考研考博-英语-上海杉达学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海杉达学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Forgoodorill,globalizationhasbecometheeconomicbuzz-wordofthe1990s.Nationaleconomiesareundoubtedlybecomingsteadilymoreintegratedascross-borderflowsoftrade,investmentandfinancialcapitalincrease.Consumersarebuyingmoreforeigngoods,agrowingnumberoffirmsnowoperateacrossnationalborders,andsaversareinvestingmorethaneverbeforeinfar-flungplaces.

Whetherallofthisisforgoodorillisatopicofheateddebate.Onepositiveviewisthatglobalizationisanunmixedblessing,withthepotentialtoboostproductivityandlivingstandardseverywhere.Thisisbecauseagloballyintegratedeconomycanleadtoabetterdivisionoflaborbetweencountries,allowinglow-wagecountriestospecializeinlabor-intensivetaskswhilehigh-wagecountriesuseworkersinmoreproductiveways.Itwillallowfirmstoexploitbiggereconomiesofscale.Andwithglobalization,capitalcanbeshiftedtowhatevercountryoffersthemostproductiveinvestmentopportunities,nottrappedathomefinancingprojectswithpoorreturns.

Criticsofglobalizationtakeagloomierview.Theypredictthatincreasedcompetitionfromlow-wagedevelopingcountrieswilldestroyjobsandpushdownwagesintoday’sricheconomies.Therewillbearacetothebottomascountriesreducewages,taxes,welfarebenefitsandenvironmentalcontrolstomakethemselvesmorecompetitive.Pressuretocompetewillerodetheabilityofgovernmentstosettheirowneconomicpolicies.Thecriticsalsoworryabouttheincreasedpoweroffinancialmarketstocauseeconomichavoc,asintheEuropeancurrencycrisesof1992and1993,Mexicoin1994-1995andSouth-EastAsiain1997.

1.Nationaleconomiesarebecomingmoreintegratedasaresultof________.

2.Globalizationhasthepotentialtoboostproductivityandlivingstandardseverywherebecause________.

3.Accordingtothepositiveview,globalizationcan________.

4.Asaresultofglobalization,allofthefollowingmighthappenEXCEPT________.

5.Theauthorofthepassageholdsa/an________attitudetowardglobalization.

问题1选项

A.moreandmoreconsumersgoingabroadtobuygoods

B.increasingflowsofcross-boardertrade,investmentandfinancialcapital

C.manycompaniesestablishingnewbusinesses

D.saversinvestingmoreindevelopedareasthanindevelopingcountries

问题2选项

A.itallowsfirmstoestablishmorebranchesinlow-wagecountries

B.itencouragesrichcountriestoprovidemoreeconomicsupporttopoorcountries

C.itenableslow-wagecountriestohavemorecross-bordertradeandinvestment

D.itmakeslaborsworkincountrieswheretheyaremostneededandbestused

问题3选项

A.allowlow-wagecountriestouseworkersinmoreproductiveways

B.helplow-wagecountriesgetridoflabor-intensiveeconomy

C.causecapitaltoshifttocountrieswherethereisgreatestfundshortage

D.enablefirmstoexploitbiggereconomiesofscale

问题4选项

A.unemploymentrateinricheconomiesmightincrease

B.environmentalproblemsinsomecountriesmightworsen

C.competitivenessoflow-wagecountriesmightweaken

D.economichavocmightoccurinsomepartsoftheworld

问题5选项

A.objective

B.pessimistic

C.optimistic

D.worried

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据第一段第二句Nationaleconomiesareundoubtedlybecomingsteadilymoreintegratedascross-borderflowsoftrade,investmentandfinancialcapitalincrease.（随着贸易、投资和金融资本的跨境流动增加，各国经济无疑正逐渐变得更加一体化。），可知各国经济一体化的原因是B选项“跨境贸易、投资和金融资本流动增加”，A选项“越来越多的消费者到国外购买商品”，C选项“许多公司正在建立新的业务”和D选项“发达地区的储蓄者比发展中国家的储蓄者投资更多”不符合题意。因此B选项正确。

2.推理判断题。根据第二段第三句Thisisbecauseagloballyintegratedeconomycanleadtoabetterdivisionoflaborbetweencountries,allowinglow-wagecountriestospecializeinlabor-intensivetaskswhilehigh-wagecountriesuseworkersinmoreproductiveways.（这是因为全球一体化的经济可以导致国家之间更好地分工，使低工资国家能够专门从事劳动密集型工作，而高工资国家以更富有成效的方式使用工人。），可知这是因为全球一体化让分工更明确，从而使效率更高，D选项“它使劳动力在最需要和最有效利用的国家工作”正确。A选项“它允许公司在低工资国家建立更多的分支机构”，B选项“它鼓励富裕国家向贫穷国家提供更多的经济支持”和C选项“它使低工资国家有更多的跨境贸易和投资”不符合题意。因此D选项正确。

3.事实细节题。根据第二段倒数第二句Itwillallowfirmstoexploitbiggereconomiesofscale.（它将允许企业利用更大的规模经济。），可知在积极派看来，D选项“使公司能够开发更大的规模经济”符合题意。A选项“允许低工资国家以更有效的方式使用工人”，B选项“帮助低工资国家摆脱劳动密集型经济”和C选项“导致资本转移到资金短缺最严重的国家”文章没有提到，故错误。因此D选项正确。

4.推理判断题。根据第三段第二句Theypredictthatincreasedcompetitionfromlow-wagedevelopingcountrieswilldestroyjobsandpushdownwagesintoday’sricheconomies.（他们预测，低工资的发展中国家竞争加剧，将破坏就业机会，压低今天富裕经济体的工资水平。），可知全球化可能导致低工资国家的竞争力加强，富裕经济体的失业率上升，A选项“富裕经济体的失业率可能会上升”符合文章内容，C选项“低工资国家的竞争力可能会减弱”错误。B选项“一些国家的环境问题可能会恶化”：根据第三段第三句countriesreducewages,taxes,welfarebenefitsandenvironmentalcontrolstomakethemselvesmorecompetitive（各国为了提高竞争力而削减工资、税收、福利和环境控制），可知全球化可能加剧环境问题，符合文章内容。D选项“有的地方可能会出现经济混乱方”：根据文章最后一句Thecriticsalsoworryabouttheincreasedpoweroffinancialmarketstocauseeconomichavoc（批评者还担心金融市场力量的增强会造成经济混乱），可知全球化可能造成经济混乱，符合文章内容。因此C选项正确。

5.观点态度题。作者讲了乐观者和悲观者对全球经济一体化的观点，并没有表达自己对此的看法，A选项“客观的”正确。B选项“悲观的”，C选项“乐观的”和D选项“担心的”不符合题意。因此A选项正确。

2.单选题

Reportersandphotographersaliketookgreat（

）attherudewaytheactorbehavedduringtheinterview.

问题1选项

A.annoyance

B.offence

C.resentment

D.irritation

【答案】B

【解析】句意:记者和摄像师们都因为这个演员在采访中的无礼行为而感到被冒犯。

名词辨析。恼怒,生气;offence冒犯;常用于短语takeoffenceatsth.表示“因为某事而感到被伤害、被冒犯”；resentment怨恨;irritation愤怒。因此根据句意及搭配推断B项正确。

3.翻译题

Incontrasttothescienceofclassicalantiquity,modernscienceisbasicallyunfinishedwhereasancientsciencehadtheappearanceofsomethingcompletedtowhichthenotionofprogresswasnotessential.Modernscienceprogressesintotheinfinite.Modernsciencehasrealizedthatafinishedandtotalworld-viewisscientificallyimpossible.Onlywhenscientificcriticismiscrippledbymakingparticularsabsolutecanaclosedviewoftheworldpretendtoscientificvalidity—andthenitisafalsevalidity.Thosegreatnewunifiedsystemsofknowledge—suchasmodernphysics—havegrownupinthescientifictimesonlywithsingleaspectsofreality.Andreality,asawhole,hasbeenfragmentedasneverbefore;whencetheopennessofthemodernworldiscontrasttotheclosedGreekcosmos.

【答案】和古典时代的科学相比，现代科学基本上是未完成状态，然而古老科学有完成某样东西的表象，而且进步的概念对此非常重要。现代科学进入无限境地。现代科学已经知道，完美无缺的世界观在科学上是不可能的。只有当科学批评因为细节变成绝对而被削弱的时候，僵化自守的世界观才会妄称科学有效性一一然后，这个有效性也是虚假的。那些科学时代中伟大且新统一的知识体系一一比如现代物理——只在现实生活的某方面已经逐渐发展。整体来看，现实已经前所未有的支离破碎。于此，现代世界的开放性与封闭自守的希腊世界形成鲜明对比。

4.单选题

Inquiries（）theconditionofpatientsmaybemadepersonallyorbytelephone.

问题1选项

A.regarding

B.considering

C.following

D.relating

【答案】A

【解析】考查介词辨析。A选项regarding“关于，至于”，B选项considering“考虑到，就...而言”，C选项following“意为下述，由于”，D选项relating“关联，联系”，句意：有关病人情况的询问可亲自或电话询问。因此，A选项符合句意。

5.单选题

Eversincethepresident’ssexualscandalwasmadepublic,therehasbeena（

）fallinhispopularity.

问题1选项

A.domestic

B.imaginary

C.drastic

D.numerous

【答案】C

【解析】句意:自从总统的性丑闻公开以来，他的声誉持续急剧下降。

形容词辨析。domestic国内的,家庭的;imaginary想象中的，幻想的;drastic急剧的，严厉的;numerous众多的，许多的。故C符合句意。

6.单选题

ForyearsscholarshavecontrastedslaveryintheUnitedStatesandinBrazil,stimulatedbythefactthatracialpatternsassumedsuchdifferentaspectsinthetwocountriesafteremancipation.BrazilneverdevelopedasystemofrigidsegregationofthesortthatreplacedslaveryintheUnitedStates,anditsracialsystemwasfluid(asituationthatisfluidislikelytochange)becauseitsdefinitionofracewasbasedasmuchoncharacteristicssuchaseconomicstatusasonskincolor.Untilrecently,themostpersuasiveexplanationforthesedifferenceswasthatPortugueseinstitutionsespeciallytheRomanCatholicchurchandRomancivillaw,promotedrecognitionoftheslave’shumanity.TheEnglishcolonists,ontheotherhand,constructedtheirsystemofslaveryoutofwholecloth(wholecloth:purefabricationusuallyusedinthephraseoutofwholecloth).ThereweresimplynoprecedentsinEnglishcommonlaw,andseparationofchurchandstatebarredProtestantclergyfromtherolethatpriestsassumedinBrazil.

Buttheassumptionthatinstitutionsalonecouldsopowerfullyaffectthehistoryoftworawandmalleablefrontier(anewfieldforexploitativeordevelopmentalactivity)countriesseems,onreexamination,untenable.Recentstudiesfocusinsteadonaparticularsetofcontrastingeconomiccircumstancesanddemographicprofilesatsignificantperiodsinthehistoriesofthetwocountries.Personsofmixedracequicklyappearedinbothcountries.IntheUnitedStatestheywereconsideredtobeBlack,asocialdefinitionthatwasfeasiblebecausetheywereintheminority.InBrazil,itwasnotfeasible.Thoughintermarriagewasillegalinbothcountries,thelawswereunenforceableinBrazilsinceWhitesformedasmallminorityinanoverwhelminglyBlackpopulation.ManumissionforpersonsofmixedracewasalsoeasierinBrazil,particularlyinthenineteenthcenturywhenintheUnitedStatesitwashedgedaboutwithdifficulties.Furthermore,ashortageofskilledworkersinBrazilprovidedpersonsofmixedracewiththeopportunitytolearncraftsandtrades,evenbeforegeneralemancipation,whereasintheUnitedStatesentryintotheseoccupationswasblockedbyWhitessufficientlynumeroustofilltheposts.TheconsequencewasthedevelopmentinBrazilofalargeclassofpersonsofmixedrace,proficientinskilledtradesandcrafts,whostoodwaitingasacommunityforfreedslavestojoin.

ThereshouldbenoillusionthatBraziliansocietyafteremancipationwascolor-blind.Rather,thelargepopulationofpersonsofmixedraceproducedaracialsystemthatincludedathirdstatus,abridgebetweentheBlackcasteandtheWhite,whichcouldbetraversedbymeansofeconomicorintellectualachievement,marriage,orracialheritage.ThestrictandsharplinebetweentheracessocharacteristicoftheUnitedStatesintheyearsimmediatelyafteremancipationwassimplyabsent.WiththepossibleexceptionofNewOrleans,nospecial“place”developedintheUnitedStatesforpersonsofmixedrace.

Sadtosay,everypressureofsocietyworkedtopreventtheirattaininganythingapproximatingtheeconomicandsocialpositionavailabletotheircounterpartsinBrazil.

21.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

22.Accordingtothepassage,earlyscholarsexplainedthedifferencesbetweentheracialsystemsthatdevelopedintheUnitedStatesandinBrazilastheresultofwhichofthefollowingfactors?

23.Inthecontextinwhichitisfound,thephrase“constructedtheirsystemofslaveryoutofwholecloth”(Paragraph1,Line8)impliesthatthesystemofslaveryestablishedbytheEnglishsettlerswas（）.

24.TheauthorimpliesthattheexplanationproposedbyearlyscholarsforthedifferencesbetweenthesystemsofslaveryintheUnitedStatesandinBrazils（）.

25.Theauthormentionsintermarriage,manumission,andtheshortageofskilledworkersinBrazilprimarilyinordertoestablishwhichofthefollowing?

问题1选项

A.contrastingthesystemsofslaverythatwereestablishedinBrazilandintheUnitedStates

B.criticizingtheargumentsofthosescholarswhoconsideredreligionandlawtobethedeterminantsofthesystemsofslaveryinBrazilandintheUnitedStates

C.describingthefactorscurrentlythoughttoberesponsibleforthedifferencesintheracialpatternsthatevolvedinBrazilandintheUnitedStates

D.advocatingfurtherstudyofthedifferencesbetweentheracialsystemsthatdevelopedinBrazilandintheUnitedStates

问题2选项

A.Institutional.

B.Demographic.

C.Economic.

D.Geographical.

问题3选项

A.basedonfabricationsandlies

B.tailoredtothesettlers’particularcircumstances

C.intendedtoservetheneedsofafrontiereconomy

D.developedwithoutdirectinfluencefromthesettlers,religionorlegalsystem

问题4选项

A.stimulatingtohistoriansandlegalscholars

B.morepowerfulthanmorerecentexplanations

C.persuasiveinspiteofminordeficiencies

D.questionableinlightofcurrentscholarlywork

问题5选项

A.TheenvironmentinwhichBrazil’sracialsystemdeveloped.

B.TheinfluenceofdifferentlegalandeconomicconditionsinBrazilandtheUnitedStatesonthelife-styleofpersonsofmixedrace.

C.TheoriginsofBrazil’slargeclassoffreeskilledpersonsofmixedrace.

D.ThedifferencesbetweentreatmentofslavesinBrazilandintheUnitedStates.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】21.主旨归纳题。文章开篇提出“ForyearsscholarshavecontrastedslaveryintheUnitedStatesandinBrazil,stimulatedbythefactthatracialpatternsassumedsuchdifferentaspectsinthetwocountriesafteremancipation.（奴隶解放后，巴西没有什么歧视，而美国却有严重的歧视）”这一现象，接着在机制、经济和人群等方面围绕该问题进行详细论述。即可得出本题答案。

22.

细节事实题。根据题干关键词可定位到原文第一段第三句。“Untilrecently,themostpersuasiveexplanationforthesedifferenceswasthatPortugueseinstitutionsespeciallytheRomanCatholicchurchandRomancivillaw,promotedrecognitionoftheslave’shumanity.（直到最近，对这些差异最有说服力的解释是，葡萄牙的制度，尤其是罗马天主教会和罗马民法，促进了对奴隶人性的承认。）”即可得出本题答案。

23.语义题。根据题干关键词可定位到原文第一段第四句。“TheEnglishcolonists,ontheotherhand,constructedtheirsystemofslaveryoutofwholecloth(wholecloth:purefabricationusuallyusedinthephraseoutofwholecloth).”即可得出本题答案。

24.

细节推理题。根据题干关键词theexplanationproposedbyearlyscholars可定位到原文第二段第一句。“Buttheassumptionthatinstitutionsalonecouldsopowerfullyaffectthehistoryoftworawandmalleablefrontier(anewfieldforexploitativeordevelopmentalactivity)countriesseems,onreexamination,untenable.（但是，单凭制度就能如此有力地影响两个原始的、可塑的前沿国家（剥削或发展活动的新领域）的历史，这一假设，在重新审视之后，似乎是站不住脚的。）”即可得出本题答案。

25.

细节推断题。根据题干关键词intermarriage,manumission,theshortageofskilledworkers等可定位到原文中的第二段第5-7句。“InBrazil,itwasnotfeasible.Thoughintermarriagewasillegalinbothcountries,thelawswereunenforceableinBrazilsinceWhitesformedasmallminorityinanoverwhelminglyBlackpopulation.ManumissionforpersonsofmixedracewasalsoeasierinBrazil,particularlyinthenineteenthcenturywhenintheUnitedStatesitwashedgedaboutwithdifficulties.（在巴西，这是不可行的。尽管异族通婚在这两个国家都是非法的，但由于白人在绝大多数黑人人口中只占少数，这些法律在巴西无法实施。在巴西，为混血儿提供服务也比较容易，特别是在19世纪，当时在美国，这种服务受到种种困难的限制。）”即可得出本题答案。

7.单选题

Sheresortedto（

）whenshehadnomoneytobuyfoodsforherchildren.

问题1选项

A.havestolen

B.steal

C.stole

D.stealing

【答案】D

【解析】句意:当她没钱为孩子买吃的东西吋，她就开始偷。

固定搭配。resortto依靠，求助于。其中to是介词，后接动词时需用-ing形式。

8.单选题

Heaskedmetolendhimsomemoney,whichIagreedtodo,______thathepaidmebacktofollowingweek.

问题1选项

A.oncondition

B.onpurpose

C.onoccasion

D.onlyif

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。oncondition“只要，以……为条件”；onpurpose“有目的的”；onoccasion“有时，偶尔”；onlyif“只要……就”。句意：他问我借些钱，我同意借给他，前提是他（必须）下周还我。选项A符合题意。

9.单选题

Aconcert（

）willbeheldnextweek

问题1选项

A.inwhichMozart'sworksaretobeperformed

B.whichperformsMozart'sworks

C.performsMozart'sworks

D.thatMozart'sworkswillbeperformed

【答案】A

【解析】句意:下周将举行一场演奏莫扎特作品的音乐会。

语法题。考查定语从句。分析题干跟选项可知,Aconcert为句子主语,willbeheld为谓语动词。所以空格处是一个限制性定语从句。排除C项。先行词为concert,所以空格处应该包含介词in.故选A。

10.单选题

TheannualreviewofAmericancompanyboardpracticesbyKornFerry,afirmofheadhunters,isausefulindicatorofthehealthofcorporategovernance.Thisyear’sreview,publishedonNovember12th,showsthattheSarbanes-Oxleyact,passedin2002totrytopreventarepeatofcorporatecollapsessuchasEnron’sandWorldCom,hashadanimpactontheboardroom—albeitatanaverageimplementationcostthatKornFerryestimatesat$5.lmperfirm.

Twoyearsago,only41%ofAmericanfirmssaidtheyregularlyheldmeetingsofdirectorswithouttheirchiefexecutivepresent’thisyearthefigurewas93%.Butsomethingshavebeensurprisinglyunaffectedbythebacklashagainstcorporatescandals.Forexample,despiteagrowingfeelingthatformerchiefexecutivesshouldnotsitontheircompany’sboard,thepercentageofAmericanfirmswheretheydohasactuallyedgedup,from23%in2003to25%in2004.

Also,disappointinglyfewfirmshavesplitthejobsofchairmanandchiefexecutive.AnothersurveyofAmericanboardspublishedthisweek,byA.T.Kearney,afirmofconsultants,foundthatin200214%oftheboardsofS&P500firmshadseparatedtheroles,andafurther16%saidtheyplannedtodoso.Butby2004only23%overallhadtakentheplunge.AsurveyearlierintheyearbyconsultantsatMcKinseyfoundthat70%ofAmericandirectorsandinvestorssupportedtheideaofsplittingthejobs,whichisstandardpracticeinEurope.

Anotherdisappointmentistheslowprogressinabolishing‘‘staggered’’boards—oneswhereonlyone-thirdofthedirectorsareupforreelectioneachyear,tothree-yearterms.Inventedasadefenseagainsttakeover,suchboards,accordingtoanewHarvardLawSchoolstudybyLucianBebchukandAlmaCohen,areunambiguously“associatedwithaneconomicallysignificantreductioninfirmvalue”.

Despitethis,thepercentageofS&P500firmswithstaggeredboardshasfallenonlyslightly—from63%in2001to60%in2003,accordingtotheInvestorResponsibilityResearchCentre.Andmanyofthosefirmsthathavebeenforcedbyshareholderstoabolishthesystemaredoingsoonlyslowly.Merck,apharmaceuticalcompanyintroubleoverthepossibleside-effectsofitsarthritisdrugVioxx,isallowingitsdirectorstoruntheirfulltermbeforeintroducingasysteminwhichtheyareallreelected(orotherwise)annually.Othercompanies’staggeredboardsareentrenchedintheircorporatecharters,whichcannotbeamendedbyashareholders’vote.Anyonewhoexpectedthescandalsof2001tobringaboutrapidchangeinthebalanceofpowerbetweenmanagersandownerswas,atbest,naive.

56.TheSarbanes-Oxleyactismostprobablyabout____.

57.Theword“backlash”mostprobablymeans____.

58.Accordingtothetext,separatingtherolesbetweenchairmanandchiefexecutiveis____.

59.Welearnfromthetextthata“staggered”board____.

60.TowardtheboardpracticeofAmericancompanies,thewriter’sattitudecanbesaidtobe____.

问题1选项

A.corporatecost

B.corporatescandal

C.corporategovernance

D.corporatemanagement

问题2选项

A.aviolentforce

B.astrongimpetus

C.afirmmeasure

D.astrongnegativereaction

问题3选项

A.whatmanyEuropeancompaniesdo

B.notapopularideaamongAmericanentrepreneurs

C.acommonpracticeinAmericancompanies

D.amusttokeepthehealthofacompany

问题4选项

A.canbevotedownbyshareholders

B.givesitsboardmemberstoomuchpower

C.hasbeenabolishedbymostAmericancompanies

D.isadversetotheincrementoffirmvalue

问题5选项

A.objective

B.pessimistic

C.biased

D.critical

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】56.判断推理题。题干“Sarbanes-Oxley法案最有可能是关于____的”，可定位到第1段第2句Thisyear’sreview,publishedonNovember12th,showsthattheSarbanes-Oxleyact,passedin2002totrytopreventarepeatofcorporatecollapsessuchasEnron’sandWorldCom,hashadanimpactontheboardroom…（今年11月12日公布的审查结果显示，Sarbanes-Oxley法案对董事会产生了影响。Sarbanes-Oxley法案于2002年通过，旨在防止像Enron和WorldCom这样的公司倒闭事件重演。）由此可知，审查发现，该法案防止公司倒闭的措施对董事会产生了影响。根据此句前一句TheannualreviewofAmericancompanyboardpracticesbyKornFerry,afirmofheadhunters,isausefulindicatorofthehealthofcorporategovernance.（猎头公司KornFerry对美国公司董事会做法的年度评估，是衡量公司治理健康与否的有用指标。）由此可知，该审查是衡量corporategovernance（企业管治）的，由此推断，该法案是关于corporategovernance（企业管治）的，C选项“corporategovernance（企业管治）”与原文表述一致。干扰选项D“corporatemanagement（企业管理经营）”，与原文表述有出入，由于原文使用的是corporategovernance，所以，C选项比D选项更合适；A选项“企业成本”、B选项“企业丑闻”不符合语境，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为C。

57.词义推测题。根据题干关键词定位到第2段第2句Butsomethingshavebeensurprisinglyunaffectedbythebacklashagainstcorporatescandals.（但令人惊讶的是，一些事情没有受到对企业丑闻的____的影响。）后文有针对该观点进行举例。Forexample,despiteagrowingfeelingthatformerchiefexecutivesshouldnotsitontheircompany’sboard,thepercentageofAmericanfirmswheretheydohasactuallyedgedup,from23%in2003to25%in2004.（例如，尽管越来越多的人认为前首席执行官不应该进入他们公司的董事会，但他们进入董事会的美国公司的比例实际上已经从2003年的23%上升到2004年的25%。）由案例可知，前首席执行官进入董事会的比例并没有受到越来越多人反对的影响。由此推断“越来越多人持反对观点”是一种backlash，所以backlash的意思应该是负面的。另外，根据单词backlash中的back推断，该词的词义是“反—，往回—”，综合而言，D选项“一种强烈的负面反应”更符合语境。A选项“一种强烈的力量”、B选项“一个强大的动力”的情感基调不对，排除；C选项“一个强力的措施”，没有依据说明是“措施”，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为D。

58.判断推理题。题干“根据文章，拆分董事长和首席执行官的职位____”，可定位到第3段。A、B选项，可定位到第3段最后一句AsurveyearlierintheyearbyconsultantsatMcKinseyfoundthat70%ofAmericandirectorsandinvestorssupportedtheideaofsplittingthejobs,whichisstandardpracticeinEurope.（今年早些时候，麦肯锡咨询公司（McKinsey）的一项调查发现，70%的美国董事和投资者支持拆分职位的想法，这在欧洲是一种标准做法。）由此可知，拆分董事长和首席执行官的做法在欧洲是一种标准做法，所以A选项“许多欧洲公司这样做”表述符合原文。另外，70%的美国董事和投资者支持拆分职位的想法，说明这个观点还是比较受美国董事和投资者欢迎的，B选项“在美国企业家中并不受欢迎”表述不符合原文，排除；C选项“是美国公司的惯例”，可定位到第3段第1句Also,disappointinglyfewfirmshavesplitthejobsofchairmanandchiefexecutive.（同样令人失望的是，很少有公司将董事长和首席执行官的职位分开。）由此可知，虽然不少美国的董事和投资者支持拆分职位，但是很少有公司真正这么做，选项表述与原文不符，排除；D选项“公司的健康发展是必不可少的”，原文并未提及，排除；因此，本题最佳选项为A。

59.事实细节题。题干“我们从课文中得知，一个‘交错’董事会____”，可定位到第4、5段。A选项“可以被股东投票否决”，可定位到第5段倒数第2句Othercompanies’staggeredboardsareentrenchedintheircorporatecharters,whichcannotbeamendedbyashareholders’vote.（其他公司的分级董事会制度在公司章程中根深蒂固，股东投票无法修改公司章程。）由此可知，“交错”董事会无法被股东投票否决，选项表述与原文不符，排除；B选项“给予董事会成员过多的权力”，可定位到第4段第1句…‘staggered’’boards—oneswhereonlyone-thirdofthedirectorsareupforreelectioneachyear,tothree-yearterms.（……“交错”董事会——每年只有三分之一的董事改选，任期为三年。）由此可知，按照“交错”董事会的规定，每年三分之一的董事需要改选，其实是限制了董事会成员的权力的，选项表述不符合原文，排除；C选项“已经被大多数美国公司废除了”，可定位到第5段第1句Despitethis,thepercentageofS&P500firmswithstaggeredboardshasfallenonlyslightly—from63%in2001to60%in2003（尽管如此，标准普尔500指数的公司实行分级董事会的比例仅略有下降——从2001年的63%下降到2003年的60%）由此可知，到2003年还有60%（大多数）的公司实行“交错”董事会，选项表述与原文不符，排除；D选项“不利于企业价值的增长”，可定位到第4段最后一句…suchboards…areunambiguously“associatedwithaneconomicallysignificantreductioninfirmvalue”.（这样的董事会无疑“与公司价值在经济上的显著下降有关”。）由此可知，“交错”董事会使公司经济价值下降，选项表述符合原文。因此，本题最佳选项为D。

60.观点态度题。题干“对于美国公司的董事会实践，作者的态度可以说是____。”本题询问的是作者对于美国公司董事会实践的态度，可以从文中表达情感的词推断，第3段Also,disappointinglyfewfirmshavesplitthejobsofchairmanandchiefexecutive.（同样令人失望的是，很少有公司将董事长和首席执行官的职位分开。）由此定位到前一段，找到前一个令人失望的点，Butsomethingshavebeensurprisinglyunaffectedbythebacklashagainstcorporatescandals.（但令人惊讶的是，一些事情没有受到对企业丑闻的强烈反对的影响。）第4段Anotherdisappointmentistheslowprogressinabolishing‘‘staggered’’boards…（另一个令人失望的是，在废除“交错”董事会方面进展缓慢……）由此可知，作者对美国公司董事会的实践非常失望；最后一段最后一句Anyonewhoexpectedthescandalsof2001tobringaboutrapidchangeinthebalanceofpowerbetweenmanagersandownerswas,atbest,naive.（如果有人认为2001年的丑闻会迅速改变经理和老板之间的权力平衡，往好了说，那也只是一种天真的想法。）由此可知，作者认为美国董事会改革比较难，综合而言，B选项“悲观的”最符合作者的观点。A选项“客观的”（一般要从正反两方阐述观点）、C选项“带有偏见的”没有依据，排除；干扰选项，D选项“批判的,不赞成的”，作者并没有不赞成美国董事会的改革实践，只是觉得它进行比较难，比较慢；另外critical也可指有判断力的，公正的，充分考虑优缺点，而文章中只是表达作者的失望，从这一层意思来看，D选项也不合适。因此，本题最佳选项为B。

11.单选题

Duringtheirfirstteachertrainingyear,thestudentsoftenvisitedlocalschoolsforthe___oflessons.

问题1选项

A.observation

B.investigation

C.inspection

D.examination

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.observation观察；监视B.investigation调查；调查研究

C.inspection视察；检查D.examination考试；检查

【考查点】名词辨析。

【解题思路】根据句意，教师实习的学生经常去学校参加培训，培训的内容是forthe____oflessons，由此可以推断出进行教师实习的学生是去本地的学校观察上课。observation指一段时间内仔细观察某人/某事物的行为，尤指为了学习某事物。因此A.observation“观察”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

B选项investigation指对某一情况、犯罪等事实的官方审查，或者是对某一主题或问题的事实进行的科学或学术检查，而本句重点在于去观察当地学校的课程，不属于犯罪等事实，也不属于科学或学术检查；

C选项inspection指对学校、工厂等的正式访问，以检查规章是否被遵守，标准是否可接受，教师实习的学生并不是正式访问，排除；

D选项examination指仔细检查（某事物/某人），尤指检查是否有问题或找出问题的原因，不符合句子语境。

【句意】在他们的第一个教师培训年，学生们经常去当地学校观察课程。

12.不定项选择题

Mostofushaveseenadogstaringat,sometimessnarlingat,andapproachingareflectionofitself.Formostanimals,seeingtheirownimageinamirroractsasasocialstimulus.Butdoesthedogrecognizeitself,ordoesthereflectionsimplysignalapotentialcompanionorthreat?Thisquestionisofinterestforanumberofreasons.Apartfromcuriosityaboutthelevelofanimals’understanding,researchonself-recognitioninanimalhasseveralbenefits.Itprovidessomeinsightintotheevolutionarysignificanceofthisskillofself-recognitionandintothelevelandkindsofcognitivecompetencethattheskillrequires.Suchresearchalsoindicatesthekindsoflearningexperiencesthatdeterminethedevelopmentofself-recognition.Inaddition,workwithanimalsfosterstheuseoftechniquesthatarenotdependentonverbalresponsesandthatmaythereforebesuitableforusewithpreverbalchildren.

Theevidenceindicatesthatdogsandalmostallothernonhumansdonotrecognizethemselves.Inaseriesofcleverexperiments,however,Galluphasshownthatthechimpanzeedoeshavethiscapacity.Gallupexposedchimpanzeesinasmallcagetoafull-lengthmirrorfortenconsecutivedays.Itwasobservedthatoverthisperiodoftimethenumberofself-directedresponsesincreased.Thesebehaviorsincludedgroomingpartsofthebodywhilewatchingtheresults,guidingfingersinthemirror,andpickingatteethwiththeaidofthemirror.Describingonechimp,Gallupsaid,“Margeusedthemirrortoplaywithandinspectthebottomofherfeet;shealsolookedatherselfupsidedowninthemirrorwhilesuspendedbyherfeetfromthetopofthecage;shewasalsoobservedtostuffceleryleavesuphernoseusingthemirrorforpurposesofvisuallyguidingthestemsintoeachnostril.”

Thentheresearchersdevisedafurthertestofself-recognition.Thechimpswereanesthetizedandmarkswereplacedovertheireyebrowsandbehindtheirears,areasthechimpscouldnotdirectlyobserve.Themirrorwastemporarilyremovedfromthecage,andbaselinedataregardingtheirattemptstotouchtheseareaswererecorded.Thedataclearlysuggestthatchimpsdorecognizethemselves,orareself-aware,fortheirattemptstotouchthemarksincreasedwhentheyviewedthemselves.Citingfurtherevidenceforthisargument,Gallupnotedthatchimpanzeeswithnopriormirrorexperiencedidnotdirectbehaviortothemarkswhentheywerefirstexposedtothemirror;thatis,theotherchimpanzeesappearedtohaverememberedwhattheylookedlikeandtohaverespondedtothemarksbecausetheynoticedchangesintheirappearance.

1.Theideathispassagediscussesiswhether（）.

2.ThefirstsentenceofParagraph2(“Theevidenceindicates...”)maybeinterpretedtomeanthatnearlyallanimalshave（）.

3.Theword“prior”(inlastparagraph)canbestbereplacedby（）.

4.Thewritersofthispassageprobably（）.

5.Theauthor’spurposeinthispassageisto（）.

问题1选项

A.dogsrecognizethemselvesinminors

B.thegroomingpracticesofchimpscanbealtered

C.nonhumanshaveaself-concept

D.chimpschangetheirbehaviorwhenamirrorispresent

问题2选项

A.someself-concept

B.noself-concept

C.anawarenessoftheusesofmirrors