考研考博-英语-兰州财经大学考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-兰州财经大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

IntheUSA,85%ofthepopulationovertheageof21approveofthedeathpenalty.Inthemanystateswhichstillhavethedeathpenalty,someusetheelectricchair,whichcantakeup20minutestokill,whileothersusegasorlethalinjection.

ThefirstofthesewasthecaseofRuthElliswhowashangedforshootingherloverinwhatwasgenerallyregardedasacrimepassion.Thesecondwashangedformurderswhich,itwaslaterprovedhadbeencommittedbysomeoneelse.

Thepro-hanginglobbyusesfourmainargumentstosupportitscallforthereintroductionofcapitalpunishment.Firstthereisthedeterrencetheory,whicharguesthatpotentialmurderswouldthinktwicebeforecommittingtheactiftheyknewthattheymightdieiftheywerecaught.Thearmedbankrobbermight,likewise,gobacktobeingunarmed.

Theothertwoargumentsaremoresuspect.Theideaofretributiondemandsthatcriminalsshouldgetwhattheydeserve:ifamurdererintentionallysetouttocommitacrime.Heshouldaccepttheconsequences.Retributionwhichisjustanotherwordforrevengeissupportedbythereligiousdoctrineofaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth.

Theargumentsagainstthedeathpenaltyarelargelyhumanitarian.Buttherearealsostatisticalreasonsforopposingit:thedeterrencefiguresdonotaddup.InBritain,1903wastherecordyearforexecutionandyetin1904thenumberofmurdersactuallyrose.Therewasasimilaroccurrencein1946and1947.Ifthedeterrencetheorywerecorrect,therateshouldhavefallen.

Theotherreasonstoopposethedeathpenaltyarelargelyamatterofindividualconscienceandbelief.Oneisthatmurderismurderandthatthestatehasnomorerighttotakealifethantheindividual.TheotheristhatChristianityadvisesforgivenessnotrevenge.

41.Allofthefollowingdeathpenaltymethodsarementionedinthepassageexcept______.

42.Accordingtothefirstfourparagraphs,whichofthefollowingstatementsinnotcorrect?

43.InParagraph3,“deterrence”means______.

44.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat______.

45.Thepassageismainlyabout______.

问题1选项

A.theelectricchair

B.thelethalinjection

C.thepoisonousgas

D.theshooting

问题2选项

A.RuthElliswasshotbyhislover,whichwasregardedasacrimeofpassion.

B.Thedeathpenaltymayhelpthepotentialmurdererstoarousemoralawareness.

C.Theinternationalmurderershouldeathisownbitterfruit.

D.Accordingtothereligiousdoctrine,punishmentshouldbeassevereastheinjury.

问题3选项

A.proclamation

B.protest

C.prevention

D.protection

问题4选项

A.neitherthestatenortheindividualhastherighttotakealife

B.thestatehastherighttotakealifebuttheindividualdoesnot

C.thedeathpenaltyhasnothingtodowithindividualconscienceandbelief

D.thedeterrencefigureshasaddedupandtheexecutionratehasfallen

问题5选项

A.theargumentinfavorofthedeathpenalty

B.theargumentagainstthedeathpenalty

C.theargumentabouttheabolitionofthedeathpenalty

D.theargumentaboutthereintroductionofthedeathpenalty

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】41.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“文中提到了下列所有死刑方法，但没有提到……”。第一段最后一句说讲到了现在还在用的一些执行死刑的方式，根据someusetheelectricchair,whichcantakeup20minutestokill,whileothersusegasorlethalinjection.（一些州使用电椅处决，这可能需要20分钟，而另一些州则使用毒气或注射死刑）可知，执行死刑的方式是电椅，毒气和毒药注射；因此A项“电椅”、B项“致命性注射”和C项“毒气”均正确；所以选D项“枪击”。因此，该题选D。

42.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据前四段，下列哪一项叙述是不正确的？”。A项“RuthEllis被自己的爱人所杀，这被认为是冲动犯罪”，根据第二段的第一句话ThefirstofthesewasthecaseofRuthElliswhowashangedforshootingherloverinwhatwasgenerallyregardedasacrimepassion.（第一个是RuthEllis的案子，她被处以绞刑，因为她枪杀了她的情人，这被认为是一种犯罪冲动），可知第一个被执行死刑的是RuthEIHs，她是因为杀死了自己的爱人而被绞死，而非被自己的爱人所杀；所以A项错误。B项“死刑可以帮助潜在的杀人犯唤起道德意识”，第三段第二句提到Firstthereisthedeterrencetheory,whicharguesthatpotentialmurderswouldthinktwicebeforecommittingtheactiftheyknewthattheymightdieiftheywerecaught.（首先是威慑理论，该理论认为，如果潜在的杀人犯知道自己被抓后可能会丧命，那么他们在实施犯罪之前会三思而后行）可知，实施死刑可以震慑杀人犯，让他们在犯罪前三思而后行，这就说明了死刑可以帮助杀人犯唤起道德意识，B项正确。C项“国际杀人犯应该自食其果”，第四段第二句提到ifamurdererintentionallysetouttocommitacrime.Heshouldaccepttheconsequences.（如果一个杀人犯故意犯罪，他应该承担后果），由此可知C项正确；D项“根据宗教教义，惩罚应该和伤害一样严重”，第四段最后一句提到Retributionwhichisjustanotherwordforrevengeissupportedbythereligiousdoctrineofaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth.（惩罚，也就是报复的另一种说法，是由以眼还眼，以牙还牙的宗教教义所支持的），由此可知D项正确。故该题选A。

43.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第三段的deterrence是什么意思？”。根据第三段第二句whicharguesthatpotentialmurderswouldthinktwicebeforecommittingtheactiftheyknewthattheymightdieiftheywerecaught.（该理论认为，如果潜在的杀人犯知道自己被抓后可能会丧命，那么他们在实施犯罪之前会三思而后行）可知，潜在的杀人犯因为知道有死刑的存在就会在犯罪的时候三思，这说明死刑对杀人犯是一种威慑作用；所以deterrencetheory是威慑理论，deterrence表示“威慑，制止”。A项“公告，宣告”，B项“抗议，反对”，C项“预防，阻止”，D项“保护”。故该题选C正确。

44.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“从最后一段，我们可以知道……”。根据最后一段Theotherreasonstoopposethedeathpenaltyarelargelyamatterofindividualconscienceandbelief.Oneisthatmurderismurderandthatthestatehasnomorerighttotakealifethantheindividual.TheotheristhatChristianityadvisesforgivenessnotrevenge.（反对死刑的其他原因主要是个人良心和信仰的问题；一是谋杀就是谋杀，国家和个人一样没有权利剥夺生命；另一种是基督教建议宽恕而不是报复），可知A项“政府和个人都没有权利剥夺别人的生命”正确；B项“国家有权剥夺一个人的生命，但个人却不能”错误，国家也不能剥夺一个人的生命；C项“死刑与个人的良心和信仰无关”，最后一段第一句就说到反对死刑的其他原因主要是个人良心和信仰的问题，因此C项错误；D项“威慑数字增加了，执行率下降了”，第五段最后一句提到Ifthedeterrencetheorywerecorrect,therateshouldhavefallen.（如果威慑理论是正确的，那么犯罪率应该下降了），可知威慑并没有降低犯罪率，所以D项也错误。故该题选A正确。

45.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“文章主要是关于……”。文章前两段通过死刑的话题引出下文；第三段是关于支持死刑的论据，最后两段是反对死刑的论据。A项“支持死刑的论据”和B项“反对死刑的论据”都只是对死刑的部分观点，比较片面；C项“关于废除死刑的争论”，文中没有提到过关于废除死刑的争论；D项“关于恢复死刑的争论”，文章第三段有提及Thepro-hanginglobbyusesfourmainargumentstosupportitscallforthereintroductionofcapitalpunishment.（支持绞刑的游说团体用四个主要论据来支持其重新引入死刑的呼吁），由此可知全文是围绕reintroductionofdeathpenalty来展开的一个论述，因此D项正确。故该题选D。

2.单选题

Thattruckdrivernolonger（

）himselfindrinkingafterexperiencingtheaccident.

问题1选项

A.induced

B.immersed

C.devoted

D.indulged

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项induce“诱导”；B选项immerse“浸入”；C选项devote“致力于”；D选项indulge“沉溺，满足，放任”。句意：在经历了那次事故后，那个卡车司机就不再放任自己喝酒。选项D符合句意。

3.单选题

Housewiveswhodonotgoouttoworkoftenfeeltheyarenotworkingtotheirfull（

）.

问题1选项

A.capacity

B.strength

C.length

D.possibility

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项capacity“容量，能力，才能”；B选项strength“力量，毅力”；C选项length“长度，篇幅”；D选项possibility“可能，可能性”。worktoone'scapacity表示“充分发挥才能”。句意：没有外出工作的家庭主妇们总感觉她们没充分发挥自己的全部才能。

4.单选题

Werarelyperceivemorethanaminute（）ofthesightsandsoundsthatfalluponourorgans;thegreatmajoritypassesusby.

问题1选项

A.fraction

B.fiction

C.function

D.friction

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项fraction表示“分数，部分，小部分”，B选项fiction表示“小说，编造，谎言”，C选项function表示“功能，运转，函数”，D选项friction表示“摩擦，摩擦力”。根据句意可知，我们仅仅察觉到偶然触及我们感官的一小部分光和声音；而大部分已经过去了。空缺处单词与后文中的thegreatmajority形成对比，形容光和声音的一小部分，因此，只有A项符合语境。故本题正确答案为A选项。

5.翻译题

在找工作的过程中，面试是一个关键时刻；面试的成功与否，除了面试官如何看你的条件及个人素质外，主要取决于他们如何评价你在面试中总的表现；因此，有必要把它当作一场演出或比赛来看待，其目的是向面试官表示你是干这项工作的最佳人选；大多数人在面试中采取被动策略，尽全力回答提出的问题；一种更好的方法是控制局面，使面试官有绝对理由相信你能胜任这项工作，让他们没有理由相信你不能胜任它。

【答案】Thejobinterviewisanimportantmomentinjobhunting.Inadditiontohowtheinterviewersseeyourqualificationsandpersonalqualities,muchwilldependonhowtheyevaluateyourinterviewperformanceingeneral.Therefore,itishelpfultoconsideritaperformanceoragamewhosegoalistoshowtheinterviewersthatyouarethebestpersonforthejob.Mostpeopleadoptapassivestrategyinaninterview,answeringwhateverquestionstheyareaskedtothebestoftheirability.Abetterapproachistobringthesituationundercontrolandgivetheinterviewerseveryreasontobelievethatyoucanhandlethejobforwhichyouarebeingconsideredandlittlereasontobelieveyoucan’t.

6.单选题

Thenewsaboutthenuclearpowerstationthatwasdamagedbytheearthquakewas___.

问题1选项

A.negative

B.encouraging

C.serious

D.positive

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.negative消极的B.encouraging令人鼓舞的

C.serious严肃的；严重的D.positive积极的

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】根据句意可知，核电站被损是一件很严肃的事情。因为会导致核泄漏等不良影响。C选项serious“严肃的，严重的”满足句意。

【干扰项排除】

B、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。核电站被损这件事情并不是好的事情；

A选项negative通常指消极的负面的，形容态度或者某件事的影响。

【句意】关于核电站被地震破坏的消息是很严重的。

7.单选题

Thethieves（

）thewastepaperallovertheroomwhiletheyweresearchingforthering.

问题1选项

A.spread

B.scratched

C.scattered

D.burned

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。spread传播，散布；scratch搔，抓；scatteralloverthefloor满地皆是；burn燃烧。句意：小偷找钻戒的时候，把废纸弄得满屋都是。由“searchingforthering”可知小偷为了找到戒指会满屋子翻箱倒柜，把废纸弄得到处都是。答案C

8.单选题

Fuelscarcitiesandpriceincreases（

）automobiledesignerstoscaledownthelargestmodelsandtodevelopcompletelynewlinesofsmallcarsandtrucks.

问题1选项

A.persuaded

B.prompted

C.imposed

D.enlightened

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析。句意:燃油短缺和价格上涨汽车设计者缩小大型汽车的研发，转而开发全新的小型汽车和卡车生产线。

persuade:说服，劝说。prompt:促进,促使。impose:强加,征税,利用。enlighten:启发，启蒙，教导。因此B项符合句意。

9.单选题

Sinceitsinception,Pakistanhasstriveddesperatelyto_____India,cultivatingtieswithanystatewillingtohelpit.

问题1选项

A.counteract

B.counterfeited

C.counterchange

D.counterbalance

【答案】A

【解析】counteract对抗,阻碍,中和;counterfeit伪造,假冒;counterchange交换,调换;counterbalance抵消,平衡。句意：从一开始,巴基斯坦就拼命对抗印度,与任何愿意帮助它的国家建立联系。选项A符合句意。

10.单选题

TheALSPACreportisthethirdinrecentyearstofindfeworno_______effectsfromconsumingmosttypesofseafoodduringpregnancy.

问题1选项

A.adverse

B.aggregate

C.antagonistic

D.animate

【答案】A

【解析】adverse不利的,敌对的;aggregate合计的,聚合的;antagonistic反对的,敌对的;animate有生命的。句意：ALSPAC的报告是近年来第三份发现孕期食用大多数品种的海鲜很少有或者几乎没有副作用的报告。

选项A符合句意。

11.翻译题

人类建立秩序是出于必须和渴望战胜环境的挑战，这样一种有秩序的状态就称作“国家”，而“法律”就是维持国家存在的规则，时间伴随着这些由法律和秩序建立起来的安宁和平静，在时间的流逝中，经过了数世纪的进化，人类终于进入了探索他自己所在的星系的时刻，只有人类在所有的生物中的进化能被视为进步。当社会发生变革时，每个人在其所生活的大群体中的价值和权力都会增加，个人价值在人类群体从部落渐渐变成文明社会时并未减少，它反而成了统治所有人的法令的指导。

【答案】Orderwascausedbytheneedanddesiretosurvivethechallengeoftheenvironment.Thisorderlyconditioncalledthe"state",andtherolesthatmaintainedit,file"law".Withtimethepartnertothistranquility,manmarchedacrossthecenturiesofhisevolutiontothebrinkofexploringtheboundariesofhisowngalaxy.Ofalllivingorganisms,onlymanhasthecapacitytointerprethisownevolutionasprogress.Associallifechanged,theworthandrightsofeachmemberinthelargergroup,ofwhichhewasapart,increased.Asthegroupsgrewfromclanstocivilizations,thevalueoftheindividualdidnotdiminish,butbecameinsteadaguidetotherulesthatgovernallmen.

12.单选题

Peoplearefascinatedtoseethatthemagicianmadeabigandtalldeer（）inaflash.

问题1选项

A.fade

B.shout

C.yield

D.vanish

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析。A选项fade“消失”，侧重逐渐消失。例句：Somesaidthat,oncethisnoveltyhadwornoff,cinemawouldfadeaway.（有人说，一旦这种新鲜感消失，电影院就会消失。）；B选项shout“呼喊；大声说”；C选项yield“屈服，放弃”；D选项vanish“使不见，使消失”，指完全、往往是神秘而突然的消失，不留任何蛛丝马迹。例句：Hevanishedwithouttrace.（他消失得无影无踪。）。句意：看到魔术师使一只又大又高的鹿瞬间消失，人们都被迷住了。由选项意思和句意可知，D选项符合句意。

13.单选题

Whenseeninthislight,thelanguagethesereportersuseismorecomplexthanit_____.

问题1选项

A.needs

B.needsto

C.needstobe

D.needstobeso

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.needs需要B.needsto需要

C.needstobe需要D.needstobeso需要这样

【考查点】比较级than的用法。

【解题思路】在than的比较状语从句中，与主句相同部分可以省略，而不同部分需要写出；在这个句子中主句是thelanguageismorecomplex（语言更加复杂），与从句共同的部分是morecomplex，所以从句需要把主谓写出来，即itneedstobe。因此，该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A、B选项不符合语法；

D选项不需要加副词so。

【句意】从这个角度看，这些记者使用的语言比需要的更加复杂。

14.单选题

Patientscanrecallwhattheyhearwhileundergeneralanestheticeveniftheydon’twakeup,concludesanewstudy.

Severalstudiesoverthepastthreedecadeshavereportedthatpeoplecanretainconsciousorsubconsciousmemoriesofthingsthathappenedwhiletheywerebeingoperatedon.Butfailurebyotherresearcherstoconfirmsuchfindingshasledskepticstospeculatethatthepatientswhorememberedtheseeventsmightbrieflyhaveregainedconsciousnessinthecourseofoperations.

GittaLubke,PeterSebelandcolleaguesatEmoryUniversityinAtlantameasuredthedepthofanesthesiausingbispectralanalysis,atechniquewhichmeasureschangesinbrainwavepatternsinthefrontallobesmomentbymomentduringsurgery.Beforethisstudy,researchersonlytookanaveragemeasurementoverthewholeoperation,saysLubke.

Lubkestudied96traumapatientsundergoingemergencysurgery,manyofwhomweretooseverelyinjuredtotoleratefullanesthesia.Duringsurgery,eachpatientworeheadphonesthroughwhichaseriesof16wordswasrepeatedfor3minuteseach.Atthesametime,bispectralanalysisrecordedthedepthofanesthesia.

Aftertheoperation,Lubketestedthepatientsbyshowingthemthefirstthreelettersofaword,suchas“lim-”,andaskingthemtocompleteit.Patientswhohadhadawordstartingwiththeselettersplayedduringsurgery—“limit”,forexample—chosethatwordanaverageof11percentmoreoftenthanpatientswhohadbeenplayedadifferentwordlist.Noneofthepatientshadanyconsciousmemoryofhearingthewordlists.

Unconsciousprimingwasstrongestforwordsplayedwhenpatientsweremostlightlyanaesthetized.Butitwasstatisticallysignificantevenwhenpatientswerefullyanaesthetizedwhenthewordwasplayed.

ThisfindingwhichwillbepublishedinthejournalAnesthesiologycouldmeanthatoperatingtheatrestaffshouldbemorediscreet.“Whattheysayduringsurgerymaydistresspatientsafterwards,”saysPhilipMerikle,apsychologistattheUniversityofWaterloo,Ontario.

1.Scientistshavefoundthatdeepanesthesia______.

2.Bythenewstudythetechniqueofbyspectralanalysishelpsthescientists______.

3.Totestthepatientsthescientists______.

4.Theresultsfromthenewstudyindicatethatitwaspossibleforthepatients______.

5.Whatwecaninferfromthefindingis______.

问题1选项

A.islikelytoaffecthearing

B.cannotblocksurgeon’swords

C.cancauseseriousdamagestomemory

D.helpstoretainconsciousorsubconsciousmemories

问题2选项

A.acquireanaveragemeasurementofbrainwavechangesoverthewholesurgery

B.decidewhetherthepatientwouldretainconsciousorsubconsciousmemories

C.relatetheirmeasurementsandrecordingstotheverbalsoundsduringsurgery

D.assurethedepthofanesthesiaduringsurgery

问题3选项

A.preparedtwolistsofwords

B.usedninety-sixheadphonesforlistening

C.conductedthewholeexperimentforthreeminutes

D.voicedonlythefirstthreelettersofsixteenwordsduringsurgery

问题4选项

A.toregainconsciousnessundertheknife

B.totellonewordfromanotheraftersurgery

C.torecallwhathadbeenheardduringsurgery

D.tooverreacttodeepanesthesiainthecourseofoperation

问题5选项

A.howsurgeonmalpracticecanbeprevented

B.whyasurgeoncannotbetoocareful

C.whysurgeonsshouldholdtheirtonguesduringsurgery

D.howthepostoperativepatientscanretainsubconsciousmemories

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.判断推理题。根据第一段“Patientscanrecallwhattheyhearwhileundergeneralanestheticeveniftheydon’twakeup,concludesanewstudy.（一项新的研究表明，即使病人没有醒来，他们也能回忆起在全身麻醉下听到的声音。）”也就是说，全麻不会阻止病人听到医生说的话，所以B选项“不能阻挡外科医生的话”符合原文。A选项“可能影响听力”和C选项“会对记忆造成严重损害”文章没有提及；D选项“帮助保持有意识或潜意识的记忆”中的“帮助”表述不当，所以不正确。因此B选项正确。

2.判断推理题。根据第二段“Severalstudiesoverthepastthreedecadeshavereportedthatpeoplecanretainconsciousorsubconsciousmemoriesofthingsthathappenedwhiletheywerebeingoperatedon.（过去30年里的几项研究报告称，人们可以对手术过程中发生的事情保持有意识或潜意识的记忆。）”和第三段“...usingbispectralanalysis,atechniquewhichmeasureschangesinbrainwavepatternsinthefrontallobesmomentbymomentduringsurgery.（使用双谱分析技术测量了麻醉深度，这种技术可以测量手术过程中大脑额叶中脑电波模式的变化。）”可知双谱分析技术是帮助科学家们决定病人是保留有意识的记忆还是潜意识的记忆，所以B选项“判断病人是否会保留有意识的记忆或潜意识的记忆”正确。由第三段“Beforethisstudy,researchersonlytookanaveragemeasurementoverthewholeoperation（在这项研究之前，研究人员只对整个手术进行了平均测量）”可知A选项“获得整个手术期间脑电波变化的平均测量值”说法错误；C选项“将他们的测量和录音与手术过程中的语音联系起来”和D选项“术中保证麻醉深度”不符合原文。因此B选项正确。

3.判断推理题。根据第五段Patientswhohadhadawordstartingwiththeselettersplayedduringsurgery—“limit”,forexample—chosethatwordanaverageof11percentmoreoftenthanpatientswhohadbeenplayedadifferentwordlist.（那些在手术中播放以这些字母开头的单词的患者——例如，“limit”——选择这个单词的频率比播放不同单词列表的患者平均高11%）可推断出有两个不同的单词表，所以A选项“准备了两份单词表”正确。B选项“使用了九十六个耳机听”；C选项“整个实验进行了三分钟”；D选项“在手术中只发声16个单词的前三个字母”都不符合原文，因此A选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据第一段“Patientscanrecallwhattheyhearwhileundergeneralanestheticeveniftheydon’twakeup,concludesanewstudy.（一项新的研究表明，即使病人没有醒来，他们也能回忆起在全身麻醉下听到的声音。）”可知对病人来说。回忆起手术期间听到的东西是有可能的，所以C选项“回忆手术中听到的一切”正确。A选项“在刀下恢复意识”；B选项“手术后说出一个词和另一个词”；D选项“在手术过程中对深度麻醉反应过度”都不符合原文，因此C选项正确。

5.判断推理题。根据最后一段“...operatingtheatrestaffshouldbemorediscreet...Whattheysayduringsurgerymaydistresspatientsafterwards（……这可能意味着手术室的工作人员应该更加谨慎……他们在手术中说的话可能会让病人在手术后感到痛苦）”可推断出工作人员在手术期间最好不要说话，所以C选项“为什么外科医生在手术时不应该说话”符合题意。A选项“如何防止外科医生渎职”；B选项“为什么外科医生越小心越好”；D选项“术后患者如何保持潜意识记忆”均不符合原文，因此C选项正确。

15.单选题

Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.,theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety’sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescencewasfrequentlyarelativelyshortperiodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietywithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostoftheseconddecadeofoneslife.Furthermorethelengthoftheadolescentperiodandthedefinitionofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.ExamplesofthistypeofchangearedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofanagriculturalsociety.

Inmodernsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceandtherenolongerisagreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Socialoneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocialstatus.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduationconstitutesuchasequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocialrecognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatusandtheeducationalambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesforadolescencehavealsobeenreplacedbylegaldefinitionsofstatus,roles,rights,privilegesandresponsibilities.Itisduringthenineyearsfromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-firstthattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsofchildhoodandminorstatusareremovedandadultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted.Thetwelve-year-oldisnolongerconsideredachildandhaspayfullfarefortrain,airplane,theaterandmovietickets.Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivilegeswithoutgainingsignificantadultright.Attheageofsixteentheadolescenceisgrantedcertainadultrightswhichincreasehissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmorefreedomandchoices.Henowcanobtainadriver'slicenseliecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithouttherestrictionsofchildlaborlaws.AttheageofeighteenthelawprovidesadultresponsibilitiesaswellasrightsTheyoungmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithoutparentalpermission.Attheageoftwenty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.Henowcanvote,hecanbuyliquor,hecanenterintofinancialcontacts,andheisentitledtorunforpublicoffice.Noadditionalbasicrightsareacquiredasafunctionofageaftermaturitystatushasbeenattained.Noneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineatwhatpointsadulthoodhasbeenreachedbuttheydopointtotheprolongedperiodofadolescence.

1.Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause（）

2.Formersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplaceto（）.

3.Noonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis（）.

4.Startingfrom22（）.

5.Accordingtothispassage,itisTUREthat（）.

问题1选项

A.thedefinitionofmaturityhaschanged

B.theindustrializedsocietyismoredeveloped

C.moreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaboraremade

D.ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificance

问题2选项

A.graduationsfromschoolsandcolleges

B.socialrecognition

C.socio-economicstatus

D.certainbehavioralchanges

问题3选项

A.elevenyearsold

B.sixteenyearsold

C.twenty-oneyearsold

D.betweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsold

问题4选项

A.onewillobtainmorebasicrights

B.theolderonebecomes,themorebasicrightshewillhave

C.onewon'tgetmorebasicrightsthanwhenheis21

D.onewillenjoymorerightgrantedbysociety

问题5选项

A.Inthelate19thcenturyintheUnitedStatesthedividinglinebetweenadolescenceandadulthoodnolongerexisted

B.noonecanmarrywithoutthepermissionofhisparentsuntiltheageoftwenty-one

C.oneisconsideredtohavereachedadulthoodwhenhehasadriver'slicense

D.oneisnotfreefromtherestrictionsofchildlaborlawsuntilhecanjointhearmy

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.根据第一段的第二句“whileinindustrialsocietywithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlonger.”由于教育时间较长,法律又禁止童工,所以青春期要长得多。选项C符合原文。

2.根据第二段的三四句“Socialoneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocialstatus.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduationconstitutesuchasequence,...”社会仪式已经被一系列的步骤所取代,即从小学,高中和大学的毕业这一系列步骤。选项A正确。

3.根据第二段的后半部分“Attheageoftwenty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.”在21岁时,个人作为成年人获得了完全的合法权利。选项C正确。

4.根据第二段的倒数第二句“Noadditionalbasicrightsareacquiredasafunctionofageaftermaturitystatushasbeenattained.”当达到成熟的年龄段,不再有12-21岁享有的这些基本权利。选项C符合原文。

5.根据原文可知选项B,C,D均错误,根据第一段的最后一句“ExamplesofthistypeofchangearedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,”所以选项A在19世纪末的美国,青春期和成年期之间的分界线已不复存在,符合原文。

16.单选题

The（

）ofaculturalphenomenonisusuallyalogicalconsequenceofsomephysicalaspectinthelifestyleofthepeople.

问题1选项

A.manifestation

B.implementation

C.expedition

D.demonstration

【答案】A

【解析】名词辨析题。manifestation表现，显示；implementation实现，履行；expedition远征；demonstration示范，证明。句意：文化现象的

通常是人们生活习惯中某些物质方面的逻辑结果。选项A更符合语境，所以正确。

17.翻译题

随着人民生活水平和消费水平的提高，中国的垃圾问题日益严峻，很多城市被垃圾包围。面对日益增长的垃圾产量和环境状况的恶化，中国政府正在努力推行垃极分类(garbageclassification)的政策。垃圾分类是指将垃圾分为可回收利用和不可回收利用两类，要求人们将垃圾投放至不同的垃圾桶(trashcan)，通过不同的清理、运输和回收方式，使之变成新的资源。

【答案】Withtheimprovementofpeople’slivingstandardsandtheincreaseofconsumptionlevel,thegarbageprobleminChinabecomesincreasinglyurgent.Manycitiesaresurroundedbygarbage.Confrontedwiththegrowinggarbageoutputanddeterioratingenvironment,theChinesegovernmentisimplementingthepolicyofgarbageclassificationwithgreateffort.Garbageclassificationmeansdividinggarbageintorecyclableandunrecyclable,andrequirespeopletoputgarbageintodifferenttrashcanssothatitcanbecomenewresourcesthroughdifferentwaysofcleaning,transportingandrecycling.

18.单选题

Everybodygetssick.Diseaseandinjurymakeussufferthroughoutourlivesuntilfinallysonicattackonthebodybringsourexistencetoanend.Fortunately,mostofusinmodernindustrializedsocietiescantakerelativelygoodhealthforgrantedmostofthetime.Infact,wetendtofullyrealizetheimportanceofgoodhealthonlywhenweorthoseclosetousbecomeseriouslyill.Atsuchtimeswekeenlyappreciatetheancienttruththathealthisourmostpreciousasset,oneforwhichwemightreadilygiveupsuchrewardsaspower,wealth,orfame.

Becauseillhealthisuniversalproblem,affectingboththeindividualandsociety,thehumanresponsetosicknessisalwayssociallyorganized.Nosocietyleavestheresponsibilityformaintaininghealthandtreatingillhealthentirelytotheindividual.Eachsocietydevelopsitsownconceptsofhealthandsicknessandauthorizescertainpeopletodecidewhoissickandhowthesickshouldbetreated.Aroundthisfocustherearises,overtime,anumberofstandards,values,groups,statuses,androles:inotherwords,aninstitution.Tothesociologist,then,medicineistheinstitutionconcernedwiththemaintenanceofhealthandtreatmentofdisease.

Inthesimplestpre-industrialsocieties,medicineisusuallyanaspectofreligion.Thesocialarrangementsfordealingwithsicknessarcveryelementary,ofteninvolvingonlytworoles:thesickandthehealer.Thelatteristypicallyalsothepriest,whoreliesprimarilyonreligiousceremonies,bothtoidentifyandtotreatdisease:forexample,bonesmaybethrowntoestablishacause,songsmaybeusedtobringaboutacure.Inmodemindustrializedsocieties,ontheotherhand,theinstitutionhasbecomehighlycomplicatedandspecialized,includingdozensofrolessuchasthoseofbrainsurgeon,druggist,andhospitaladministrator,linkedwithvariousorganizationssuchasnursinghomes,insurancecompanies,andmedicalschools.Medicine,infact,hasbecomethesubjectofintensesociologicalinterestpreciselybecauseitisnowoneofthemostpervasiveandcostlyinstitutionsofmodernsociety.

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtoParagraphI?

2.Theword“authorize”inParagraph2means“（

）.

3.InParagraph2,welearnthatthesociologistregardsmedicineas

（

）.

4.AccordingtoParagraph3,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

5.Theauthorofthispassageismainlyconcernedwith（

）.

问题1选项

A.Nowadaysmostpeoplebelievetheycanhavefairlygoodhealth.

B.Humanlifeinvolvesagreatdealofpainandsuffering.

C.Mostofusareawareofthefullvalueofhealth.

D.Ancientpeoplebelievedthathealthwasmoreexpensivethananythingelse.

问题2选项

A.makewayfor

B.givepowerto

C.writeanorderfor

D.makeitpossiblefor

问题3选项

A.asystemwhosepurposeistotreatdiseaseandkeeppeoplehealthy

B.auniversalproblemthataffectseverysociety

C.asocialresponsibilitytotreatillhealth

D.asciencethatfocusesonthetreatmentofdisease

问题4选项

A.Inthepast,bonesmightbeusedtodecidewhypeoplefellill.

B.inpre-industrialsocietiespriestssometimestreatedpatientsbysinging.

C.Modemmedicineissocomplicatedthatsociologynolongerhasaplaceinit.

D.Therewereonlytworolesinanelementarymedicalsystem,thepatientandtheonewhotriedtocurehim.

问题5选项

A.sociologicalaspectsinmedicine

B.medica