考研考博-英语-中原工学院考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-中原工学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.翻译题

国际间的礼品赠予已经成了文化的危险区域。各种文化中的禁忌都有所不同。要赠送他人得当的礼品就必须了解对方的文化。

在某些文化中，适时赠予符合时尚的合适的礼品，不仅会增进个人之间的关系，也能提高公司和个人的形象。合适的礼品可以表达对他人的尊重，同样也表现出公司和个人的形象，以及实现全球化的技能和实力。在人际关系十分重要的文化中，礼品反映公司的形象和意图。同时，潜在的合作伙伴可以进一步领会你以及你公司的想法和未来可能采取的行动。然而，赠予礼品的主要目的是，向接受者表示敬意，让他们感到愉快。如果把这一点牢记在心，你就不可能赠送他人不合适的礼品。你的礼品就更不可能会侮辱对方。

国际间礼品赠予的基本经验是：你赠送的礼品最好是本国生产的。要特别细心，弄清礼品的生产产地，以避免对接受礼品的人造成任何无礼的后果。

【答案】Internationalgift-givinghasbecomeadangerouszoneofculture,andeachculturehasitsowntaboos.Togivepropergiftstoothers,onemustunderstandthecultureofthereceivers.

Insomecultures,givingtheappropriateandfashionablegifttimely,notonlyadvancespersonalrelationships,butcanenhancetheimageofthecompanyandtheindividual.Therightgiftcanshowrespectforothers,andindicatetheimageofacompanyoranindividual,aswellastheskillsandstrengthtoachieveglobalization.Inaculturewhererelationshipsareimportant,giftsreflectacompany’simageandintentions.Atthesametime,potentialpartnerscangaininsightintowhatyouandyourcompanyarethinkingandwhatyoumightdointhefuture.However,themainpurposeofgift-givingistoshowyourhonortotherecipientsandmakethemfeelhappy.Ifyoukeepthisinmind,itwillbeimpossibleforyoutogiveothersinappropriategifts,letaloneinsultinggifts.

Thebasicexperienceininternationalgift-givingis:yourgifthadbettertobemanufacturedinyourhomecountry.Takespecialcaretomakesurewherethegiftwasmadesoasnottocauseanyrudenesstotherecipient.

2.单选题

Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsisusedasanobject?

问题1选项

A.doyouthinkhashappenedforher?

B.doyouthinkthevisitingprofessoris?

C.doyouthinkheearnseverymonth?

D.wouldyousayhewouldcome?

【答案】C

【解析】考查句子成分。题干：下面哪个斜体部分被用作宾语？

A选项what作主语；B选项who作表语；C选项howmuch作宾语；D选项howquickly作状语。

3.单选题

Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroubleinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit’sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.

Unfortunately,banks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.

AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America’sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatements.BobHerz,theFASB’schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives”.Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbyinggrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagers.”

EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcGreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warmedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but“intherealworld”andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.

Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbanks’sharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.

Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America’snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions.

31.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto________.

32.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin________.

33.AccordingtoParagraph4,McGreevyobjectstotheIASB’sattemptto________.

34.Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongplanet”inthatthey________.

35.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsstandard-settersistheoneof________.

问题1选项

A.followunfavorableassetevaluationrules

B.collectpaymentsfromthirdparties

C.cooperatewiththepricemanagers

D.reevaluatesomeoftheirassets

问题2选项

A.thediminishingroleofmanagement

B.therevivalofthebankingsystem

C.thebanks’long-termassetlosses

D.theweakeningofitsindependence

问题3选项

A.keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences

B.evadethepressurefromtheirpeers

C.actontheirowninrule-setting

D.takegradualmeasuresinreform

问题4选项

A.misinterpretedmarkedpriceindicators

B.exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets

C.neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts

D.deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets

问题5选项

A.satisfaction

B.skepticism

C.objectiveness

D.sympathy

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】31.事实细节题。根据第一段最后一句Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.（这些规则规定，他们必须以第三方愿意支付的价格对某些资产进行估价，而不是按照管理者和监管机构希望他们获得的价格。），可知银行家的主要问题是不能按照正常方式估价，所以A选项“遵循不良资产评估规则”正确。B选项“从第三方收取款项”，C选项“配合价格经理”和D选项“重新评估他们的某些资产”不符合题意。因此A选项正确。

32.事实细节题。根据第二段第二句buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.（但对资本市场正常运转至关重要的标准制定者的独立性正在受到损害。），可知D选项“削弱其独立性”正确。A选项“削弱管理层的作用”：根据第三段最后一句Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbyinggrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagers.”（然而，银行股票上涨加强了游说团所敬称的“管理者决断权”。），可知FASB的变化加强了管理层权力，故错误。B选项“恢复银行系统”：根据第二段最后一句unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.（除非银行以吸引买家的价格持有有毒资产，否则恢复银行体系将会很困难），可知FASB变化不会恢复银行体系，故错误。C选项“银行损失长期资产”：根据第三段第二句moreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatements（也给银行在损益表中确认长期资产损失时更大的灵活性），可知并没有导致长期资产损失，故错误。因此D选项正确。

33.语义推测题。根据第四段第二句TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.（IASB表示它不想没有完整计划就贸然行动，但它在今年下半年完成规则修订时必须屈服的压力十分巨大。），可知C选项“自己制定规则”正确；没有要逃避压力，故B选项“规避来自同行的压力”错误。A选项“远离政治影响”：根据第四段第三句CharlieMcGreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warmedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum”（欧盟委员CharlieMcGreevy称赞IASB“不是生活在政治的真空中”。），可知这只是CharlieMcGreevy的看法，故错误。D选项“逐步改革措施”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此C选项正确。

34.事实细节题。根据第五段第一句Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.（银行在错误的星球上，他们的账户资产被大大高估了。），可知B选项“夸大他们资产的实际价值”正确。A选项“错误解读标价价格指标”，C选项“忽视了可能存在的坏账”和D选项“否认其出售资产的账面损失”不符合题意，故错误。因此B选项正确。

35.观点态度题。根据第二段第二句buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.（但对资本市场正常运转至关重要的标准制定者的独立性正在受到损害。），随后对此进行进一步说明，所以作者认为标准制定者的独立性正在受到损害，所以D选项“同情”正确，A选项“满意”，B选项“怀疑”和C选项“客观”不符合题意。因此D选项正确。

4.单选题

FamiliaritywithWesternweapons,theassistanceofEuropeanofficers,relianceuponsteamships,allgavehisarmygreatsuperiority（）theotherarmiesoftheperiod,includingthoseofthegovernment.

问题1选项

A.to

B.better

C.over

D.of

【答案】C

【解析】固定搭配辨析。superiorityoversth.“比优越；比……优越”。句意：熟悉西方武器，欧洲官员的帮助以及蒸汽船的使用使得他的军队……当时的包括政府军队在内的其他军队。本句表达“他的军队比其他军队优越”。因此C选项正确。

5.单选题

Thoughheviewshimselfasarealist,Cetronsayshisfindingsmakehimvery（

）

aboutfuture.

问题1选项

A.optimistic

B.sympathetic

C.objective

D.precautious

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。optimistic“乐观的”；sympathetic“有同情心的”；objective“客观的”；precautious“警惕的，谨慎的”。句意：尽管认为自己是一个现实主义者，Cetron称他的发现让自己对未来非常乐观。由转折词Though及realist“现实主义者”可知空格处所填单词意思应与realist相反，现实主义者一般对未来不持乐观态度，故选项中“乐观的”正确，答案A

6.单选题

Overthelastfifteenyears,jogginghasbecomeapopular（）for30millionparticipantsofallages.

问题1选项

A.fantasy

B.pastime

C.symposium

D.penalty

【答案】B

【解析】句意:在最近的十五年里，慢跑己成为三千万所有年龄层参与者所喜欢的一种消遣。

考查名词辨析。fantasy幻想，想象，想象产物;；pastime消遣，休闲活动;symposium讨论会，座谈会;penalty罚款，处罚。因此B符合句意。

7.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese

Thedebateaboutgovernment’ssuccessesandfailuresdemonstratesagainthatdrawingtheboundarybetweenmarketandgovernmentisanenduringproblem.Thetoolsofeconomicsareindispensabletohelpsocietiesfindthegoldenmeanbetweenlaissez-fairemarketmechanismsanddemocraticrulesoftheroad.Thegoodmixedeconomyis,perforce,thelimitedmixedeconomy.Butthosewhowouldreducegovernmenttotheconstableplusafewlighthousesarelivinginadreamworld.Anefficientandhumanesocietyrequiresbothhalvesofthemixedsystem—marketandgovernment.Operatingamodemeconomywithoutbothisliketryingtoclapwithonehand.

【答案】关于政府的成功与失败的讨论再次表明，划清市场与政府之间的界限是一个长期存在的问题。经济学工具是帮助社会找到自由放任的市场机制和民主的道路规则之间中庸之道不可缺少的。良好的混合经济必然是有限的混合经济。但是那些把政府降为警察和几座灯塔的人正生活在一个梦幻世界里。一个高效的、人道的社会需要混合系统的两部分—市场和政府。在没有两者的情况下经营现代经济，就像试图用一只手鼓掌一样。

8.单选题

AcenturyagointheUnitedStates,whenanindividualbroughtsuitagainstacompany,publicopiniontendedtoprotectthatcompany.Butperhapsthisphenomenonwasmoststrikinginthecaseoftherailroads.Nearlyhalfofallnegligencecasesdecidedthrough1896involvedrailroads.Andtherailroadsusuallywon.

Mostofthecasesweredecidedinstatecourts,whentherailroadshadtheclimateofthetimesontheirsides.Governmentsupportedtherailroadindustry;theprogressrailroadsrepresentedwasnottobesloweddownbyrequiringthemoftentopaydamagestothoseunluckyenoughtobehurtworkingforthem.

Courtdecisionsalwayswentagainstrailroadworkers.Mr.Farwell,anengineer,losthisrighthandwhenaswitchman’snegligenceranhisengineoffthetrack.ThecourtreasonedthatsinceFarwellhadtakenthejobofanengineervoluntarilyatgoodpay,hehadacceptedtherisk.Thereforetheaccident,thoughavoidablehadtheswitchmenactedcarefully,wasa“pureaccident”.Ineffectarailroadcouldneverbeheldresponsibleforinjurytooneemployeecausedbythemistakeofanother.

InonecasewhereaPennsylvaniaRailroadworkerhadstartedafireatawarehouseandthefirehadspreadseveralblocks,causingwidespreaddamage,ajuryfoundthecompanyresponsibleforallthedamage.Butthecourtoverturnedthejury’sdecisionbecauseitarguedthattherailroad’snegligencewastheimmediatecauseofdamageonlytothenearestbuildings.Beyondthemtheconnectionwastooremotetoconsider.

Asthecenturyworeon,publicsentimentbegantoturnagainsttherailroads—againsttheireconomicandpoliticalpowerandhighfaresaswellasagainsttheircallousness（无情）towardindividuals.

1.Whatdoestheword“negligence”meaninthepassage?

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueinFarwell’scase?

3.Whatmusthavehappenedafterthefirecasewassettledincourt?

4.ThefollowingarousedpublicresentmentEXCEPT（）.

5.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

问题1选项

A.ignorance

B.arrogance

C.carelessness

D.depression

问题2选项

A.Farwellwouldnothavebeeninjurediftheswitchmanhadbeenmorecareful.

B.Thecourtarguedthatthevictimhadacceptedtherisksincehehadwillinglytakenhisjob.

C.Thecourtdecidedthattherailroadshouldnotbeheldresponsible.

D.Farwellwasinjuredbecausehenegligentlyranhisengineoffthetrack.

问题3选项

A.Therailroadcompensatedforthedamagetotheimmediatebuildings.

B.Therailroadcompensatedforallthedamagebythefire.

C.Therailroadpaidnothingforthedamagedbuilding.

D.Therailroadworkerpaidforthepropertydamagehimself.

问题4选项

A.politicalpower

B.highfares

C.economicloss

D.indifference

问题5选项

A.RailroadoppressingindividualsintheUS.

B.HistoryoftheUSrailroads.

C.Railroadworkers’workingrights.

D.Lawcasesconcerningtherailroads.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.根据题干“negligence”定位至第三段：Mr.Farwell,anengineer,losthisrighthandwhenaswitchman’snegligenceranhisengineoffthetrack（法威尔先生是铁路公司的一名工程师，由于一名扳道工因negligence而导致机车脱离轨道，法威尔失去了右手）。由此推测negligence意为疏忽，过失。ignorance无知，愚昧，arrogance傲慢，carelessness粗心，疏忽，depression沮丧；经济大萧条。据此可知，C项正确。

2.文章第三段指明是一位扳道工由于疏忽而导致机车脱离轨道，法威尔失去了右手，而非法威尔本人。D项的说法错误。

3.题干问的是法院对火灾案的判决结果。第四段指出：ajuryfoundthecompanyresponsibleforallthedamage.Butthecourtoverturned...Beyondthemtheconnectionwastooremotetoconsider（陪审团裁决铁路公司负责全部损失，但法院推翻了陪审团的决定，认为铁路公司的疏忽只是直接导致最邻近的建筑物受到损失，因而只对此负责任，而离得较远的房屋的损失则不在赔偿范围）。因此，铁路公司只赔偿最邻近的建筑物受到的损失。

4.根据题干关键词resentment定位至最后一段：Publicsentimentbegantoturnagainsttherailroads—againsttheireconomicandpoliticalpowerandhighfaresaswellasagainsttheircallousnesstowardindividuals（公众舆论开始反对铁路公司——反对他们在经济和政治上的权力、高票价以及他们对个人的冷漠无情。据此可知，C选项“经济损失”不包括在里面。

5.本文主要讨论的是与铁路公司有关的法律案件。

9.单选题

Indeed,almosteveryscientistnowfindsitimpossibletoreadalltheworksrelevanttohissubject,（）extensivelyoutsideofit.

问题1选项

A.muchmoretoread

B.muchlesstoread

C.stillmorereading

D.muchlessreading

【答案】B

【解析】考查语法结构。因题干中谓语动词find的真正宾语为toread...，所以选项中也应有不定式。因此可排除含有动名词reading的C项和D项。A项中的muchmore意为“更加，何况”，与题干语意相矛盾。B项muchless意为“更不用说，更何况”，符合题意。

10.单选题

Thediscussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthat_______thespeakersstoppedforrefreshments.

问题1选项

A.atlarge

B.atintervals

C.atease

D.atrandom

【答案】B

【解析】介词词组辨析。atlarge“整个地”；atintervals“不时”；atease“不紧张”；atrandom“随机”。句意：讨论太长并且令人筋疲力尽，以至于说话的人时不时停下来吃点点心。选项B符合题意。

11.单选题

IfIhadseenthemovie,I______youallaboutitnow.

问题1选项

A.wouldtell

B.willtell

C.havetold

D.wouldhavetold

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.wouldtell将告诉B.willtell将告诉

C.havetold已经告诉D.wouldhavetold本将告诉

【考查点】虚拟语气。

【解题思路】根据hadseen可知，从句表示对过去的虚拟，而主句用了now，可知主句是与现在事实相反，结构要用would/should/could/might+do，所以该题选择A项。

【干扰项排除】

B项在虚拟语气中，情态动词不用will；

C、D项不符合虚拟语气的语法。

【句意】如果我看了那部电影，我现在就告诉你。

12.单选题

In1910over600,000Blackworkers,ortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin“manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits”,thefederalcensuscategoryroughly（

）theentireindustrialsector.

问题1选项

A.motivating

B.encompassing

C.enticing

D.undercutting

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项motivate“激励；刺激”；B选项encompass“包含；包围”；C选项entice“怂恿；诱使”；D选项undercut“削（价）竞争；削弱”。句意：1910年，超过60万的黑人工人，或者说10%的黑人工人报告说他们从事“制造业和机械制造业”，这一联邦人口普查类别大致……整个工业部门。综合句意与选项可知B选项符合题意。

13.单选题

Manyofthesametechniqueswerethesolutionofindustrial,scientificandmedicalproblems.

问题1选项

A.appliedfor

B.appliedto

C.applyingfor

D.applyingto

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。applyfor申请；applyto适用于，应用于；技术应该是运用于某些解决方案中，故先排除AC两项。技术与解决方案之间是被动关系，故用被动语态，B项正确。句意：许多相同的技巧被运用到工业，科技和医疗问题的解决方案里。

14.单选题

Theybothwatchedasthecrimescenetechnicianstooksamplesofvariousfibersandbaggedthem,dustedforfingerprints,tookpicturesandtriedto（）whatcouldhavehappened.

问题1选项

A.rehearse

B.reiterate

C.reinforce

D.reenact

【答案】D

【解析】考查形似词辨析。rehearse“排练”；reiterate“重申”；reinforce“增强”；reenact“重新定制，再扮演”。句意：他们俩都注视着犯罪现场技术人员对各种纤维取样、装袋、去除灰尘、提取指纹、拍照，并且试图重现当时发生的事情。选项D符合题意。

15.翻译题

Employersneedtobetterunderstandpeoplewhoaredisabled.MostofustakeoffenceattheassumptionthatcollectingSocialSecurityIncomecanprovideuseverythingweneed.Unemploymentishumiliatingandawfullyboring,andthere’snomeaningthere.Excludingsomeonebecauseheorshehasadisabilitythatdoesnotaffectperformanceisequivalenttowrongssuchashiringbasedonrace.Everyonedeservestohavetheopportunitytodoagoodjob,andasaresulthaveasenseofprideinbeingapartofsociety.

【答案】【参考译文】雇主需要更好地了解身体有障碍的人。一想到领取社会保障收入就能提供我们所需要的一切，我们大多数人都感到很生气。失业是耻辱的，而且非常无聊，没有任何意义。一个人的残疾并不影响他或她的工作表现，但是却因为这个而将他或她排除在外，这是错误的做法，这种错误无异于种族歧视。每个人都应该有机会做好工作，并因此对成为社会的一份子而感到自豪。

16.单选题

Wecanbesure,however,thatcitieswillremainthegroundzeroofconvergence.Althoughforestclearanceandexportmonocultureshaveplayedfundamentalrolesinthetransitiontoanewgeologicalepoch,theprimemoverhasbeenthealmostexponentialincreaseinthecarbonfootprintsofurbanregionsinthenorthernhemisphere.Heatingandcoolingtheurbanbuiltenvironmentaloneisresponsibleforanestimated35to45percentofcurrentcarbonemissions,whileurbanindustriesandtransportationcontributeanother35to40percent.Inasense,citylifeisrapidlydestroyingtheecologicalnicheHoloceneclimatestabilitywhichmadeitsevolutionintocomplexitypossible.

Yetthereisastrikingparadoxhere.Whatmakesurbanareassoenvironmentallyunsustainablearepreciselythosefeatures,eveninthelargestmegacities,thataremostanti-urbanorsuburban.Firstamongtheseismassivehorizontalexpansion,whichcombinesthedegradationofvitalnaturalservicesaquifers,watersheds,truckfarms,forests,coastaleco-systemswiththehighcostsofprovidinginfrastructuretosprawl.Theresultisgrotesquelyoversizedenvironmentalfootprints,withaconcomitantgrowthoftrafficandairpollutionand,mostoften,thedownstreamdumpingofwaste.Whereurbanformsaredictatedbyspeculatorsanddevelopers,bypassingdemocraticcontrolsoverplanningandresources,thepredictablesocialoutcomesareextremespatialsegregationbyincomeorethnicity,aswellasunsafeenvironmentsforchildren,theelderlyandthosewithspecialneeds;inner-citydevelopmentisconceivedasgentrificationthrougheviction,destroyingworking-classurbancultureintheprocess.Tothesewemayaddthesocio-politicalfeaturesofthemegapolisunderconditionsofcapitalistglobalization:thegrowthofperipheralslumsandinformalemployment,theprivatizationofpublicspace,low-intensitywarfarebetweenpoliceandsubsistencecriminals,andbunkeringofthewealthyinsterilizedhistoricalcentersorwalledsuburbs.

Bycontrast,thosequalitiesthataremost‘classically’urban,evenonthescaleofsmallcitiesandtowns,combinetogenerateamorevirtuouscircle.Wheretherearewell-definedboundariesbetweencityandcountryside,urbangrowthcanpreserveopenspaceandvitalnaturalsystems,whilecreatingenvironmentaleconomiesofscaleintransportationandresidentialconstruction.Accesstocitycentersfromtheperipherybecomesaffordableandtrafficcanberegulatedmoreeffectively.Wasteismoreeasilyrecycled,notexporteddownstream.Inclassicurbanvisions,publicluxuryreplacesprivatizedconsumptionthroughthesocializationofdesireandidentitywithincollectiveurbanspace.Largedomainofpublicornon-profithousingreproduceethnicandincomeheterogeneityatfractalscalesthroughoutthecity.Egalitarianpublicservicesandcityscapesaredesignedwithchildren,theelderlyandthosewithspecialneedsinmind.Democraticcontrolsofferpowerfulcapacitiesforprogressivetaxationandplanning,withhighlevelsofpoliticalmobilizationandcivicparticipation,thepriorityofcivicmemoryoverproprietaryiconsandthespatialintegrationofwork,recreationandhomelife.

1.Astheauthordiscussestheissuesinthispassage,hesounds（）.

2.Whyinmanybigcitiesthereareextremespatialsegregationbyincomeorethnicity,aswellasunsafeenvironmentsforchildren,theelderlyandthosewithspecialneeds?

3.Whatdoestheword“these”inthesecondparagraphreferto?

4.Whichofthefollowingwordsisnotsynonymoustotheword“virtuous”inthelastparagraph?

5.Whichofthefollowingwillnotbetheoutcomeundertheconditionthattherearewell-definedboundariesbetweencityandcountryside?

问题1选项

A.critical

B.neutral

C.optimistic

D.pessimistic

问题2选项

A.Becausetheegalitarianaspectsofcitylifeconsistentlyprovidethebestsociologicalandphysicalsupportsforresourceconservationandcarbonmitigation.

B.Becausemassivehorizontalexpansioncombinesthedegradationofvitalnaturalserviceswiththehighcostsofprovidinginfrastructuretosprawl.

C.Becauseurbanformsaredictatedbyspeculatorsanddevelopers,bypassingdemocraticcontrolsoverplanningandresources.

D.Becausetherearegrotesquelyoversizedenvironmentalfootprints,withaconcomitantgrowthoftrafficandairpollutionand,mostoften,thedownstreamdumpingofwaste.

问题3选项

A.urbanareas.

B.Thosefeatures.

C.Thelargestmegacities

D.Vitalnaturalservices

问题4选项

A.wholesome

B.righteous

C.efficacious

D.pernicious

问题5选项

A.Wasteismoreeasilyrecycled,notexporteddownstream.

B.Urbangrowthcancreateenvironmentaleconomiesofscaleintransportationandresidentialconstruction.

C.Accesstocitycentersfromtheperipherybecomesunaffordableandtrafficcanberegulatedmoreineffectively.

D.Urbangrowthcanpreserveopenspaceandvitalnaturalsystems.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.作者态度题。整篇文章作者都是客观地阐述了大城市的城市化对生态环境的破坏，但是小城市、小镇的城市化和生态环境结合起来就会产生良性循环。其中没有作者过多个人观点的表达。所以对文中的问题作者持中立的态度。选项B符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Whereurbanformsaredictatedbyspeculatorsanddevelopers,bypassingdemocraticcontrolsoverplanningandresources”，可知城市形态是由投机者和开发商决定的，绕过了对规划和资源的民主监督，这造成了空间隔离和环境问题。选项C符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句，“Whatmakesurbanareassoenvironmentallyunsustainablearepreciselythosefeatures,eveninthelargestmegacities,thataremostanti-urbanorsuburban.”，可知使城市地区在环境上的问题正是因为这些特点，即使在最大的大城市也是反城市的。可判断出these指代的就是上文提到的features，选项B符合题意。

4.词义理解题。wholesome“健全的”；righteous“正义的”；efficacious“有效的”；pernicious“有毒的，恶性的”。句意：相比之下，那些最典型的城市特征，与一些小城市或城镇结合起来也会形成一个更良性的循环。所以virtuous意思为良性的，只有pernicious不是它的同义词。选项D符合题意。

5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“Accesstocitycentersfromtheperipherybecomesaffordableandtrafficcanberegulatedmoreeffectively.”，可知从郊区进入市中心的交通费用降低了，交通也可以得到更有效的管理。所以C选项中的unaffordable与文意相反。选项C符合题意。

17.单选题

Theletterwasperemptoryintone.

问题1选项

A.temperate

B.moderate

C.arbitrary

D.percussive

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.temperate气候温和的；心平气和的B.moderate温和的，适度的

C.arbitrary任意的；专横的，专制的D.percussive打击声的

【答案】C

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】划线单词peremptory表示“强制的，绝对的，专横的”，C选项含义最为接近。因此，该题选择C项。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D项与划线单词意思不符合。

【句意】这封信语气坚决。

18.单选题

Inhiswill,themillionaire（）nearlyallhisfortunestothehousemaidwhotookcareofhiminhislastdays.

问题1选项

A.inherited

B.bequeathed

C.owed

D.remitted

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。inherit“继承（遗产）等”；bequeath“将（财物等）遗赠给”；owe“感恩；亏欠”；remit“宽恕；汇款”。句意：在他的遗嘱中，这个百万富翁将他几乎全部的财产留给了在他最后日子里照顾他的女佣。选项B符合题意。

19.单选题

Sheisawomanof（）whohasneverabandonedherprinciplesforthesakeofherownbenefits.

问题1选项

A.dignity

B.scarcity

C.integrity

D.stability

【答案】C

【解析】名词辨析题。dignity尊严，高贵；scarcity不足，缺乏；integrity正直，诚实，指道德健全，尤其表现在考验目标的坚定、责任心和信任感的行为中；stability坚定，恒心。句意：她是一个正直的女人，从不为了自己的利益而放弃自己的原则。选项C更恰当。

20.单选题

Duringthesummervacation,kidsareoftenseenhanging_____inthestreets.

问题1选项

A.about

B.on

C.over

D.out

【答案】D

【解析】词组辨析。hangabout徘徊，闲荡；hangon坚持下去，不挂断；hangover挂在...之上；hangout闲逛，鬼混。hangout侧重于跟朋友出去玩；hangabout一般指无所事事，游手好闲。句意：暑假期间，经常看到孩子们在街上闲逛。选项D更符合语境。

21.翻译题

Thequestionof“identity”isbeingvigorouslydebatedinsocialtheory.Inessence,theargumentisthattheoldidentitieswhichstabilizedthesocialworldforsolongareindecline,givingrisetonewidentitiesandfragmentingthemodemindividualasaunifiedsubject.(1)Thisso-called“crisisofidentity”isseenaspartofawiderprocessofchangewhichisdislocatingthecentralstructuresandprocessesofmodernsocietiesandunderminingtheframeworkswhichgaveindividualsstableanchorageinthesocialworld.

OuraimistoexploresomeofthesequestionsaboutculturalidentityinIate-modernityandtoassesswhethera“crisisofidentities”exists,whatitconsistsof,andinwhichdirectionsitismoving.Weshouldaddresssuchquestionsas:Whatdowemeanbya“crisisofidentity”？Whatrecentdevelopmentsinmodernsocietieshaveprecipitatedit?Whatformdoesittake?Whatareitspotentialconsequences?Definitely,weai.ewillingtodevelopourargumentwithrespecttothoseaspectsofourculturalidentitieswhicharisefromour“belonging”todistinctiveethnic,racial,linguistic，religiousand，aboveall,nationalcultiii.es.(2)Webelievethatmodernidentitiesarebreakingup.Adistinctivetypeofstructuralchangeistransformingmodernsocietiesinthelatetwentiethcentury.Thisisfragmentingtheculturallandscapesofclass,gender,sexuality,ethnicity,raceandnationalitywhichgaveusfirmlocationsassocialindividuals.Thesetransformationsarealsoshiftingourpersonalidentities,undenniningoui.senseofourselvesasintegratedsubjects.(3)

Thislossofastable“senseofself’issomethingcalledthedislocationorde-centringofthesubject.Thissetofdoubledisplacements——decentringindividualsbothfromtheirplacesinthesocialandculturalworld,andfromthemselves—constitutesa“crisisofidentity”fortheindividual.Astheculturalcritic,KobenaMercerobserves,“identitynowbecomesanissuewhenitisincrisis,whensomethingassumedtobefixed,coherentandstableisdisplacedbvtheexperienceofdoubtanduncertainty.’’(4)

Thepost-modernsubjectandidentityareconceptualizedashaving,nofixed，essentialorpermanentones.Inthiswav,identitybecomesa“moveablefeast’’，andthefullvunified，completed,secureandcoherentidentityinthiscontextisafantasy.(5)Instead,asthesystemsofmeaningandculturalrepresentationmultiply,weareconfrontedbyabewildering,fleetingmultiplicityofpossibleidentities.Atthesametime,afurtheraspectoftheissueofidentityrelatestothecharacterofchangeinIate-modernity,inparticular,tothatprocessofchangeknownasglobalization.

【答案】1.从本质上讲,我们的争论是,长久以来维持社会稳定的旧的同一性正在衰退,导致了新的同一性的产生且分裂了作为统一主体的现代社会个体。

2.当然,我们愿意就文化同一性相关的这些问题进行讨论,并且这些问题产生于我们对不同的民族、种族、语言和宗教,特别是不同民族文化的归属感。

3.这些转变也正改变着我们的人格同一性,逐渐侵蚀着我们视自己为一个完整个体的想法。

4.当同一性处于危机之中,当被认为是不变的、一致的和稳定的东西被怀疑和不确定的经历取代吋,同一性就变成了一个问题。

5.后现代主体和同一性被概念化为非固定的,非本质的,或非永恒的。这样,同一性就变为一种“流动的盛宴”,而在这种情况下,这种完全统一的、完整的、稳固且一致的同一性就成了一种幻想。

22.不定项选择题

MotorolaInc.,theworld’ssecond-largestmobilephonemake,willbeginsellingal