考研考博-英语-云南民族大学考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-云南民族大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

SomepeoplewouldliketodoshoppingonSundayssincetheyexpectto_______wonderfulbargainsinthemarket.

问题1选项

A.pickup

B.bumpinto

C.pileup

D.bringback

【答案】A

【解析】动词词组辨析。pickup“买到，获得”；bumpinto“无意中遇到，碰到”；pileup“积累，堆放起来”；bringback“拿回来”。句意：有些人喜欢在星期天购物，因为他们期待买到市场上物美价廉的便宜货。选项A符合题意。

2.单选题

Heistheonlypersonwhocan（）inthiscase,becausetheotherwitnesseswerekilledmysteriously.

问题1选项

A.testify

B.charge

C.accuse

D.rectify

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。testify“作证;证明”;charge“充电；控告”；accuse“控告;指控”；rectify“改正”。句意：我是唯一能在该案件中作证的人，因为其他证人都被神秘杀害了。由后半句内容以及witnesses“证人”知A项“作证”正确。

3.单选题

Investigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkeys'aggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.Studiesdirectedatdescribingaggressivebehaviorandthesituationsthatelicitit,aswellasthesocialmechanismsthatcontrolit,werethereforeamongthefirstinvestigationsofmonkeys’socialbehavior.

Investigatorsinitiallybelievedthatmonkeyswouldcompeteforanyresourceintheenvironment:hungrymonkeyswouldfightoverfood,thirstymonkeyswouldfightoverwater,andingeneral,anytimemorethanonemonkeyinagroupsoughtthesameincentivesimultaneously,adisputewouldresultandwouldberesolvedthroughsomeformofaggression.However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholdingoffoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintra-groupaggression.Indeed,fooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression.

Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.

Furthermore,accumulatingevidencefromlaterstudiesofavarietyofprimategroups,forexample,thestudyconductedbyBernstein,indicatesthatoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionistheintroductionofanintruderintoanorganizedgroup.Suchintroductionsresultinfarmoreseriousaggressionthanthatproducedinanyothertypesofexperimentscontrivedtoproducecompetition.

Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinter-animalrelationships.Whenasinglenewanimalisintroducedintoanexistingsocialorganization,thenewcomermeetsevenmoreseriousaggression,whereasinthefirstcaseaggressionestablishesasocialorderinthesecondcaseresidentanimalsmobtheintruder,therebyinitiallyexcludingthenewanimalfromtheexistingsocialunit.Thesimultaneousintroductionofseveralanimalslessenstheeffect,ifonlybecausethegroupdividesitsattentionamongthemultipletargets.If,however,theseveralanimalsintroducedtoagroupconstitutetheirownsocialunit,eachgroupmayfighttheopposinggroupasaunit;but,again,noindividualissubjectedtomassattack,andtheverycohesionofthegroupsprecludesprolongedindividualcombat.Thesubmissionofthedefeatedgroup,ratherthanunleashinguncheckedaggressiononthepartofthevictoriousgroup,reducesboththeintensityandfrequencyoffurtherattack.Monkeygroupsthereforeseemtobeorganizedprimarilytomaintaintheirestablishedsocialorderratherthantoengageinhostilitiesperse.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthefindingsreportedinthepassageabouttheeffectsoffooddeprivationonmonkeys’behavior?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,studiessuchasSouthwick’shadwhichofthefollowingeffectsoninvestigatorstheoriesaboutmonkeys'socialbehavior?

4.Thepassagesuggeststhatinvestigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavebeenespeciallyinterestedinaggressivebehavioramongmonkeysbecause（

）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheestablishmentandpreservationofsocialorderamongagroupofmonkeysisessentialinorderto（

）.

6.Thepassagesuppliesinformationtoanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?

问题1选项

A.advancinganewmethodologyforchangingamonkey’ssocialbehavior

B.comparingthemethodsofseveralresearchstudiesonaggressionamongmonkeys

C.explainingthereasonsforresearchers'interestinmonkeys'socialbehavior

D.discussingthedevelopmentofinvestigators’theoriesaboutaggressionamongmonkeys

问题2选项

A.Fooddeprivationhasnoeffectonaggressionamongmonkeys.

B.Fooddeprivationincreasesaggressionamongmonkeysbecauseoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionisthecompetitionforincentives.

C.Fooddeprivationmayincreaselong-timeaggressionamongmonkeysinalaboratorysetting,butitproducesonlytemporaryincreasesamongmonkeysinthewild.

D.Fooddeprivationmaytemporarilyincreaseaggressionamongmonkeys,butitalsoleadstoadecreaseinconflict.

问题3选项

A.Theycastdoubtoninvestigators'theoriesthatcouldaccountforobservedpatternsofaggressionamongmonkeys.

B.Theysuggestedthatexistingtheoriesabouttheroleofaggressionamongmonkeysdidnotfullyaccountforthemonkeys'abilitytomaintainanestablishedsocialorder.

C.Theyconfirmedinvestigators*theoriesaboutmonkeys’aggressiveresponsetocompetitionforfoodandwater

D.Theyconfirmedinvestigators’beliefsaboutthemotivationforcontinuedaggressionamongmonkeysinthesamesocialgroup

问题4选项

A.aggressionisthemostcommonsocialbehavioramongmonkeys

B.successfulcompetitionforincentivesdeterminesthesocialorderinamonkeygroup

C.mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem

D.situationsthatelicitaggressivebehaviorcanbestudiedinalaboratory

问题5选项

A.keepthemonkeysfromstrayingandjoiningothergroups

B.controlaggressivebehavioramonggroupmembers

C.preventthedominationofthatgroupbyanther

D.protectindividualsseekingtobecomemembersofthatgroupfrommassattack

问题6选项

A.Howdoesthereductionofspaceaffectintra-groupaggressionamongmonkeysinanexperimentalsetting?

B.Dofamilyunitswithinamonkeysocialgroupcompetewithotherfamilyunitsforfood?

C.Whatarethemechanismsbywhichthesocialorderofanestablishedgroupofmonkeyscontrolsaggressionwithinthatgroup?

D.Howdomonkeysengagedinaggressionwithothermonkeyssignalsubmission?

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

第6题:A

【解析】1.文章主要介绍了猴群侵略和敌对行为的研究理论。根据文章第一句，即本文的中心和主旨句：Investigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkeys'aggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.研究猴子的社会行为的人总是被猴子的攻击潜力和因此而产生的对其攻击行为的社会控制的需要所震惊。确定D选项‘探讨研究人员关于猴子攻击性理论的发展‘正确。

2.根据文章第三段：Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.在极端缺乏食物的情况下，对野生动物的研究同样显示，饥饿的猴子几乎把所有可用的能量都用于觅食，几乎没有剩余的能量用于攻击性的互动。‘fooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression可知答案为D选项‘食物匮乏可能会暂时增加猴子的攻击性，但也会导致冲突减少。’正确。

3.根据文中第三段However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholdingoffoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintra-groupaggression.然而，当像Southwick关于减少空间或食物储备的实验没有产生比群体内攻击性暂时增加更多的结果时，激励竞争的动机开始受到质疑。确定研究人员对Southwick’s的动机理论存在怀疑，而非涉及到社会秩序，所以A选项‘他们对研究人员的理论提出了质疑，这些理论可以解释猴子被观察到的攻击模式‘正确。

4.根据文章最后一段，可知猴群是等级秩序很严格的，猴子特别注重猴群内的等级，猴群对于外来者，往往会产生敌对行为，而对于外来者来说，也是对猴群的威胁，C选项‘mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem’符合题意。

5.根据文章最后一段：Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinter-animalrelationships.这些对入侵者的研究表明，同一物种的成年成员第一次相互介绍时表现出相当大的敌意，因为在缺乏社会秩序的情况下，必须建立一个人来控制动物间的关系。由此可知，此种行为是为了对动物内部行为进行有效控制，防止出现侵略性和敌对行为。所以B选项正确。

6.文章主要论述了通过实验研究猴群内等级地位，以及外来者的敌对和侵略行为。文章主要是压缩猴群的生存空间的研究对猴群的攻击以及侵略行为的影响等原因进行了说明。A选项‘在实验环境中，空间的减少如何影响猴子群体内的攻击性?’正确。B选项‘为争夺食物和其他猴群竞争’并没有涉及，C选项‘对机制建立控制猴群的侵略性行为‘也没有说明，D选项不正确。

4.单选题

Everybabybornadecadefromnowwillhaveitsgeneticcodemappedatbirth,agenomesequencingcompanyhaspredicted.

AcompleteDNAread-outforeverynewbornwillbetechnicallyfeasibleandaffordableinlessthanfiveyears,promisingarevolutioninhealthcare,saysthechiefexecutiveofIllumina.

Thiswillopenanewapproachtomedicine,bywhichconditionssuchasdiabetesandheartdiseasecanbepredictedanddrugsprescribedmoresafelyandeffectively.

Thedevelopment,however,willraisedifficultquestionsaboutprivacyandaccesstoindividuals’geneticrecords.Manypeoplemaybereluctanttohavetheirgenomeread,forfearthattheresultscouldbeusedagainstthembyanemployerorinsurancecompany.

Theprospectofgenomescreeningforallhasemergedbecauseoftheplummetingcostoftherelevanttechnology.

TheHumanGenomeProject,whichpublisheditsfirstroughsequenceofmankind’sgeneticcodein2001,costanestimated$4billion.BythetimethescientistsJamesWatsonandCraigVenterhadtheirgenomesmappedtwoyearsago,thecosthadfallentoabout$1m.

Lastmonth,IlluminaannouncedadealwithaBritishcompanythatisdevelopinganewapproachtosequencingthatcouldbringcostsdownfurther.InaninterviewwithTheTimes,Dr.Flatleysaidagenomesequenceshouldbeavailableforlessthan$1,000inthreetofouryears.

“Thelimitationsaresociological;whenandwherepeoplethinkitcanbeapplied,theconcernspeoplehaveaboutmisinformationandthebackgroundethicsquestions.”

“Ithinkthoseareactuallygoingtobethelimitsthatpushitouttoaten-yeartimeframe,”headded.

Byexaminingwhichgeneticvariantsapersonhasinherited,itispossibletoidentifyraisedrisksofdevelopinganarrayofconditions,includingcardiovasculardiseaseandmanycancers.Thoseathighriskcanthenbescreenedmoreregularly,orgivendrugsordietaryadvicetolowertheirchancesofbecomingill.

Personalgenomesequencing,however,willraiselegitimateconcernsaboutprivacy,“Badthingscanbedonewiththegenome.Itcouldpredictsomethingaboutsomeone—andyoucouldpotentiallyhandinformationtotheiremployerortheirinsurancecompany,”saidDr.Flatley,“Legislationhastobepassed.”

Completegeneticprivacy,however,wasunlikelytobepossible,headded.

“Peoplehavetorecognizethatthishorseisoutofthebarn,andthatyourgenomeprobablycan’tbeprotected,becauseeverywhereyougoyouleaveyourgenomebehind.”

Asthebenefitsbecomeclearer,however,hebelievesthatmostpeoplewillwanttheirgenomesreadandinterpreted.Theapparentbenefitswouldsooneclipsethehazards.

26.AcompleteDNAread-outispossibleinthenearfuturebecause______.

27.Whenwillgenomescreeningbeactuallyappliedtopublic,accordingtoDr.Flatley?

28.Theunderlinedword“conditions”inthetextmostprobablymeans______.

29.Whatmightbethe“badthing”associatedwithpersonalgenomesequencing?

30.WhatdoesDr.Flatleythinkaboutgenomescreening?

问题1选项

A.lawswillallowit

B.itwillcostless

C.employerswillwelcomeit

D.itisarevolutioninhealthcare

问题2选项

A.Intwoorthreeyears.

B.Infive-yeartime.

C.Inabouttenyears.

D.Inthreeorfouryears.

问题3选项

A.events

B.limitations

C.diseases

D.situations

问题4选项

A.Disclosingacompany’ssecrets.

B.Predictingaperson’scharacter.

C.Developingcardiovasculardisease.

D.Violatingaperson’sprivacy.

问题5选项

A.Itsadvantagesaremorethandisadvantages.

B.Itbenefitsbabieswhoareathighrisksofdiseases.

C.Itwilldoharmtopeople’sprivacy.

D.Itwillhelpemployerschoosegoodcandidates.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】26.【选项释义】

26.AcompleteDNAread-outispossibleinthenearfuturebecause______.26.完整的DNA读取在不久的将来是可能的，因为______。

A.lawswillallowitA.法律允许这样做

B.itwillcostlessB.它将花费更少

C.employerswillwelcomeitC.雇主会欢迎它

D.itisarevolutioninhealthcareD.这是医疗保健的一场革命

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位至第二段“在不到五年的时间里，为每个新生儿读取完整的DNA在技术上是可行的，也将是负担得起的（affordable），这预示着医疗保健领域的一场革命（arevolutioninhealthcare）”，从affordable一词可知，完整的DNA读取在不久的将来是可能的是因为公众能够负担得起。故选择B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A、C选项没有提到，属于无中生有；

D选项并不是其原因，而是其性质，该项属于出处错位。

27.【选项释义】

27.Whenwillgenomescreeningbeactuallyappliedtopublic,accordingtoDr.Flatley?27.根据弗拉特利博士，基因组筛查何时才能真正应用于公众？

A.Intwoorthreeyears.A.两三年内。

B.Infive-yeartime.B.五年内。

C.Inabouttenyears.C.大约十年内。

D.Inthreeorfouryears.D.三四年内。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】文章第七段提到“在三到四年内，一个基因组序列将以低于1000美元的价格面世”，可知，三到四年内基因组筛查就可以应用于公众；然而根据第九段“我认为这些实际上（actually）是将它推到十年期限的限制”，其中“限制”指的是第八段提到的“人们对错误信息的担忧以及背景伦理问题”，从中可知，因为一些社会限制，基因组筛查将推迟到十年的期限，其中原文中的actually一词正好与题干相对应。因此，该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项没有提到，属于无中生有；

B选项定位到原文第二段“Illumina首席执行官表示（saysthechiefexecutiveofIllumina），在不到五年的时间里（inlessthanfiveyears），为每个新生儿进行完整的DNA读取在技术上是可行的，而且是可以负担得起的，有望在医疗保健领域掀起一场革命”可知五年内的这一时间观点是Illumina首席执行官所认为的内容，不是题干所问弗拉特利博士的观点，属于张冠李戴；

D选项并不是实际上能够应用于公众的时间，属于曲解原文。

28.【选项释义】

28.Theunderlinedword“conditions”inthetextmostprobablymeans______.28.文中下划线的“conditions”很可能是______的意思。

A.eventsA.事件

B.limitationsB.限制

C.diseasesC.疾病

D.situationsD.状况，情境

【考查点】词义推理题。

【解题思路】根据conditions定位至倒数第五段第一句“通过检查一个人遗传了哪些基因变异，有可能确定一系列conditions的风险增加，包括（including）心血管疾病和许多癌症”，由including可知，心血管疾病和许多癌症是包括在conditions之内的，而心血管疾病和许多癌症属于疾病，所以推测conditions在这里是指“疾病”的意思。因此，该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合原文，属于曲解原文。

29.【选项释义】

29.Whatmightbethe“badthing”associatedwithpersonalgenomesequencing?29.与个人基因组测序相关的“坏事”可能是什么？

A.Disclosingacompany’ssecrets.A.泄露公司秘密。

B.Predictingaperson’scharacter.B.预测一个人的性格。

C.Developingcardiovasculardisease.C.心血管疾病的发展。

D.Violatingaperson’sprivacy.D.侵犯他人隐私。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据badthing定位至倒数第四段第一句“然而，个人基因组测序将引起对隐私（privacy）的合理担忧，基因组可以做‘坏事’”，结合第二句“它可以预测一个人的一些事情，你可能会把信息交给他们的雇主或保险公司”，可知，“坏事”是指基因组可以预测一个人的一些事情，并且这些信息将会被卖给雇主或保险公司，这些信息属于个人隐私，所以“badthing”指的是侵犯个人隐私。因此，该题选择D项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项没提到，属于无中生有；

B、C选项不够全面，属于以偏概全。

30.【选项释义】

30.WhatdoesDr.Flatleythinkaboutgenomescreening?30.弗拉特利博士如何看待基因组筛查？

A.Itsadvantagesaremorethandisadvantages.A.它的优点多于缺点。

B.Itbenefitsbabieswhoareathighrisksofdiseases.B.它对那些疾病风险高的婴儿有益。

C.Itwilldoharmtopeople’sprivacy.C.它会损害人们的隐私。

D.Itwillhelpemployerschoosegoodcandidates.D.它将帮助雇主选择优秀的候选人。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据文章最后一段“然而，他相信，随着好处越来越明显，大多数人会希望自己的基因组被解读和解释。显而易见的好处很快就会盖过（eclipse）危险。”可知，尽管基因组筛查会带来隐私泄露的危险，但是它的好处很快就会盖过它的坏处，A项符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

B、D选项没有提到，属于无中生有；

C选项虽然有提到，但是并不全面，属于以偏概全。

5.单选题

Starvationprobablydoesn’tsoundlikeakeytolivingwellintooldage.Butasstrangeasitseems,calorierestriction,doneintermittently,appearstobeoneofthegatewaystolastinglong-termhealth.

Theconcepthasalreadybeenprovedeffectiveinmice,rats,dogsandmonkeys.However,verylimitedresearchhasbeendonetoevaluatethehealthimpactofcalorierestrictioninhumans.Inanimals,calorierestrictionisassociatedwithlongevity,decreasedriskforcancerandinflammatorydiseasesandlowercognitivedecline.Thechallengehasbeentotranslatetheconcepttotherealworldinwhichhumansneedtoeattogetthroughtheday.

Anewstudytestedoutamodifiedversionoftheconceptonhumans.ResearchersattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniahavedesignedwhattheycalla“fastingmimickingdiet”thatprovidesallthebenefitsofstarvingyourself",withalittlelessstarvation.

Theplanlastsforfivedaysamonth,withacyclethat’srepeatedforthreemonths.OnDayOne,adietereatsfoodfromtheprescribedplanthattotals1,090calorieswith10percentprotein,56percentfat,and34percentcarbohydrates.OnDaysTwothroughFive...dietersconsumejust725calorieswith9percentprotein,44percentfat,and47percentcarbohydrates.

Peopleonthedietatevegetablesoup,energybars,energydrinksandlow-caloriesnackchips,anddrankalotofchamomiletea.Theyalsotookvegetable-baseddietarysupplements.Onnon-dietingdaystheyatenormally.

Itmaysoundgimmicky,butVijg,oneoftheresearchers,saysexistingsciencealreadybacksuptheclaimthattheplancouldeffectivelyimprovehumanhealthandprolonglife.Inhumans,thedietprovidedanumberofphysiologicalchangesthatcouldreduceriskfactorsforage-relatedconditionssuchasreducedbloodglucoseandinsulinlevels.

Inessence,fastinghastheabilitytoimprovestressresponseonacellularlevel.Apersononthisprogramislikelytoloseweightovertime,butresearcherssaybetterhealthinoldageistherealbenefit.Withtherightmarketing,Vijgbelievesafastingmimickingdietcouldbecomethenextcommerciallybrandeddietcraze,likeAtkinsorPaleo.However,itcouldalsohavesomepracticalapplicationsinamedicalsetting.Aphysiciancouldprescribethediettoapatientforaspecificamountoftimebeforesurgery,chemotherapyandothertypesoftreatmentsandproceduresthatareknowntocausetraumaandstresstothebody.

1.Whatisthedifficultyintheresearchoftheeffectofstarvationonhumans?

2.Themodifiedversionoftheconceptrefersto（

）.

3.WhatkindoffoodisNOTallowedondietingdays?

4.Accordingtotheresearchers,whatbenefitscanpeoplegetbyfollowingtheplan?

5.AtkinsandPaleointhelastparagraphmostprobablyrefertobrandnamesof

（

）.

6.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Humansneedtoeatinreallife.

B.Animalsarefreefromdiseases.

C.Humansandanimalsresponddifferentlytostarvation.

D.Humansandanimalshavedifferentlifeexpectancy.

问题2选项

A.adietwithfruitsandvegetablesonly

B.aperiodicdietwithalittlefood

C.acalorie-consistentdiet

D.adietlastingforfivedaysonly

问题3选项

A.Energysupplements.

B.Sportdrinks.

C.Meatandfish.

D.Foodwithadditives.

问题4选项

A.Nicebodyshape.

B.Psychologicalwell-being.

C.Betterhealthinoldage.

D.Goodrelationswithothers.

问题5选项

A.healthyteas

B.populardiets

C.fastfood

D.weight-reducingmedicines

问题6选项

A.TheLessCalorie,theBetter?

B.SayNotoStarvation.

C.AProvedMethodofWeightManagement.

D.Coulda5-dayFastingDietProlongYourLife?

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:B

第6题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干关键词，可将信息点定位至原文第二段最后一句，“Thechallengehasbeentotranslatetheconcepttotherealworldinwhichhumansneedtoeattogetthroughtheday.(现实世界中人类需要吃东西生存，要把（饥饿状态对人们健康有益）这个理念传递给大众不是一件容易的事。)”从而得出本题答案。

2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“themodifiedversionoftheconcept”，可将信息点定位至原文第三段最后一句和第四段第一句。“havedesignedwhattheycalla“fastingmimickingdiet”thatprovidesallthebenefitsofstarvingyourself",withalittlelessstarvation.(设计了一种他们称之为“空腹模拟节食”的饮食方式，它提供了让自己挨饿的所有好处，而且减少了一点饥饿。)”“Theplanlastsforfivedaysamonth,withacyclethat’srepeatedforthreemonths.(该计划每月持续五天，每三个月重复一次。)”从而得出本题答案。

3.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第五段。“Peopleonthedietatevegetablesoup,energybars,energydrinksandlow-caloriesnackchips,anddrankalotofchamomiletea.Theyalsotookvegetable-baseddietarysupplements.(节食的人喝蔬菜汤，能量棒，能量饮料和低热量的零食薯条，喝很多甘菊茶。他们还服用了以蔬菜为基础的膳食补充剂。)”从而得出本题答案。

4.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第六段第二句。“Inhumans,thedietprovidedanumberofphysiologicalchangesthatcouldreduceriskfactorsforage-relatedconditionssuchasreducedbloodglucoseandinsulinlevels.(对于人类，这种计划能够带来一些体质的变化，从而降低一些例如血糖和胰岛素等随着年龄增长而带来的健康风险。)”从而得出本题答案。

5.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“AtkinsandPaleo”，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段，根据“Vijgbelievesafastingmimickingdietcouldbecomethenextcommerciallybrandeddietcraze,likeAtkinsorPaleo.(Vijg认为，像Atkins和Paleo那样，模仿禁食的饮食可能会成为下一个商业品牌的饮食热潮。)”即可得出本题答案。

6.主旨大意题。根据“…calorierestriction,doneintermittently,appearstobeoneofthegatewaystolastinglong-termhealth.（间歇性地限制热量摄入，似乎是保持长期健康的途径之一。）”“fastingmimickingdiet（禁食模仿饮食）”，可知作者在本文探讨的是这种阶段性节食是否能够长寿。从而得出本题答案。

6.单选题

Harvardiscommittedto

ongoingcommunicationandcooperationasprojectplansare______.

问题1选项

A.maintain,shaping

B.maintaining,shaping

C.maintain,shaped

D.maintaining,shaped

【答案】B

【解析】考查词语辨析。句中存在一个固定表达becommittedto+n./doing“致力于；献身于”，因此排除A和C选项。过去分词表示已完成，现在分词表示正在进行。根据句意：哈佛大学致力于在项目计划进行过程中保持交流与合作。因此B选项符合题意。

7.翻译题

1.Money-laundering（洗钱）hasbeenoneoftheworld’sfastest-growingindustriesoverdecadedespiteincreasingeffortsbytheworld’sfinancialauthoritiestostampitout.

2.Wearenowinanagewherethepubliccanhaveaccesstoinformationthatenablesittomakeitsownjudgments,andmostpeoples,whohadseenthevideoofthisbeatingcouldnotunderstandhowthejurywasabletoacquit（宣布无罪）thepolicemeninvolved.

3.Toincreasethesupplyofnegativeionsindoors,somescientistsrecommendtheuseofionizers:smallportablemachineswhichgeneratenegativeions.

4.Thehackersaresoinvolvedwithdesigningtheirprogram,makingitmoreandmorecomplexandbendingittotheirwill,thattheydon'tbothertryingtomakeitunderstandabletootherusers.

5.AstudvhasfoundthatthesharepriceofAmericanmultinationalsthatspendheavilyonR&Driseswhenthevbuvforeiunsubsidiaries,buitfallswhenamultinationalwithlowR&Dspendingbuysabroad.

【答案】1.洗钱在过去十年里已经成为世界上发展最快的产业之一，尽管世界金融当局不断加强打击和遏制洗钱力度。

2.我们现在处于人人都能获取信息的时代，这些信息使人们可以自己做出判断，大多数人看过这个殴打视频后都无法理解陪审团怎么可以无罪释放涉案警察。

3.为了增加室内负离子的供应量,一些科学家建议使用离子发生器:可以产生负离子的便携式机器。

4.黑客们如此专注于设计他们的程序，使其越来越复杂，并按照他们的意愿来编程，以至于他们不愿费心去让其他用户理解这些程序。

5.一项研究发现，那些在研发上投入巨资的美国跨国公司在收购海外子公司时，其股价会上涨，而当一家研发投入较低的跨国公司收购海外公司时，股价就会下跌。

当媒体为更多的人提供更多的选择时，媒体有助于民主政治，而当媒体由灯光信号站转变为热导导弹时，媒体将不利于民主政治。比如，总统发表的1995年国情咨文报告花了一个多小时，这显然超出了大多数网络评论家（评论员：发表评论的人）所能承受的大约半小时的容忍度。演说结束后，网络评论家即时对演说做出分析，批判演说的长度而且“缺乏重点”。然而，从第二天的民意调查结果和现场访谈来看，大多数美国人似乎很欣赏总统演讲的内容。当今媒体调查少，宣传多

8.单选题

ConflicthadexistedbetweenSpainandEnglandsincethe1570s.EnglandwantedashareofthewealththatSpainhadbeentakingfromthelandsithadclaimedintheAmericas.ElizabethⅡ,QueenofEngland,encouragedherstaunchadmiralofthenavy,SirFrancisDrake,toraidSpanishshipsandtowns.Thoughtheseraidswereonasmallscale,Drakeachieveddramaticsuccess,addinggoldandsilvertoEngland’streasuryanddiminishingSpain’ssupremacy.Religiousdifferencesalsocausedconflictbetweenthetwocountries.WhereasSpainwasRomanCatholic,mostofEnglandhadbecomeProtestant.KingPhilipⅡofSpainwantedtoclaimthethroneandmakeEnglandaCatholiccountryagain.

TosatisfyhisambitionandalsotoretaliateagainstEngland’stheftofhisgoldandsilver,KingPhilipbegantobuildhisfleetofwarships,theSpanishArmada,inJanuary1586.Philipintendedhisfleettobeindestructible.Inadditiontobuildingnewwarships,hemarshaled130sailingvesselsofalltypesandrecruitedmorethan19,000robustsoldiersand8,000sailors.Althoughsomeofhisshipslackedgunsandotherslackedammunition,PhilipwasconvincedthathisAmadacouldwithstandanybattlewithEngland.

ThemartialArmadasetsailfromLisbon,Portugal,onMay9,1588,butbadweatherforceditbacktoport.ThevoyageresumedonJuly22aftertheweatherbecamemorestable.TheSpanishfeetmetthesmaller,faster,andmoremaneuverable.EnglishshipsinbattleoffthecoastofPlymouth,England,firstonJuly31andagainonAugust2.ThetwobattlesleftSpainvulnerable,havinglostseveralshipsandwithitsammunitiondepleted.OnAugust7,whiletheArmadalayatanchorontheFrenchsideoftheStraitofDover,EnglandsenteightburningshipsintothemidstoftheSpanishfleettosetitonfire.Blockedononeside,theSpanishshipscouldonlydriftawaytheircrewsinpanicanddisorder.BeforetheArmadacouldregroup,theEnglishattackedagainonAugust8.

AlthoughtheSpaniardsmadeavaliantefforttofightback,thefleetsufferedextensivedamage.Duringtheeighthoursofbattle,theArmadadriftedperilouslyclosetotherockycoastline.AtthemomentwhenitseemedthattheSpanishshipswouldbedrivenontotheEnglishshore,thewindshifted,andtheArmadadriftedoutintotheNorthSea.TheSpaniardsrecognizedthesuperiorityoftheEnglishfleetandreturnedhome,defeated.

1.SirFrancisDrakeaddedwealthtothetreasuryanddiminishedSpain’s________.

2.KingPhiliprecruitedmany________soldiersandsailors.

3.The________ArmadasetsailonMay9,1588.

4.ThetwobattleslefttheSpanishfleet________.

5.TheArmadawas________ononeside.

问题1选项

A.unlimitedpower

B.unrestrictedgrowth

C.territory

D.treaties

问题2选项

A.warlike

B.strong

C.accomplished

D.timid

问题3选项

A.complete

B.warlike

C.independent

D.isolated

问题4选项

A.opentochange

B.triumphant

C.opentoattack

D.defeated

问题5选项

A.closedoff

B.damaged

C.alone

D.circled

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据第一段第四句Thoughtheseraidswereonasmallscale,Drakeachieveddramaticsuccess,addinggoldandsilvertoEngland’streasuryanddiminishingSpain’ssupremacy.（虽然这些突袭的规模很小，但是德雷克取得了引人注目的成功，为英格兰国库增加了黄金和白银，削弱了西班牙的霸主地位。），supremacy的意思为“至高无上；最大权力；最高地位”，所以A选项“无限力量”正确。B选项“无限制的增长”，C选项“领土”和D选项“条约”不符合题意。因此A选项正确。

2.事实细节题。根据第二段第二句hemarshaled130sailingvesselsofalltypesandrecruitedmorethan19,000robustsoldiersand8,000sailors.（他指挥了130艘各类帆船，招募了19,000多名强壮的士兵和8,000多名水手。），robust的意思为“强壮的；强劲的”，在这里B选项“强壮的”正确。A选项“好战的；军事的”，C选项“技艺高超的”和D选项“胆小的”不符合题意。因此B选项正确。

3.推理判断题。根据第二段第三句Althoughsomeofhisshipslackedgunsandotherslackedammunition,PhilipwasconvincedthathisAmadacouldwithstandanybattlewithEngland.（尽管他的一些船只缺少枪支和弹药，但菲利普坚信他的无敌舰队可以抵抗任何与英国的战争。），可知这支舰队是用于军事的，所以B选项“军事的”正确。A选项“完整的”，C选项“独立的”和D选项“孤立的”：根据第三段第一句ThemartialArmadasetsailfromLisbon,Portugal,onMay9,1588,butbadweatherforceditbacktoport.（1588年5月9日，“无敌舰队”从葡萄牙里斯本起航，但恶劣的天气迫使它返回港口。），这里没有提到是否是整支舰队参与行动，并且这些参与行动的船只一起行动，并没有独立和孤立，故错误。因此B选项正确。

4.事实细节题。根据第三段第四句ThetwobattlesleftSpainvulnerable,havinglostseveralshipsandwithitsammunitiondepleted.（这两场战役使西班牙变得脆弱不堪，损失了几艘战舰，也耗尽了弹药。），vulnerable意思为“易受攻击的”，所以C选项“易受攻击”正确，A选项“接受改变”，B选项“大获全胜”和D选项“战败”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。

5.事实细节题。根据第三段倒数第二句Blockedonon