabarber’sshop

Bhiscountenanceradiantwithbenevolence

Csweepingoverthehorizon,aprecipice

Dasdarklybrilliantasthesurfaceofapoolofoil

问题5选项

A.thewaitersweresnobbish

B.thecouplefeltillatease

C.theservicewassatisfactory

D.thecoupleenjoyedtheirdinner

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:1.判断推理题。根据原文前半部分分别对这对黑人夫妇的描述“他坐在那里像一个在理发店等待的人。他向其他乘客投去的目光是偷偷摸摸的、害羞的。他们使她很尴尬。当她上车时，有些乘客漫不经心地打量着她，这让她羞红了脸。这副相貌平平的下层阶级的脸蛋，原本线条简单，几乎没有什么表情，使得脸上的红晕很奇怪。”通过这些信息我们可以发现，这对夫妇很不自然，所以作者描写他们的着装和行为是为了体现出他们的尴尬，笨拙。所以选项D“awkwardness”正确。secrecy“秘密”；elation“兴高采烈，得意洋洋”；superiority“优越”，其他选项均不正确。

第2题:2.判断推理题。原文第九自然段提到了火车内部的装饰，“thedazzlingfittings令人眼花缭乱的设施”，“thesea-greenfiguredvelvet,theshiningbrass,silver,andglass,thewoodthatgleamedasdarklybrilliantasthesurfaceofapoolofoil.海绿色的天鹅绒、闪闪发光的黄铜、银和玻璃，以及像油池表面一样闪闪发光的木头”，这些信息都表明，火车内部的装饰非常奢华。所以选项B正确。

第3题:3.细节事实题。根据第十自然段“...anumberoftravelerscoveredthemwithstaresofderisiveenjoyment.许多旅客用嘲弄的眼光望着他们。”由此可知，火车上其他人对这对夫妇的态度是把他们当做一个笑柄，所以选项A符合原文。

第4题:4.判断推理题。metaphor指的是隐喻，暗喻。首先需要明确暗喻和明喻的区别，它们都有本体和喻体，但比喻词有差别。明喻一般用like,as,seem,asif,asthough,similarto,suchas等比喻词；暗喻一般不用这些比喻词，直接将某一事物的名称用于另一事物，通过比较形成。选项A和D可首先排除，因为它们属于明喻。选项B不是比喻句，所以只有选项C正确，将地平线比作悬崖。

第5题:5.判断推理题。根据原文最后一个自然段，这对夫妇在餐车区遇到了一位服务员，服务员因为非常高兴所以对他们很友好，但除了这位服务员之外，还有其他的服务员，在第二句的时候就提及“两排穿着闪闪发光的白色西装的黑人侍者，带着事先得到警告的人的兴趣和镇定，盯着入口的地方。”以及最后一句“当他们回到自己车厢时，脸上流露出一种逃离的庆幸。”由此可知，这对夫妇感到非常的不自在，所以选项B正确。

11.单选题

Thechildren'smercurialnatureswereinsharpcontrasttotheeven-tempereddispositionsoftheirparents.

问题1选项

A.artless

B.volatile

C.blithe

D.graceful

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。句意：孩子们反复无常的性格和他们父母平和的性格形成了鲜明的对比。A选项artless“天真的，朴实的”；B选项volatile“不稳定的，反复无常的”；C选项blithe“愉快的”；D选项graceful“优雅的，优美的”。根据句意可知，mercurial应该是和even-tempered意思相反，mercurial意为“活泼善变的”，选项B与之意思相近，代入符合语境。

12.单选题

Becauseearlymanviewedillnessasdivinepunishmentandhealingaspurification,medicineandreligionwereinextricably,linkedforcenturies.Thisnotionisapparentintheoriginofourword“pharmacy”,whichcomesfromtheGreekphannakon,meaning"purificationthroughpurging."

By3500B.C.,theSumeriansintheTigris-Euphratesvalleyhaddevelopedvirtuallyallofourmodernmethodsofadministeringdrugs.Theyusedgarglesinhalations,pills,lotions,ointments,andplasters.Thefirstdrugcatalog,orpharmacopoeia,waswrittenatthattimebyanunknownSumerianphysician.Preservedincuneiformscriptonasingleclay'tabletarethenamesofdozensofdrugstotreatailmentsthatstillafflictustoday.

TheEgyptiansaddedtotheancientmedicinechest.TheEbersPapyrus,ascrolldatingfrom1900B.C.andnamedaftertheGermanEgyptologistGeorgeEbers.revealsthetrial-and-errorknow-howacquiredbyearlyEgyptianphysicians.Torelieveindigestion,achewofpeppermintleavesandcarbonates(knowntoday.Asantacids)wasprescribed,andtonumbthepainoftoothextraction,Egyptiandoctorstemporarilystupefiedapatientwithethylalcohol.

Thescrollalsoprovidesarareglimpseintothehierarchyofancientdrugpreparation.The"'chiefofthepreparersofdrugs"wastheequivalentofaheadpharmacist,whosupervisedthe'"collectorsofdrugs."fieldworkers,whogatheredessentialmineralsandherbs.The'"preparers"aides"(technicians)driedandpulverizedingredients,whichwereblendedaccordingtocertainformulasbythe"preparers."

Andthe"conservatorofdrugs"oversawthestorehousewherelocalandimportedmineral,herb,andanimal-organingredientswerekept.BytheseventhcenturyB.C.theGreekshadadoptedasophisticatedmind-bodyviewofmedicine.They-believedthataphysicianmustpursuethediagnosisandtreatmentofthephysicalcausesofdiseasewithinascientificframework,aswellascurethesupernaturalcomponentsinvolved.Thus,theearly,Greekphysicianemphasizedsomethingofaholisticapproachtohealth,evenifthesuspected"mental"causesofdiseasewerenotrecognizedasstressanddepressionbutinterpretedascursesfromdispleaseddeities.

Themoderneraofpharmacologybeganinthesixteenthcentury,usheredinby'thefirstmajordiscoveriesinchemistry.Theunderstandingofhowchemicalsinteracttoproducecertaineffectswithinthebodywouldeventuallyremovemuchoftheguessworkandmagicfrommedicine.

Drugshadbeenlaunchedonascientificcourse,butcenturies"wouldpassbeforesuperstitionwasdisplacedby'scientificfact.Onemajorreasonwasthatphysicians,unawareoftheexistenceofdisease-causingpathogens,suchasbacteriaandviruses,continuedtodreamupimaginarycausativeevils.Andthoughnewchemicalcompoundsemerged,theireffectivenessintreatingdiseasewasstillbasedlargelyontrialanderror.

Manystandard,commondrugsinthemedicinechestdevelopedinthistrial-and-errorenvironment.Suchisthecomplexityofdiseaseandhumanbiochemistrythateventoday,despiteenormousstridesinmedicalscience,manyofthelatestsophisticateadditionstoourmedicinechestshelveswereaccidentalfinds.

1.TheauthorcitestheliteraldefinitionoftheGreekwordphannakoninthefirstparagraphinorderto（）

.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theseventh-centuryGreeks'viewofmedicinedifferedfromthatoftheSumeriansinthattheGreeks（）.

3.InParagraph5,theword"holistic"mostnearlymeans（）

.

4.Thepassageindicatesthatadvancesinmedicalscienceduringthemoderneraofpharmacologymayhavebeendelayedby（）

.

5.Inthefinalparagraph,theauthormakeswhichofthefollowingobservationsaboutscientificdiscovery?

问题1选项

A.showthatancientcivilizationhadanadvancedformofmedicalscience

B.pointoutthatmanofthebeliefsofancientcivilizationsarestillheldtoday

C.illustratethatearlymanthoughtrecoveryfromillnesswaslinkedtointernalcleansing

D.emphasizetheprimitivenatureofGreekmedicalscience

问题2选项

A.discoveredmoreadvancedchemicalapplicationsofdrugs

B.acknowledgedboththementalandphysicalrootsofillness

C.establishedarigidhierarchyforthepreparationofdrugs

D.attributeddiseasetopsychological,ratherthanphysical,causes

问题3选项

A.integrated

B.religious

C.modern

D.physiological

问题4选项

A.alackofunderstandingofheoriginsofdisease

B.ashortageofchemicaltreatmentsfordisease

C.aninaccuracyinpharmaceuticalpreparation

D.anoveremphasisonthepsychologicalcausesofdisease

问题5选项

A.Humanbiochemistryissuchacomplexsciencethatimportantdiscoveriesareuncommon.

B.Manycuresforcommondiseaseshaveyettobediscovered.

C.Trialanderroristhebestavenuetoscientificdiscovery.

D.Chanceeventshaveledtothediscoveryofmanymoderndrugs.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:根据第一段“Thisnotionisapparentintheoriginofourword“pharmacy”,whichcomesfromtheGreekphannakon,meaning"purificationthroughpurging."可知，作者引用希腊词phannakon的字面意思是为了强调希腊医学的原始性质。选项D符合原文。

第2题:根据关键词“seventhcentury”定位到第六段的第一、二句“Bytheseventhponentsinvolved.”选项B符合原文。

第3题:试题分析：第五段中说到公元前七世纪的希腊人认为，医生对于疾病必须要从科学框架内的身体病因与超自然因素等方面去考虑，也就是比较全面的方法。所以A选项正确。

第4题:根据第七段“Onemajorreasonwasthatphysicians,unawareoftheexistenceofdisease-causingpathogens”可知，选项A符合原文。

第5题:根据最后一段的最后一句“...despiteenormousstridesinmedicalscience,manyofthelatestsophisticateadditionstoourmedicinechestshelveswereaccidentalfinds.”，尽管医学取得了巨大的进步，许多最新添加到药柜货架上的现代药物都是偶然发现的。选项D符合原文。

13.单选题

Honestynolongerseemstobethebestpolicywithtellingofliesbecomingacommonpartofourdailylives.Anewresearchbyapsychologisthasrevealedthatmostpeoplelieineverydayconversationwhentheyaretryingtoappearlikableandcompetent.

（1）“Peopletellaconsiderablenumberofliesineverydayconversation.Itwasaverysurprisingresult.Wedidn’texpectlyingtobesuchapartofdailyconversation,”saidRobertFeldman.

Thestudyalsofoundthatliestoldbymenandwomendifferincontent,thoughnotinquantity.（2）“Womenweremorelikelytolietomakethepersontheyweretalkingtofeelgood,whilemenliedmostoftentomakethemselveslookbetter,”Feldmannoted.

Aspartofthestudy,agroupof121pairsofundergraduatestudentswererecruitedtoparticipate.（3）Participantswereunawarethatthesessionwasbeingvideotaped.Attheendofthesession,thestudentswerethenaskedtowatchthevideoofthemandidentifyanyinaccuraciesinwhattheyhadsaidduringtheconversation.Theywereencouragedtoidentifyalllies,nomatterhowbigorsmall.

Feldmansaidthestudentswhoparticipatedinthestudyweresurprisedattheirownresults.“Whentheywerewatchingthemselvesonvideotape,peoplefoundthemselveslyingmuchmorethantheythoughttheyhad,”Feldmansaid.Theliesthestudentstoldvariedconsiderably.（4）Othersweremoreextreme,suchasfalselyclaimingtobethestarofarockband.

“It’ssoeasytolie,”Feldmansaid.“Weteachourchildrentobehonest,butwealsotellthemit’spolitetopretendtheylikeabirthdaygiftthey’vebeengiven.（5）.”

问题1选项

A.Theresultsshowedthatmendonotliemorethanwomenorviceversa,buttheylieindifferentways.

B.Kidsgetaverymixedmessageregardingthepracticalaspectsoflying,andithasanimpactonhowtheybehaveasadults.

C.Somewererelativelyminor,suchasagreeingwiththepersonthattheylikedsomeonewhentheydidnot.

D.Theyweretoldthatthepurposeofthestudywastoexaminehowpeopleinteractwhentheymeetsomeonenew.

E.Wearetolditisafactthatbothadultsandchildrenliemanytimesaday.

F.Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofBasicandAppliedSocialPsychology,foundthat60percentofpeopleliedatleastonceduringa10-minuteconversationandtoldanaverageoftwotothreelies.

G.Anyway,theknowledgethatweareallcapableoflyingmakesitreallyhardtotrustpeoplewhentheytellyouthings.

问题2选项

A.Theresultsshowedthatmendonotliemorethanwomenorviceversa,buttheylieindifferentways.

B.Kidsgetaverymixedmessageregardingthepracticalaspectsoflying,andithasanimpactonhowtheybehaveasadults.

C.Somewererelativelyminor,suchasagreeingwiththepersonthattheylikedsomeonewhentheydidnot.

D.Theyweretoldthatthepurposeofthestudywastoexaminehowpeopleinteractwhentheymeetsomeonenew.

E.Wearetolditisafactthatbothadultsandchild