考研考博-英语-上海师范大学考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海师范大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Emailisaconvenient,highlydemocraticinformalmediumforconveyingmessages

that（）welltohumanneeds.

问题1选项

A.adheres

B.conforms

C.satisfies

D.reflects

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析。adheres坚持，黏附；conforms符合；satisfies满足，使满意；reflects反射，考虑。句意：电子邮件是方便的、高度大众化的用于传递信息的非正式媒介，它（）人们的需求。从语义上来说，B项和C项都可以,但是satisfy是及物动词，排除。conformto意为“符合，遵照，顺应”，因此正确答案是B选项。

2.单选题

Animportantfactorindetermininghowwellyouperforminanexaminationisthe（）ofyourmind.

问题1选项

A.state

B.case

C.situation

D.circumstance

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项state“状态”；B选项case“案例”；C选项situation“情况”；D选项circumstance“状况”。句意：决定你在考试中表现如何的一个重要因素是你的心态。本句表示思想的状态，只能和state搭配，因此A选项正确。

3.单选题

Oneofhiseccentricitiesissleepingunderthebedinsteadofinthebed.

问题1选项

A.pedestrians

B.peculiarities

C.pedagogues

D.punctures

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。eccentricity意为“古怪行为，怪癖”；pedestrian意为“行人，步行者”；peculiarity意为“怪异的性质(或习惯)，怪癖”；pedagogue意为“教师，好为人师的人”；puncture意为“小孔，扎孔”。

句意：他的怪癖之一是睡在床下而不是床上。

4.单选题

Sheblushed（

）thementionher（

）fiance’sname.

问题1选项

A.of,at

B.on,by

C.at,of

D.by,on

【答案】C

【解析】句意:一提到未婚夫的名字她就脸红。

考查固定搭配。atthementionof提到…时,一提起。

5.单选题

AsweepingreviewofNASA’shumanspaceflightprogramhasconcludedthattheagencyhasanunsustainableandunsafestrategythatwillpreventtheUnitedStatesfromachievingahumanlandingonMarsintheforeseeablefuture.

The286NationalResearchCouncil(NRC)reportsaysthattocontinueonthepresentcourseunderbudgetsthatdon’tkeeppacewithinflation“istoinvitefailure,disillusionment,andthelossofthelongstandinginternationalperceptionthathumanspaceflightissomethingtheUnitedStatesdoesbest.”

Amajorargumentagainstreturningtothemoonwasthatitdidn’tpencilout一thattherewasn’tnearlyenoughmoneydedicatedtotheprogram.IfthegoalisahumanlandingonMars,thecurrentstrategywon’twork.

“Absentaveryfundamentalchangeinthenation’swayofdoingbusiness,itisnotrealistictobelievethatwecanachievetheconsensusgoalofreachingMars,”MitchDaniels,theformerIndianagovernorandco-chairofthecommittee,saidWednesdaymorninginaninterview.

A2009committeeappointedbyObamaurgedNASAtokeepitsoptionsopenwhileinvestinginspaceflighttechnologyandlettingthecommercialsectorhandleroutinetripstolowEarthorbit.ButtheNRCreviewersarguethatNASAanditsinternationalpartnersshouldfocusonthe“horizongoal”ofMarsanddowhateverittakestogetthere,stepbystep,avoidingchangesinstrategicdirection.

NASAofficials,awarethatcriticsseetheagencyasadrift,saytheyhavealreadybeenmovinginthedirectionadvocatedbytheNRC.TheirstrategytargetsMars,justastheNRCreportnowdemands,theysay.“AllthisworkwilleventuallyenableastronautmissionstoMars，”NASAAdministratorCharlesBoldensaidinarecentNASAwhitepaper.

“NASA’sbeendoingsomework,andhasbeendoingsomethinkingoverthelastsixmonths,that

isinalignmentwithwhattheNRCsaysthetop-levelgoalsare，”saidGregWilliams,aNASAdeputyassociateadministrator.

ButWilliamswascooltothesuggestionofareturntothemoon,sayingtheairlessmoonofferslittlehelpindevelopingthekindofdescentandlandingtechniquesneededonMars,whichhasathin,troublesomeatmosphere.

TheNRCcommitteeprobedthephilosophicalquestionofwhywesendpeopleintospacetobeginwith.Thecommitteeconcludedthatthepurelypractical,economicbenefitsofhumanspaceflightdonotjustifythecostsbutthattheaspirationalnatureoftheendeavormaymakeitworththeeffort.

1.ThereviewofNASA’shumanspaceflightprogramisdescribedas（

）.

2.TheNationalResearchCouncilreportimpliesthat

（

）.

3.AccordingtoMitchDaniels,reachingMars

（

）.

4.A2009committeeappointedbyObamaarguedthatNASAshould

（

）.

5.NASAiscriticizedfor

（

）.

6.TheNRCcommitteeclaimedthatspaceflight（

）.

问题1选项

A.timely

B.extensive

C.critical

D.notable

问题2选项

A.theU.S.playsaleadingroleinspaceflight

B.internationalcooperationrequiresmorebudget

C.theprogram’schancesofsuccessareslim

D.thepublicneedtogivemoresupporttotheprogram

问题3选项

A.lacksfundingfromthebusinessworld

B.isaprojectthathasmadegreatachievements

C.isagenerallyacceptedobjective

D.willchangethecountryinvariousways

问题4选项

A.becomemorecommercialized

B.paymoreattentiontolow-Earth-orbitprojects

C.becomemorerealisticwithitsstrategies

D.makemoreeffortsindifferentspaceprograms

问题5选项

A.lackingconsistentgoals

B.beingoverambitious

C.demandingtoomuchfund

D.havinglow-qualitystaff

问题6选项

A.deservesdevotion

B.bringseconomicbenefits

C.wouldhaveanuncertainfuture

D.shouldusethetechniquesofmoon-landing

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:A

第6题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段。根据“AsweepingreviewofNASA’shumanspaceflightprogramhasconcludedthattheagencyhasanunsustainableandunsafestrategythatwillpreventtheUnitedStatesfromachievingahumanlandingonMarsintheforeseeablefuture.（对美国宇航局载人航天计划的全面审查得出结论，该机构有一个不可持续和不安全的战略，将阻止美国在可预见的未来实现人类登陆火星。）”，即可得出本题答案。

2.细节推理题。根据题干关键词“TheNationalResearchCouncil”,可将信息点定位至原文第二段。根据“humanspaceflightissomethingtheUnitedStatesdoesbest（人类太空飞行是美国做得最好的事情）”,即可得出本题答案。

3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“MitchDaniels”,可将信息点定位至原文第四段。根据“Absentaveryfundamentalchangeinthenation’swayofdoingbusiness,itisnotrealistictobelievethatwecanachievetheconsensusgoalofreachingMars（目前国家在做事的方式上缺少根本性的改变，(而一味地)认为我们可以完成到达火星这一大家共识的目标是不现实的。）”,即可得出本题答案。

4.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第五段，根据“tokeepitsoptionsopenwhileinvestinginspaceflighttechnologyandlettingthecommercialsectorhandleroutinetripstolowEarthorbit（在投资航天技术和让商业部门处理常规近地轨道旅行的同时，保持其选择的开放性）”,即可得出本题答案。

5.细节推理题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第五段。根据“…shouldfocusonthe“horizongoal”ofMars（航天局应该专注于在火星项目范围内的目标）”，即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。

6.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段。根据“theaspirationalnatureoftheendeavormaymakeitworththeeffort（努力的渴望性质可能使其值得付出努力）”，即可得出本题答案。

6.单选题

Themachinelookedlikealarge,（

）,old-fashionedtypewriter.

问题1选项

A.forceful

B.clumsy

C.intense

D.tricky

【答案】B

【解析】句意:这台机器看上去像一台又大又笨的老式打字机。

形容词辨析。Forceful强有力的，有说服力的;clumsy笨拙的(贬义);intense强列的，紧张的;tricky狡猾的，机警的。因此B符合句意。

7.单选题

TheeasternslopesoftheCatskillMountainsare（precipitous）,butthewesternslopesdeclinemoregradually.

问题1选项

A.eroded

B.snowbound

C.heavilyforested

D.extremelysteep

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。precipitous意为“陡峭的，险峻的”；eroded意为“被腐蚀的，毁坏的”；snowbound意为“被雪困住的，被雪封住的”；heavilyforested意为“被密集/高密度的森林覆盖的”；extremelysteep意为“非常陡峭，极其陡峭”。

句意：卡兹基尔山脉的东坡很陡峭，但西坡逐渐下降。

8.单选题

Theirassurancesofgoodfaithwerehollow;they______ontheagreementalmostatonce.

问题1选项

A.conferred

B.expiated

C.obtruded

D.reneged

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.conferred交换意见；授予（奖项、学位、荣誉或权利）B.expiated为（所犯罪过）接受惩罚；赎（罪）

C.obtruded强行闯入；搅扰D.reneged违背（诺言）；背信弃义

【答案】D

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】根据句子前半句句意“他们对诚意的保证是空洞的”可知，they______ontheagreement表达的是“他们违背了协议”，所以空格处填入D项。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合句意。

【句意】他们对诚意的保证是空洞的；他们几乎同时违背了协议。

9.单选题

Thiswillmakeartgroupsmoredirectlyandeffectively（）toaudiences,andmoreresponsivetotheircriticismsandwishes.

问题1选项

A.available

B.accountable

C.subjected

D.submitted

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项available“可获得的”；B选项accountable“有责任的，可解释的”；C选项subjected“使遭受”；D选项submitted“递交，主张”。句意“这将使艺术团体更直接和有效地与观众接触，并对他们的批评和愿望作出更积极的回应。”选项A符合语境。

10.单选题

Sadly,theGiantPandaisoneofthemanyspeciesnowindangerof（）.

问题1选项

A.extinction

B.migration

C.destruction

D.extraction

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。extinction“灭绝，消灭”；migration“迁移，移民”；destruction“毁灭”；extraction“取出，抽出”。句意：令人悲伤的是，大熊猫现在成了濒临灭绝的动物种类之一。A项符合题意。

11.单选题

Japanisoneofonlythreecountriesthatnowhuntwhalesand（

）thegovernmentsaysitisanimportantculturaltradition.

问题1选项

A.that

B.which

C.whose

D.where

【答案】D

【解析】考查语法知识。题干中and表示并列关系，连接两个并列的定语从句修饰先行词countries。后一定语从句的主语thegovernment与先行词countries不等同，并且由于有定冠词the，所以关系词不能是whose，而只能是表地点的关系副词where。句意：日本是目前仅有的三个捕鲸国家之一，日本政府表示，捕鲸是一项重要的文化传统。因此D选项符合题意。

12.单选题

Pleasedropinwheneveryoucan.I’dliketokeep______touch.

问题1选项

A.in

B.on

C.to

D.with

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：有空请随时来坐坐。我想保持联系。keepintouch是固定搭配，意为“保持联系”。其他三项不能进行搭配。因此A选项正确。

13.单选题

Studentshaveto（

）totherulesandregulationsoftheschool.

问题1选项

A.confirm

B.confront

C.confine

D.conform

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。confirm意为“确认”；confront意为“面对”；confine意为“限制”；conform意为“遵守，符合”。句意：学生必须遵守学校的规章制度。

14.单选题

()thatshouldbegivenpriorityto.

问题1选项

A.Itisthecommitteehasdecided

B.Itisonlythecommitteehasdecided

C.Itiswhatthecommitteehasdecided

D.Itiswhathasthecommitteedecided

【答案】C

【解析】考查强调句型。该句强调部分是被动句的主语whatthecommitteehasdecided。句意：委员会的决定应该优先执行。因此C选项符合题意。

15.填空题

A:Ihaveaballetticketforthisevening.

B:（1）

dowe!Why（2）weallgotogether?

A:That’sagood（3）.Thatwaywecansharea（4）andsaveabitofmoney.

B:When（5）wemeet?

A:Let’ssayat6:30in（6）ofBuilding5.

B:Fine.I’llseeyouthereat6:30.

【答案】1.so

2.don’t

3.idea

4.taxi

4.shall

6.front

【解析】1.语法题。考查倒装。这里表示“我们也有”。

2.语法题。考查否定疑问。这里是否定疑问句表示肯定。

3.固定搭配。Agoodidea好主意。

4.语义题。由后面的saveabitofmoney推测这里表示“我们可以一起打的”。

5.语义题。句意:我们什么时候见面？

6.固定搭配。infrontof在…前面。

16.单选题

Hisdutyfulfilled,Henryfeltagreatweight（）offhismind.

问题1选项

A.taking

B.totake

C.taken

D.took

【答案】C

【解析】考査独立主格结构。take的逻辑主语是weight，两者是被动关系，所以本题选C。

17.单选题

Facedwiththe______difficulties,theyaredeterminedtocarryontheirprogram.

问题1选项

A.satisfactory

B.attributable

C.innocent

D.intangible

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项satisfactory“满意的”；B项attributable“可归于……的、可归属的”；C项innocent“无辜的、无罪的”；D项intangible“无形的、触摸不到的”；句意：面对无形的困难，他们决心把计划进行下去。因此该题D项正确。

18.单选题

Thisnewlyestablishedinstitutionhastofaceawholerangeofcrimesand（

）.

问题1选项

A.femininity

B.prescriptions

C.delinquencies

D.authenticity

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项femininity“女性气质”；B选项prescription“处方，药方”；C选项delinquency“不法行为，违法行为”；D选项authenticity“真实性，确实性”。由and可知空格处与crimes（罪行，犯罪）具有同样的感情色彩，因此选C。句意：这个新成立的机构必须面对一系列的罪行和违法行为。

19.单选题

Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened（

）asuddenloudnoise.

问题1选项

A.therewas

B.therehavingbeen

C.beingthere

D.shouldtherebe

【答案】D

【解析】句意:如有突然的巨响，那么这些动物确实有可能受惊。

语法题。考查虚拟语气。该句属于与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，主句部分为could+动词原形，从句部分应该为should+动词原形或wereto+动词原形，当省略引导词if后需采用倒装，将should提前。

20.翻译题

Passage1

Severalpromisingdrugdevelopmentstrategiesareemerginginthefightagainsttuberculosis(TB),whichcontinuestoclaimnearlytwomillionlivesworldwideeachyear,largelyindevelopingcountries.AstheTBbacteriumevolvestoresistanti-TBdrugs,andpatientsfinditdifficulttosticktoexistingdrugregimesthesearchisonforbothnewdrugsandgooddiagnostics.Somepromisingdrugsareinearlyclinicaltrials,whichcouldreducethetimeneededtotreatTB—buttheoddsarestackedagainstthembecausefewerthantenpercentofantibioticsthatenterearlyclinicaltrialsevergainapproval.Butresearchesarefindingthatfieldsinvolvingthestudyofgenes,proteinsandmetabolismofferthepotentialtounlocknewinformationaboutthebacteriumanditsinteractionswithpeopleinunprecedenteddetail.

Passage2

AsfarasWeb2.0isconcerned,biggerisdefinitelybetter.Biggertext,thatis.Largetextiseasyontheeye,andcoupledwithsnappycopywritingmakesinformationeasytoabsorb.ThelayoutofWeb2.0sitesmightbedescribedasminimal.Withafocusonlegibilityandeaseofuse,gooduseismadeofwhitespace.Whitespaceallowsimportantinformationtostandapart,providesrestfortheeye,andimpartsasenseofcalmandorder.Generousleadingalsomakestextcopyeasierfortheeyetofollow.SomeWeb2.0layoutsaresominimalthattheyvergeonboring,butdesignedwell,anunclutteredpagecanbeincrediblytasteful.Friendly,informalcopywritingallowsamorepersonalrelationshipwithwebsitevisitors.

Passage3

Theprojectmanagementteammustbecarefulnottoconfusequalitywithgrade.Lowqualityisalwaysaproblem;lowgrademaynotbe.Determininganddeliveringtherequiredlevelsofbothqualityandgradearetheresponsibilitiesoftheprojectmanagerandtheprojectmanagementteam.Inaddition,qualityimprovementinitiativesundertakenbytheperformingorganizationcanimprovethequalityoftheprojectmanagementaswellasthequalityoftheprojectproduct.However,thereisanimportantdifferencethattheprojectmanagementteammustbeacutelyawareof—thetemporarynatureoftheprojectmeansthatinvestmentsinproductqualityimprovement,especiallydefectpreventionandappraisal,mustoftenbebornebytheperformingorganizationsincetheprojectmaynotlastlongenoughtoreaptherewards.

ChooseONLYONEtextfromthefollowingpassagesandtranslateitintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetprovided.IfmorethanONEtranslationappearsontheAnswerSheet,onlythefirstortheindicatedonewouldbescored

【答案】Passage1

在反击结核病的战争中,几种有前景的药物开发策略正在出现。结核病如今每年仍在夺去将近两百万人的生命,其中大多发生在发展中国家。随着结核分枝杆菌进化成可以耐受抗结核药物,而患者感到很难接受现有的药物治疗框架,科学家正在寻找新药和好的诊断方法。一些有前景的药物正在进行早期临床试验,这可能缩短结核病治疗时间,但是他们面临的情况不利,因为只有不到10%的进入早期临床试验阶段的抗生素获得了批准。但研究人员发现,研究基因、蛋白质和代谢的领域提供了破解关于这种细菌及其与人类相互作用的空前详细的新信息的潜力。

Passage2

对于Web2.0来讲,越大肯定是越好。大的文字就是,大的文字看起来不累,配合流畅的文字内容使得信息容易被吸收。Web2.0网站的排版布局（难度）可说是微乎其微。利用好空白可以使重点突出,易读,易用。空白能让重要信息凸显,让眼睛得以休息,并给予一种安定和秩序的感觉。宽松的行间距也让视线易于跟随文本流动。一些Web2.0网站的布局简单到令人感到无聊的地步,但若设计上出色的话,一个四平八稳的页面也能成为绝顶的美味大餐。友好、活泼的行文方式会使作者与访问者建立更多良好的关系。

Passage3

项目管理队伍必须注意不能将质量与等级混淆。质量低常成为一个问题,但等级低则不是。确定和传达所需的质量及等级水平是项目经理和项目管理队伍的责任。另外,执行组织主动采取质量改进不仅能提高项目管理的质量,也可提高项目产品质量。但是,项目管理队伍必须清楚知道一个重要的区别一项目的临时性意味着对产品质量改进的投资,特别是缺陷的预防和评估,必须由执行组织承担,因为项目可能不会持续到获得回报的时候。

21.翻译题

Quittingsmokingismoreofamatterofwillpowerthanofindividualchoice,forsmokingiswidelyrecognizedasaddictive.Althoughcounselingandmedicationcanincreasetheoddsthatasmokerquitspermanently,thebestwaytoavoiddilemmasisnevertotakeupsmokingtobeginwith.

Theirreversibleeffectsofcigarettesmokingvaryinintensityandarerelatedbothtotheamountanddurationofexposureandtheageatwhichthepersonisinitiallyexposed.Thisreportchallengesthenotionthatafewyearsofexposuretosmokingwillhavenolastingharmfulconsequences.Wehopetodiscouragethisprevalentbutvitalhabitandsuggestthattobacco-relatedhealtheffectsdeclinesubstantiallyastimeawayfromsmokingincreases.

【答案】人们普遍认为吸烟成瘾，与其说戒烟是个人选择的问题，不如说是意志力的问题。虽然就医和药物治疗能增加永久戒烟的概率，但避免进退两难的最好办法是一开始就不吸烟。吸烟带来不可逆的影响程度不同，且与烟瘾和烟龄有关，也与最初接触烟的年龄有关。

本报告挑战的是一种观点，即几年的吸烟史不会产生长期的不良后果。我们希望劝说人们不要染上这一常见而致命的习惯，并指出随着戒烟时间的增加，烟草对健康产生的影响就会大幅度减少。

22.单选题

Allthecreditcardorganizationschargeinterestonamonthlybasiswhichmay_______at25percentayear,yetjudiciouspurchasingusingacardcanmeanthatyouobtainuptosevenweeksinterest-free-credit.

问题1选项

A.comeup

B.accountfor

C.addup

D.workout

【答案】B

【解析】comeup走近,发生,上升;accountfor（比例）占;addup合计;workout解决,算出。句意：所有的信用卡机构都按月收取利息,每年的利息可能占25%,但明智地使用信用卡购物意味着你可以获得长达7周的无息信贷。选项B符合句意。

23.单选题

AnimportantpartofthenationalgovernmentistheForeignService,abranchoftheDepartmentofState.

问题1选项

A.aunity

B.adivision

C.anembassy

D.aninvasion

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项aunity“一个个体”；B选项adivision“一个部门”；C选项anembassy“一个大使馆”；D选项aninvasion“一次入侵”。句意：国家政府的一个重要组成部分是外交部，它是国务院的一个分支。也就是说外交部是国家政府的一个部门，因此B选项符合题意。

24.单选题

Thesedayswehearalotofnonsenseaboutthe“greatclasslesssociety”.Theideathatthe20thcenturyistheageofthecommonmanhasbecomeoneofgreatclichesofourtime.

Thesameoldargumentsareputforwardinevidence.Herearesomeofthem:Monarchyasasystemofgovernmenthascompletelydiscredited.Themonarchiesthatsurvivehavebeendeprivedofallpoliticalpower.Inheritedwealthhasbeensavagelyreducedbytaxationand,intime,thegreatfortuneswilldisappearaltogether.Inanumberofcountriesthevictoryhasbeencomplete.Thepeoplerule;thegreatmillenniumhasbecomeapoliticalreality.Buthasit?Closeexaminationdoesn’tbearouttheclaim.

Itisafallacytosupposethatallmenareequalandthatsocietywillbeleveledoutifyouprovideeverybodywiththesameeducationalopportunities.(Itisdebatablewhetheryoucaneverprovideeveryonewiththesameeducationalopportunities,butthatisanotherquestion.)Thefactisthatnaturedispensesbrainsandabilitywithatotaldisregardfortheprincipleofequality.Theoldrulesofthejungle,“survivalofthefittest”，and“mightisright“arestillwithus.Thespreadofeducationhasdestroyedtheoldclasssystemandcreatedanewone.Rewardsarebasedonmeritfor“aristocracy”read“meritocracy”；inotherrespectssocietyremainsunaltered:theclasssystemisrigidlymaintained

Genuineability,animalcunning,skilltheknackofseizingopportunities,allbringsmaterialrewards.Andwhatisthefirstthingpeopledowhentheybecomerich?Theyusetheirwealthtosecurethebestpossibleopportunitiesfortheirchildren,togivethem“agoodstartinlife”.Forallthelipservicewepaytotheideaofequality.Wedonotconsiderthiswronginthewesternworld.Privateschoolswhichofferunfairadvantagesoverstateschoolsarenotbannedbecauseoneoftheprinciplesinademocracyisthatpeopleshouldbefreetochoosehowtheywilleducatetheirchildren.Inthisway,thenewmeritocracycanperpetuateitselftoacertainextent:anablechildfromawealthyhomecansucceedfarmorerapidlythanhispoorercounterpart.Wealthisalsousedindiscriminatelytofurtherpoliticalends.Itwouldbealmostimpossibletobecometheleaderofademocracywithoutmassivefinancialbacking.Moneyisaspowerfulaweaponaseveritwas.

Insocietieswhollydedicatedtotheprincipleofsocialequality.Privilegedprivateeducationisforbidden.Butevenherepeoplearerewardedaccordingtotheirabilities.Infact,sogreatistheneedforskilledworkersthattheleastablemaybeneglected.Brightchildrenarecarefullyandexpensivelytrainedtobecomefuturerulers.Intheend,allpoliticalideologiesboildowntothesamething:classdivisionspersistwhetheryouareruledbyafeudalkingoraneducatedpeasant.

1.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,thesameeducationalopportunitiescan’tgetridofinequalitybecause（

）.

3.Whocanobtainmorerapidsuccess?

4.Whydoestheauthorsaythenewmeritocracycanperpetuateitselftoacertainextent?Because（

）.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,“classdivisions”refersto（

）.

问题1选项

A.Equalityofopportunityinthetwentiethcenturyhasnotdestroyedtheclasssystem.

B.Equalitymeansmoney.

C.Thereisnosuchsocietyasclasslesssociety.

D.Naturecan’tgiveyouaclasslesssociety.

问题2选项

A.theprinciple“survivalofthefittest”exists.

B.natureignoresequalityindispensingbrainsandability.

C.materialrewardsareforgenuineability.

D.peoplehavethefreedomhowtoeducatetheirchildren.

问题3选项

A.Thosewithwealth.

B.Thosewiththebestbrains..

C.Thosewiththebestopportunities.

D.Thosewhohavetheabilitytocatchatopportunities.

问题4选项

A.moneydecideseverything.

B.privateschoolsofferadvantagesoverstateschools.

C.peoplearefreetochoosethewayofeducatingtheirchildren.

D.wealthisusedforpoliticalends.

问题5选项

A.therichandthepoor.

B.differentopportunitiesforpeople.

C.oppressorandtheoppressed.

D.geniusandstupidity.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.主旨大意题。A项Equalityofopportunityinthetwentiethcenturyhasnotdestroyedtheclasssystem(20世纪的机会均等并没有破坏阶级制度)能更好概括本文主旨。

2.细节题。作者指出:自然在分配大脑和能力的时候，完全不考虑平等的原则。有智慧能力才能生存，才能获报偿，这已经是不平等，因此即使获同样的受教育的机会，也不可能铲除不平等。

3.细节题。第三段指出:英才教育在某种程度上是永存的。一个来自富有家庭的有能力的孩子要比其对立面获得成功要快得多得多。因此推测,有钱人能够快速获得成功。

4.细节题。英才教育在某种程度上是永存的。因为有钱,才上得起私立学校。故选A。

5.推断题。作者强调穷人,富人在天赋、教育机会等方面的差异造成即使是同样的教育机会也不可能铲除不平等,因此在作者眼里,真正的阶级分化在于贫富差距。

25.单选题

Whathesaidinthemeeting（）everybodypresent.

问题1选项

A.disgusted

B.dismissed

C.disposed

D.eliminated

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项disgust“厌恶的，厌烦的”。B选项dismiss“解雇的，解散的”。C选项dispose“有……倾向的，打算做……的”。D选项eliminate“被淘汰，消除”。句意：他在会上所说的话使在场的每个人都感到厌恶。因此A选项符合题意。

26.单选题

Theactual（

）ofWilson'spositionwasalways（

）byhisrefusaltocompromiseafterhavinginitiallyagreedtonegotiateasettlement.

问题1选项

A.outcome;foreshadowed

B.logic;enhanced

C.rigidity;betrayed

D.uncertainty;alleviated

【答案】C

【解析】第一个空是考查名称的辨析，outcome“结果，效果”；logic“原理,逻辑性”；rigidity“严格，刻板”；uncertainty“不确定性”；根据句子后半部分的意思可以推断出第一个空应该填rigidity,表示立场的固执僵化；第二个空是考查动词的辨析，foreshadow“成为前兆，暗示”;enhance“提高，增加（价值，品质，吸引力等）”；betray“泄露，出卖，背叛（原则或信仰）”，根据句意‘由于威尔逊在最初同意谈判以达成协议之后又拒绝让步妥协，因此，其立场实际的固执僵化总是得以暴露无遗’可知第二个空应该填betrayed，所以C选项正确。

27.单选题

Thetrafficpoliceweresearchingforevidencetoprovetheaccusedman’sguilt,butin（

）.

问题1选项

A.hollow

B.empty

C.void

D.vain

【答案】D

【解析】invain为固定搭配,表示“徒劳的”。选项D符合句意。

28.单选题

Mostenvironmental______—fromclimatechangestofreshwaterandforesthabitatloss—havebecomemarkedlyworse.

问题1选项

A.symptoms

B.highlights

C.indicators

D.symbols

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.symptoms症状；征兆B.highlights最好（或最精彩、最激动人心）的部分

C.indicators指示信号D.symbols象征；符号

【考查点】名词辨析。

【解题思路】空格后用了破折号，说明破折号的内容是补充解释空格处所要填的名词，根据破折号内的内容“从气候变化到淡水和森林栖息地的丧失”可知，这是环境恶化的征兆，故空格处表示“征兆”，该题选择A项符合句意。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。

【句意】大多数环境症状——从气候变化到淡水和森林栖息地的丧失——已经明显恶化。

29.单选题

Thegirlwas（

）ashopassistant;sheisnowamanagerinalargedepartment.

问题1选项

A.preliminarily

B.presumably

C.formally

D.formerly

【答案】D

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。Preliminarily“初步地”；presumably“大概，推测起来”；formally“正式地”；formerly“以前，原来”。句意：这个女孩之前是商店的助理，现在是一个大部门的经理。选项D符合题意。

30.单选题

X.PoliticalScience

Whatdifferencedoesitmakeifmore,orfewer,peoplevote?Whatdifferencewoulditmakeifthestatemakespeoplevote?Thesequestionsarecentralbothtonormativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizensinademocracyandtocontemporarypolicydebatesinavarietyofcountriesoverwhatactionsstatesshouldtaketoencourageelectoralparticipation.Toaddressthem,thispaperfocusesonthephenomenonofcompulsoryvoting—legalrequirementsthatcompelcitizenstoparticipate.Specifically,byfocusingonararecaseofabolishingcompulsoryvotinginVenezuela,weexaminewhethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality.

Ourresultssupportawell-knownpropositionadvancedbyArendLijphartinhis1996presidentialaddresstotheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation.ForLijphart,classbias—“theinequalityofrepresentationandinfluence...notrandomlydistributedbutsystematicallybiasedinfavorofmoreprivilegedcitizens...andagainstlessadvantagedcitizens”—isthecentral“unresolveddilemma”ofdemocracy.Thenormativefoundationofthisargumentisthat,inademocracy,thepreferencesofeverycitizenshouldhaveequalweightinelectingrepresentativesanddeterminingpolicy.Lijphartcontendsthat“lowvoterturnoutmeansunequalandsocioeconomicallybiasedturnout...andunequalparticipationspellsunequalinfluence”,andthatcompulsoryvotingis“thestrongestofalltheinstitutionalfactors”initspotentialtoremedytheperniciouseffectsofclassbiasinturnout.

Despiteitsnormativeimportanceandpracticalrelevanceinpolicydebates,rigorousempiricalscrutinyofLijpharf’sclaimhasbeenlimited.Numerousscholarshaveinvestigatedtheimpactofvoterturnoutonvariousoutcomevariables.Mostofthesestudies,however,facemethodologicalshortcomingsbecausetheyarebasedonrelativelysimplecross-sectionalregressionwithoutaconvincingidentificationstrategyforcausalinference,orbecausetheyrelyoninstrumentalvariablesbasedonexogenous“shocks”toturnout(e.g.weatherevents)thatarenotrelevanttohowthelevelofvoterturnoutinfluencedbywhethervotingiscompulsoryormandatoryaffectselectoralandpolicyoutcomes.

Tworecentstudiesaddressthesemethodologicalconcerns.Fowler(2013)estimatesthecausaleffectsoftheintroductionofcompulsoryvotinginAustraliaonelectionoutcomesandpensionspending.Similarly,Bechtel,Hangartner,andSchmid(2013)examinetheeffectsoftheintroductionofcompulsoryvotingintheSwisscantonofVaudontheresultsoffederalreferendums.Bothstudiesuseanimportantchangeinthevotingruleasleverageforcausalinference,effectivelyexaminingthecounterfactualquestion:Whatwouldhavehappenedifthecompulsoryvotingrulehadnotbeenintroduced?

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,weknowthatthispaperistodiscuss___.

2.Mr.ArendLijphartholdsthefollowingviewbut___.

3.Theweakpointofthestudiesabouttheimpactofvoterturnoutonvariousoutcomevariablesisthat___.

4.WhichstatementaboutthestudiesofFowlerandBechtel,Hangartner,andSchmidisNOTtrue?

问题1选项

A.normativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizens

B.policydebatesinavarietyofcountries

C.whethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality

D.thephenomenonofcompulsoryvoting

问题2选项

A.Inademocracy,thepreferencesofeverycitizenhaveequalweightinvoting

B.Classbiasisthecentral“unresolveddilemma”ofdemocracy

C.Lowvoterturnoutmeansunequalandsocioeconomicallybiasedturnout

D.Compulsoryvotinghasitspotentialtoremedytheperniciouseffectsofclassbiasinturnout

问题3选项

A.theyarerelativelysimple

B.theyrelyoninstrumentalvariables

C.theydonotdistinguishwhethervotingiscompulsoryormandatory

D.thereisnoconvincingidentificationstrategyforcausalinference

问题4选项

A.Theyarebothpublishedin2013.

B.Theybothexaminedtheinfluenceofcompulsoryvotingonelectionoutcomes.

C.Theyaddressthemethodologicalconcerns.

D.Theybothexaminethequestion:Whatwouldhavehappenedifthecompulsoryvotingrulehadnotbeenintroduced?

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段Toaddressthem,thispaperfocusesonthephenomenonofcompulsoryvoting—legalrequirementsthatcompelcitizenstoparticipate.Specifically,byfocusingonararecaseofabolishingcompulsoryvotinginVenezuela,weexaminewhethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality.（为了解决这一问题，本文着重研究强制投票现象——强制公民参与的法律要求。具体来说，通过关注委内瑞拉废除强制投票的罕见案例，我们研究强制投票是否减少了收入不平等）可知选C选项“强制投票是否减少了收入不平等”，原文所说的是强制公民参与的法律要求而不是D选项“强制投票现象”；第一段Thesequestionsarecentralbothtonormativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizensinademocracyandtocontemporarypolicydebatesinavarietyofcountriesoverwhatactionsstatesshouldtaketoencourageelec