考研考博-英语-北京农学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-北京农学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Thebrick-and-mortarmuseumthatexistsintherealworldisunlikelytobecomeobsolete,but“visiting”museumsincyberspaceisnowacommonpastime.

问题1选项

A.hobby

B.fashion

C.mode

D.pattern

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.hobby业余爱好（活动）B.fashion（衣服、发式等的）流行款式，时兴式样

C.mode风格，样式D.pattern模式

【答案】A

【考查点】名词辨析。

【解题思路】pastime的意思为“消遣，休闲活动”，指的是在线参观博物馆已成为一种普遍的休闲活动，只有hobby与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。

【句意】现实世界中的实体博物馆不太可能过时，但现在在线参观博物馆已成为一种普遍的休闲活动。

2.翻译题

Bacteria（细菌）,likepeople,canbedividedintofriendandfoe.81.Inspiredbyevidencethatthefriendlysortmayhelpwitharangeofailments（疾病）,manypeopleconsumebacteriaintheformofyogurtsanddietarysupplements.Suchasmatteringofartificialadditions,however,representsbutadropintheocean.Thereareatleast800typesofbacterialivinginthehumangut.AndresearchbyStevenGilloftheInstituteforGenomicResearchinRockville,Maryland,andhiscolleagues,publishedinthisweek’sScience,suggeststhatthecollectivegenomeoftheseorganismsissolargethatitcontains100timesasmanygenesasthehumangenomeitself.

DrGillandhisteamwereabletocometothisconclusionbyextractingbacterialDNAfromthefaeces（粪便）oftwovolunteers.82.Becauseofthecomplexityofthesamples,theywerenotabletoreconstructtheentiregenomes（基因组）ofeachofthegutbacteria,justtheindividualgenes.Butthatallowedthemtomakeanestimateofnumbers.

Whatallthesebacteriaaredoingistrickytoidentify—thebacteriathemselvesaredifficulttocultivate.83.Sotheresearchersguessedatwhattheymightbeuptobycomparingthegenestheydiscoveredwithpublisheddatabasesofgeneswhosefunctionsarealreadyknown.

84.ThiscomparisonhelpedDrGillidentifyforthefirsttimetheprobable

enzymatic（酶（性）的）processesbywhichbacteriahelphumanstodigestthecomplex

carbohydratesinplants.Thebacteriaalsocontainaplentifulsupplyofgenesinvolvedinthesynthesisofchemicalsessentialtohumanlife—includingtwoBvitaminsandcertainessentialaminoacids—althoughtheteammerelyshowedthatthesemetabolicpathwaysexistratherthanprovingthattheyareused.Nevertheless,thepathwaystheyfoundleavehumanslookingmorelikeruminants:animalssuchasgoatsandsheepthatusebacteriatobreakdownotherwiseindigestiblematterintheplantstheyeat.

ThebroaderconclusionDrGilldrawsisthatpeoplearesuperorganismswhosemetabolismrepresentsanamalgamationofhumanandmicrobialattributes.Thenotionof

asuperorganismhasemergedbefore,asresearchersinotherfieldshavecometoviewhumansashavingadiverseinternalecosystem.85.This,suggestsome,willbecrucialtothesuccessofpersonalisedmedicine,asdifferentpeoplewillhavedifferentresponsestodrugs,dependingontheirmicrobialflora.（微生物群落）Accordingly,thenextstep,saysDrGill,istoseehowmicrobialpopulationsvarybetweenpeopleofdifferentages,backgroundsanddiets.

Anotherareaofresearchistheprocessbywhichthesehelpfulbacteriafirstcolonizethedigestivetract.Babiesacquiretheirgutfloraastheypassdownthebirthcanalandtakeagene-filledgulpoftheirmother’svaginalandfaecalflora.Itmightnotbethemostdeliciousoffirstmeals,butitcouldwellbeanimportantone.

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.

【答案】81.有益菌可以帮助人们治疗多种疾病，受此启发，很多人通过使用酸乳食品和各种补品的办法吸收细菌。然而，这种人为补充细菌的做法是极其肤浅的。

82.由于样本的复杂性，吉尔博士及其研究组人员还不能构建出肠道内细菌的完整基因组，而只能构建出单体基因。不过，这也可以使他们对整体数量作出估算。

83.因此，研究人员只能将发现的基因和那些功能已经研究清楚的基因的公开数据库进行比较，从而猜测可能得到的研究结果。

84.这种比较帮助吉尔博士第一次确定了可能存在的细菌借以帮助人体消化从植物体摄入的复杂碳水化合物的酶催化反应的过程。

85.有人认为，这一点对个性化药物的成功开发是至关重要的，因为不同的人具有不同的微生物群落，对不同的药物有不同的反应。

3.单选题

Wecanbeginourdiscussionof“populationasglobalissue”withwhatmostpersonsmeanwhentheydiscuss“thepopulationproblem”：toomanypeopleonearthandatoorapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.Thefactsarenotindispute.Itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthto’’along,thinpowderfusethatbumssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes.”

Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichischaracterizedbyrapidincreasesinpopulation,itisnecessarytounderstandthehistoryofpopulationtrends.Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.Lookingbackatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory,wefindthatpopulationshavebeenvirtuallystableorgrowingveryslightlyformostofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,lifewashard,oftennasty,andveryshort.Therewashighfertilityinmostplaces,butthiswasusuallybalancedbyhighmortality.Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastfort,whileinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates.Thus,thepopulationproblemthroughoutmostofhistorywashowtopreventextinctionofthehumanrace.

Thispatternisimportanttonotice.Notonlydoesitputthecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowthintoahistoricalperspective,butitsuggestthatthecauseofrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyearsisnotasuddenenthusiasmformorechildren,butanimprovementintheconditionsthattraditionallyhavecausedhighmortality.

Demographichistorycanbedividedintotwomajorperiods:atimeoflong,slowgrowthwhichextendedfromabout8,000BC.tillapproximateAD1650.Inthefirstperiodofsome9600years,thepopulationincreasedfromsame8millionto500millionin1650.Between1650andthepresent,thepopulationhasincreasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2000therewillbe6.2billionpeoplethroughouttheworld.Onewaytoappreciatethisdramaticdifferenceinsuchabstractnumbersistoreducethetimeframetosomethingthatismoremanageable.Between8000BCand1650,anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld'spopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.

1.Whichofthefollowingdemographicgrowthpatternismostsuitableforthelongthinpowderfuseanalogy?

2.Duringthefirstperiodofdemographichistory,societieswereoftenindangerofextinctionbecause（

）.

3.Whichstatementistrueaboutpopulationincrease?

4.Theauthorofthepassageintendsto

（

）.

5.Theword“demographic”inthefirstparagraphmeans（

）.

问题1选项

A.Avirtuallystableorslightlydecreasingperiodandthenasuddenexplosionofpopulation.

B.Aslowgrowthforalongtimeandthenaperiodofrapid,dramaticincrease.

C.Toomanypeopleonearthandafewrapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.

D.Alongperiodwhendeathratesexceedsbirthratesandthenashortperiodwithhigherfertilityandlowermortality.

问题2选项

A.onlyoneintenpersonscouldlivepast40.

B.therewashighermortalitythanfertilityinmostplaces.

C.itwastoodangeroustohavebabiesduetothepoorconditions

D.ourancestorshadlittleenthusiasmformorechildren.

问题3选项

A.Theremightbeanincreaseof2.2billionpersonsfromnowtotheyear2000

B.About50,000babiesarebomeverysixhoursatpresent.

C.Between8000BCandthepresent,thepopulationincreaseisabout80,000,000personseachyear.

D.Thepopulationincreasedfasterbetween8000BCand1650thanbetween1650andthepresent.

问题4选项

A.warnpeopleagainstthepopulationexplosioninthenearfuture

B.comparethedemographicgrowthpatterninthepastwiththatafter1650

C.findoutthecauseforrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyears

D.presentusaclearandcompletepictureofthedemographicgrowth

问题5选项

A.statisticsofhuman

B.surroundingsstudy

C.accumulationofhuman

D.developmentofhuman

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干关键词thelongthinpowderfuseanalogy定位至第一段:Itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthto’’along,thinpowderfusethatbumssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes(把人口增长比作“一根细长的火药引信，它以平稳的速度缓慢燃烧，直到爆炸”，这种类比是完全正确的)。故选A。

2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词societieswereoftenindangerofextinction定位至第二段:Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates(通常，社会明显面临着灭绝的危险，因为死亡率高于出生率)。故选B。

3.判断推理题。最后一段:Between1650andthepresent,thepopulationhas

increasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2000therewillbe6.2billionpeoplethroughouttheworld(从1650年到现在，人口总量从5亿增加到了40亿。并且预计到2000年，全世界人口总量将达到62亿)。因此A项符合原文。

4.作者意图题。作者首先指出了人口增长的现状,然后详细回顾了历史上人口统计特征及原因。故选D。

5.词义题。“demographic”所在句:Itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthtoalong,thinpowderfusethatbumssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes(把人口增长比作“一根细长的火药引信，它以平稳的速度缓慢燃烧，直到爆炸”，这种类比是完全正确的)。而且,文章是以人口增长为讨论话题。因此,此题选A。

4.单选题

AdefeatedcandidatefortheHouseofRepresentativesmustwaittwoyearsbeforerunningagain,becauseelectionsare______.

问题1选项

A.semiannual

B.biennial

C.biannual

D.bilateral

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项semiannual“每半年的，半年一次的”，B项biennial“两年一次的”，C项biannual“一年两度的”，D项bilateral“双边的，有两边的”。根据waittwoyearsbeforerunningagain“等待两年再次参选”可知，“两年一次的”符合语境。句意：被击败的众议院候选人必须等待两年才能再次参选，因为选举是两年一次的。因此，该题选择B项正确。

5.单选题

Hardtrainingwill______yourichlywhenitcomestotheactualcompetition.

问题1选项

A.pay

B.bring

C.serve

D.make

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项pay“支付，补偿，偿还”，B项bring“带来，提供，引起”，C项serve“招待，供应，为……服务”，D项make“使得，进行，布置，准备”。由Hardtrainingwill______yourichly“艰苦的训练将丰厚地……你”可知，“补偿”符合语境。句意：在真正的比赛中，艰苦的训练会给你带来丰厚的回报。因此，该题选择A项正确。

6.单选题

Wecannotalways（）thewind,sonewwindmillsshouldbesodesignedthattheycanalsobedrivenbywater.

问题1选项

A.hangon

B.holdon

C.counton

D.comeon

【答案】C

【解析】词组辨析。hangon“坚持下去，不挂断”；holdon“坚持，继续”；counton“指望，依靠”；comeon“开始”。句意：我们不能总是依靠风，所以新的风车应该设计得也能由水驱动。选项C符合题意。

7.填空题

Theeffectofallthisonthefoodsituationinthiscountryhasbeenmadeworsebyasimultaneousriseinfoodsprices,duechieflytothegradualcuttingdownofgovernmentsupportforfood.

A

B

C

D

【答案】Cinfoodsprices改为infoodprices

【解析】【考查点】名词。

【解题思路】C部分的food是统称，指的是所有食物，为不可数名词，所以用单数food。

【句意】主要由于政府逐渐减少在食物方面的支持，同时食物价格上涨，该国食物情况恶化。

8.单选题

Inthisfactory,suggestionsoftenhavetowaitformonthsbeforetheyarefully______.

问题1选项

A.admitted

B.acknowledged

C.absorbed

D.considered

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项admit“承认，允许”，尤其指“不情愿地承认”，特别是一些与自己行为有关的不好的事情；B项acknowledge“承认，答谢”，通常指公开承认某事的真实情况或自己的过错；C项absorb“吸收，理解”，D项consider“认为，考虑”。根据关键词suggestion“建议”可知，空格部分表示“采纳，考虑”符合语境。句意：在这家工厂，建议往往要等上几个月才能被充分考虑。因此，该题选择D项正确。

9.单选题

AfterworkingwithEllenformanyyears,wekneweachotherverywellandestablishedagood________.

问题1选项

A.rapport

B.rapine

C.prospect

D.rapture

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“rapport”，意为“亲善；融洽；和睦关系”；B选项“rapine”，意为“掠夺；劫掠”；C选项“prospect”，意为“前途；预期；景色”；D选项“rapture”，意为“狂喜；欢天喜地；兴高采烈”。句意：和艾伦一起工作多年后，我们彼此非常了解，并建立了__良好的关系__。本句表示“因为和艾伦一起工作多年，彼此也十分了解，两人之间建立了亲密、和谐的良好关系”。因此A选项符合题意。

10.单选题

Materialculturereferstothetouchable,material“things’’-physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used-thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture’stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup'shistoryandwayoflife.Similarly,researchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstrument.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented,sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstruments,pictured'inart.Throughthestudyofinstruments,aswellaspaintings,writtendocuments,andsoon,wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNearEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,orwecanoutlinethespreadofNearEasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultedinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra.

Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusic-culturesasthoseinwhichpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprint,butresearchshowmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEurope,BritainandAmerica.Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotationhasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureasawhole.

Musicisdeep-rootedintheculturalbackgroundthatfostersit.Wenowpaymoreandmoreattentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefolkmusicaswedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritages.Musiciansallovertheworldarebusywithrecordingclassicmusicintheircountryforthesakeoftheiruniqueculture.Asalways,people'saspirationwillalwaysfocusontheirindividualityratherthanuniversalfeaturesthataresharedbyallculturesalike.

Onemoreimportantpartofmusic’smaterialcultureshouldbesingledout:theinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia-radio,recordplayer,taperecorder,andtelevision,withthefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisisallpartofthe"information-revolution",atwentiethcenturyphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutioninthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodemnations;theyhaveaffectedmusic-culturesallovertheglobe.

1.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtomaterialculture?

2.Theword"phonograph"(Line6,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans（

）.

3.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphis

（

）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanadvantageofprintedmusic?

5.Fromthethirdparagraph,wemayinferthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.Instruments

B.Music.

C.Paintings.

D.Sheetmusic.

问题2选项

A.recordplayer

B.radio

C.musicaltechnique

D.music-culture

问题3选项

A.theimportance,ofculturaltoolsandtechnology

B.theculturalinfluenceofthedevelopmentofcivilization

C.thefocusofthestudyofthematerialcultureofmusic

D.thesignificanceoftheresearchintothemusicalinstruments

问题4选项

A.Readingofmusicnotationhasagreatimpactonmusicians.

B.Peoplemaydrawinspirationfromit.

C.Themusicculturewillbeinfluencedbyitintheend.

D.Songstendtobestandardizedbyit.

问题5选项

A.traditionalculturalheritageisworthyofpreservation

B.theuniversalfeaturessharedbyallculturesaren’tworthyofnotice.

C.musicianspaymoreattentiontothepreservationoftraditionalmusic.

D.themoredevelopedaculture,themorevaluablethemusicithasfostered

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.文章第一段第一句对物质文化下了定义：文化中产生的能看到、摸到、感觉到使用的自然物体（physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used-thatacultureproduces）。该段接下来提到乐器是音乐文化中的物质载体（Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstrument），所以选项A可以排除；第一段还提到图片、文字记载都属于物质文化（Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstruments,picturedinart），选项C可以排除；第二段第一句Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture提到乐谱也是物质文化，选项D可以排除。因此选项B符合题意。

2.题干中的phonograph出现在第一段：Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented，sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.在phonograph被发明之前，我们听不到任何音乐表演的声音，只能通过乐器来研究过去的音乐。由此推测，这个词指的是一种能够记录声音并被用来研究音乐文化的东西。选项A符合题意。

3.文章第一段第一句给物质文化下了定义；第二、三句提到研究音乐物质文化才能研究好音乐文化；第四、五句指出乐器是因为文化研究中的重要物质文化；第六句提及了乐器作为物质文化的两种形式。第七句举了绘画和书写文件来说明乐器在音乐文化研究中所起的作用。由此可只选项D符合题意。

4.文章第二段第三句Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs提到乐谱形式单调，因为它们将歌曲都标准化。所以选项D不是优势，符合题意。

5.文章第三段第二句Wenowpaymoreandmoreattentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefolkmusicaswedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritages提到我们越来越关注传统和民族特色的音乐，并且愿意将民乐保存下来。可知选项A符合题意，传统文化遗产值得保留下来。

11.单选题

Certainanimalbehaviors,suchasmatingrituals'seemtobe_______,andtherefore_______externalfactorssuchasclimatechanges,foodsupply,orthepresenceofotheranimalsofthesamespecies.

问题1选项

A.learned...immuneto

B.innate...unaffectedby

C.intricate...belongto

D.specific...confusedwith

【答案】B

【解析】learned...immuneto学到的不受感染;innate...unaffectedby先天的不受影响;intricate...belongto复杂的属于;specific...confusedwith特定的混淆。句意：某些动物的行为,如交配仪式,似乎是与生俱来的,因此不受外部因素的影响,如气候变化,食物供应,或其他动物相同物种的存在。选项B符合句意。

12.单选题

Anyonenotpayingtheregistrationfeebytheendofthismonthwillbe（

）tohavewithdrawnfromtheprogram.

问题1选项

A.contemplated

B.deemed

C.acknowledged

D.anticipated

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析题。contemplate“沉思，注视”；deem“认为，视作”；acknowledge“承认”；anticipate“预期，期望”；句意：到本月底还没有交纳注册费的人将被视为已取消该课程。B项符合句意，答案B

13.单选题

Afolkcultureisasmall,isolated,cohesive,conservative,nearlyself-sufficientgroupthatishomogeneousincustomandrace,withastrongfamilyorclanstructureandhighlydevelopedrituals.Orderismaintainedthroughsanctionsbasedinthereligionorfamily,andinterpersonalrelationshipsarestrong.Traditionisparamount,andchangecomesinfrequentlyandslowly.Thereisrelativelylittledivisionoflaborintospecializedduties.Rather,eachpersonisexpectedtoperforinagreatvarietyoftasks,thoughdutiesmaydifferbetweenthesexes.Mostgoodsarehandmade,andasubsistenceeconomyprevails.Individualismisweaklydevelopedinfolkculturesasaresocialclasses.UnalteredfolkculturesnolongerexistinindustrializedcountriessuchastheUniteStatesandCanada.PerhapsthenearestmodernequivalentinAnglo-AmericanistheAmish,aGermanAmericanfarmingsectthatlargelyrenouncestheproductsandlabor-savingdevicesoftheIndustrialage.InAmishareas,horsedrawnbuggiesstillseverasalocaltransportationdevice,andthefaithfularenotpermittedtoownautomobiles.TheAmish’scentralreligiousconceptofDemut,"humility",clearlyreflectstheweaknessofindividualismandsocialclassessotypicaloffolkcultures,andthereisacorrespondingstrengthofAmishgroupidentity.RarelydotheAmishmarryoutsidetheirsect.Thereligion,avarietyoftheMennonitefaith,providestheprincipalmechanism,formaintainingorder.

Bycontrast,apopularcultureisalargeheterogeneousgroup,oftenhighlyindividualisticandconstantlychanging.Relationshipstendtobeimpersonal,andapronounceddivisionoflaborexists,leadingtotheestablishmentofmanyspecializedprofessions.Secularinstitutionsofcontrolsuchasthepoliceandamiytaketheplaceofreligionandfamilyinmaintainingorder,andamoney-basedeconomyprevails.Becauseofthesecontrasts,“popular”maybeviewedasclearlydifferentfrom“folk”.

Thepopularisreplacingthefolkinindustrializedcountriesandinmanydevelopingnations.Folk-madeobjectsgivewaytotheirpopularequivalent,usuallybecausethepopularitemismorequicklyorcheaplyproduce,iseasierortime-savingtouse,orlendsmoreprestigetotheowner.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Whichofthefollowingistypicaloffolkcultures?

3.WhatdoestheauthorimplyabouttheUnitedStatesandCanada?

4.WhatisthemainsourceoforderinAmishsociety?

5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutAmishbeliefsdoesthepassagesupport?

问题1选项

A.Twodecadesinmodernsociety.

B.Theinfluenceofindustrialtechnology.

C.Thecharacteristicsof“folk”and“popular”societies

D.ThespecializationoflaborinCanadaandtheUnitedStates

问题2选项

A.Thereisamoney-basedeconomy

B.Socialchangeoccursslowly

C.Contactwithotherculturesisencouraged.

D.Eachpersondevelopsonespecializedskill.

问题3选项

A.Theyvaluefolkcultures.

B.Theyhavepopularcultures.

C.Theyhavenosocialclasses.

D.Theydonotvalueindividualism.

问题4选项

A.Thegovernment.

B.Theclanstructure.

C.Theeconomy.

D.Thereligion.

问题5选项

A.Variousreligiouspracticesaretolerated.

B.Individualismandcompetitionareimportant.

C.Pre-moderntechnologyispreferred.

D.Peoplearedefinedaccordingtotheirclass.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。文章主要分为三个部分，第一个部分讲述的是民间文化社会的特点，第二部分讲述的是大众文化社会的特点，第三部分是讲述在工业时代的如今，大众流行文化正在取代民间文化。选项A：二十年的现代社会；选项B:工业技术的影响；选项D：加拿大和美国的劳动专业化，以上选项均与原文不符。选项C:“民俗化”社会与“大众化”社会的特征“为正确选项。

第2题:事实细节题。由题干意思定位到文章第一段中Traditionisparamount,andchangecomesinfrequentlyandslowly.Thereisrelativelylittledivisionoflaborintospecializedduties.“传统是至高无上的，很少有改变，而且变化很慢。很少有专门的劳动分工。”由此可知选项B“社会变革发生得很慢”与原文相符，为正确选项，而选项A、C、D均与原文表述的意思相反。

第3题:事实细节题。题干意思是关于美国和加拿大，作者暗示了什么?可以定位到文章第—段中UnalteredfolkculturesnolongerexistinindustrializedcountriessuchastheUniteStatesandCanada.“在美国和加拿大等工业化国家，一成不变的民间文化已经不复存在。”可以推断出两个国家的文化均已大众流行化，由此可知B选项“它们有大众流行文化”与原文意思相符，因此B为正确选项。

第4题:事实细节题。由题干关键词定位到第一段最后一句Thereligion,avarietyoftheMennonitefaith,providestheprincipalmechanism,formaintainingorder.“其宗教，作为Mennonite信仰的一种，提供了维持秩序的主要机制。”由此可知D选项“宗教”为正确选项，选项A、B、C均与题意不符。

第5题:事实细节题。选项A：容忍各种宗教活动。这与文章所表述的阿米什人很少与他们宗派以外的人通婚不符，因此错误。选项B：个人主义和竞争很重要这与文章“theweaknessofindividualismandsocialclasses”意思不符，所以为错误选项。选项D：每个人发展一项专门技能，明显与文中第一段描述不符。选项C：现代以前的技术更受喜欢，与原文“InAmishareas,horsedrawnbuggiesstillseverasalocaltransportationdevice,andthefaithfularenotpermittedtoownautomobiles.”所表述的意思“在Amish地区，轻便马车仍然是当地的交通工具，信徒们不允许拥有汽车。”相符，因此C选项正确。

14.单选题

Althoughwecanimaginelifebasedonsomethingotherthancarbonchemistry,weknowofnoexamplestotellushowsuchlifemightariseandsurvive.Wemustlimitourdiscussiontolifeasweknowitandtheconditionsitrequires.Themostimportantrequirementisthepresenceofliquidwater,notonlyaspartofthechemicalreactionsoflife,butalsoasamediumtotransportnutrientsandwasteswithintheorganism.

Thewaterrequirementautomaticallyeliminatesmanyworldsinoursolarsystem.Themoonisairless,andalthoughsomedatasuggesticefrozeninthesoilatitspoles,ithasneverhadliquidwateronitssurface.Inthevacuumofthelunarsurface,liquidwaterwouldboilawayrapidly.Mercurytooisairlessandcannothavehadliquidwateronitssurfaceforlongperiodsoftime.Venushassometracesofwatervaporinitsatmosphere,butitismuchtoohotforliquidwatertosurvive.Iftherewereanylakesoroceansofwateronitssurfacewhenitwasyoung,theymusthaveevaporatedquickly.Eveniflifebeganthere,notraceswouldbeleftnow.

Theinnersolarsystemseemstoohot,andtheoutersolarsystemseemstoocold.TheJovianplanetshavedeepatmospheres,andatacertainlevel,theyhavemoderatetemperatureswherewatermightcondenseintoliquiddroplets.Butitseemsunlikelythatlifecouldbeginthere.TheJovianplanetshavenosurfaceswhereoceanscouldnurturethebeginningoflife,andcurrentsintheatmosphereseemdestinedtocirculategasandwaterdropletsfromregionsofmoderatetemperaturetootherlevelsthataremuchtoohotortoocoldforlifetosurvive.

AfewofthesatellitesoftheJovianplanetsmighthavesuitableconditionsforlife.Jupiter’smoonEuropaseemstohavealiquid-wateroceanbelowitsicycrust,andmineralsdissolvedinthatwaterwouldprovidearichbrothofpossibilitiesforchemicalevolution.Nevertheless,Europaisnotapromisingsitetosearchforlifebecauseconditionsmaynothaveremainedstableforthebillionsofyearsneededforlifetoevolvebeyondthemicroscopicstage.IfJupiter’smoonsinteractgravitationallyandmodifytheirorbits,Europamayhavebeenfrozensolidatsomepointsinhistory.

Saturn’smoonTitanhasanatmosphereofnitrogen,argonandmethaneandmayhaveoceansofliquidmethaneandethaneonitssurface.Thechemistryoflifethatmightcrawlorswimonsuchaworldisunknown,butlifetheremaybeunlikelybecauseofthetemperature.ThesurfaceofTitanisadeadly-179°C(-290°F).Chemica)reactionsoccurslowlyornotatallatsuchlowtemperatures,sothechemicalevolutionneededtobeginlifemayneverhaveoccurredonTitan.

Marsisthemostlikelyplaceforlifeinoursolarsystem.Theevidence,however,isnotencouraging.MeteoriteALH84001wasfoundontheAntarcticicein1984.ItwasprobablypartofdebrisejectedintospacebyalargeimpactonMars.ALH84001isimportantbecauseateamofscientistsstudieditandannouncedin1996thatitcontainedchemicalandphysicaltracesofancientlifeonMars.

Scientistswereexcitedtoo,butbeingprofessionallyskeptical,theybegantestingtheresultsimmediately.Inmanycases,theresultsdidnotconfirmtheconclusionthatlifeonceexistedonMars.SomechemicalcontaminationfromwateronEarthhasoccurred,andsomechemicalsinthemeteoritemayhaveoriginatedwithoutthepresenceoflife.Thephysicalfeaturesthatlooklikefossilbacteriamaybemineralformationsintherock.

SpacecraftnowvisitingMarsmayhelpusunderstandthepasthistoryofwaterthereandpaintamoredetailedpictureofpresentconditions.Nevertheless,conclusiveevidencemayhavetowaituntilageologistinaspacesuitcanwanderthedrystreambedsofMarscrackingopenrocksandsearchingforfossils.

Wearelefttoconcludethat,sofarasweknow,oursolarsystemisbareoflifeexceptforEarth.Consequently,oursearchforlifeintheuniversetakesustootherplanetarysystems.

1.Thewordautomaticallyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthewateronVenusistrue?

3.HowwillscientistsconfirmtheexistenceoflifeonMars?

4.Accordingtoparagraph5,whywouldlifeonTitanbeimprobable?

5.Whichofthefollowingstatementsmostaccuratelyreflectstheauthor’sopinionaboutlifeinoursolarsystem?

问题1选项

A.partially

B.actually

C.occasionally

D.naturally

问题2选项

A.Thewaterevaporatedbecauseofthehightemperatures.

B.Thewaterbecamefrozeninthepolarregions.

C.Onlyalittlewateris