刘润清版新编语言学教程1-3章复习

刘润清版新编语言学教程1-3章复习刘润清版新编语言学教程1-3章复习刘润清版新编语言学教程1-3章复习xxx公司刘润清版新编语言学教程1-3章复习文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度填空判断：①linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage.Itisasciencestudiestherulessystemsandprinciplesoflanguage.3cannons(标准):exhaustiveness全面性consistency一致性economy.②linguisticsstudytheorigin,growth,organization.Natureanddevelopmentoflanguageanddiscoversthegeneralrulesandprinciplesgoverninglanguage.2purposes:studythenature,establishatheoryanddescribelanguagebythattheory;examinesalllanguageandseeksunderstandingwaystofulfilltheneedshumanneed.填空判断选择：Linguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar:①linguisticsdescribeslanguagesanddoesnotlaydownrulesofcorrectness.②linguistsregardspokenasprimarynotwritten.Speechcameearlierthanwritingsystem.③traditionalgrammarbasedonLatinwhilelinguisticsdescribeseachlanguageonitsownmerits.名词解释Microlinguistics:Phonetics(语音学),phonology(语音学),morphology(形态学),syntax(句法学),semantics(语义学),pragmatics(语用学).Macrolinguistics:sociolinguistics(社会语言学),psycholinguistics(心理语言学),stylistics(文体学),discourseanalysis(话语分析),computationallinguistics(计算语言学),cognitivelinguistics(认知语言学)全especially判断Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Languageisasystem,arbitrary,vocal.Languageisusedforhumancommunication.任意性):referstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Duality(二元性):organizationoflanguageintotwolevels-alevelofsoundswhichcombineintoasecondleveloflargerunitsiscalledduality.languageworksontwolevels:1havenomeaningbutcombinetoformunitesatanotherlevelhavemeaning.Productivity(创造性):linguisticabilityenablestoproduceandunderstandsentences.Interchageability(可交换性):mancanbothproduceandreceivemessageseasily.Displacement(移位性):enablepeopletotalkathinginotherspaceandtime.Specialization:mandoesnothaveatotalphysicalinvolvementintheactofcommunication.Culturaltransmission(文化传递):languageisculturallytransmitted.Cannotbetransmittedthroughheredity.function交际功能,directivefunction指示功能,informativefunction信息功能,interrogativefunction询问功能,expressivefunction表情功能,evocativefunction召唤功能,performativefunction施为功能,recreationalfunction娱乐功能,metalingualfunction元语言功能（languagecantalkitself）descriptiveandprescriptivegrammar描写式&规定式Descriptivedescribeswhatactuallysay,descriptivegrammarsattempttotellwhatisinthelanguagewhileprescriptivegrammarstellpeoplewhatshouldbeinthelanguage.synchronicanddiachroniclinguistics共时性和历时性langueandparole语言和言语LangueParoleAbstractknowledgeconcretemanifestationSocialconventionalindividualizedCodemessageStableandsystematicsubjecttopersonalandsituationalcompetenceandperformance语言能力和应用Competencereferstotheknowledgethatnativespeakerhaveoftheirlanguageasasystemofabstractrelations,whileperformancereferstotheiractuallinguisticbehavior,thatis,theactualuseofthisknowledge.syntagmaticandparadigmaticrelationsandformalism功能主义和形式主义voicedandvoicelesssound浊音和清音andoralsounds鼻音和口腔音2oralnasalvoicedbpdmnŋvoicelessptkbtdFricativesfvθðszʃʒhAffricatestʃdʒLiquidslrNasalsmnŋglideswjFrontvowels:/i://ı//e//ɛ//ӕ//ɑ/TheheightofthetongueCentralvowels:/з://ə//ʌ/Backvowels:/u://u//ɔ://ɔ//ɑ:/Roundedvowels:/u://u//ɔ://ɔ/TheshapeofthelipUnroundedvowels:/i://ı//e//ɛ//ӕ//ɑ//з://ə//ʌ//ɑ:/Openvowels:/ӕ//ɑ//ɔ//ɑ:/ThewidthofthemouthClosevowels:/i://ı//u://u/Semi-openvowels:/ɔ:Thephrase“anegg”isoftenpronounced/ə’neg/.Elision:thelossofasoundorsoundsinspeechiscalledelision.Theword“suppose”isoftenpronouncedas/spəʊz/,“factory”as/’fӕktrı/.Assimilation:thewaythatsoundsbelongingtoonewordoronesyllablecancausechangesinsoundsbelongingtoneighboringwordsorsyllablesiscalledassimilation.InEnglishthenegativeprefixoccursas“im-”beforewordssuchas“possible”---”impossible”.Phonology:isthedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.Phonemeisthephonologicalunitsoflanguage,anditisanabstractcollectionofphoneticfeatureswhichanddistinguishmeaning.Forexample,sipandzipissignaledbythefactthattheinitialsoundofthefirstwordiss/s/andtheinitialsoundofthesecondwordisz/z/./s/and/z/canthereforedistinguishorcontrastwords.Suchdistinctivesoundsarecalledphonemes.pairsandsets最小对立体MinimalpairsaretwowordswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentthatoccursinthesameplaceinthestringMinimalpairsarepairsofwordswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.Whenagroupofwordscanbedifferentiatedeachonefromtheothers,bychangingonephoneme(alwaysinthesameposition),thenwehaveaminimalset.freevariationwhentwoormoresoundsoccurinthesamepositonwithoutanyapparentchangeofmeaning,theyaresaidtobeinfreevariation.Forexample,therearetwopronunciationofthewordeither,wecansay/i:δər/and/’aıδər/.featuresWhenafeaturedistinguishesonephonemefromanotheritisadistinctivefeature(oraphonemicfeature).Forexample,sealandzealdistinguishesby/s/ad/z/,/s/isvoicelessand/z/isvoiced,so/s/and/z/isavoicingdifference.syllablesandconsonantcluster音节和辅音丛Syllablestructuresyllableonsetrime(rhyme)nucleus(peak)codaconsonant(s)vowelconsonant(s)consonantcluster:InEnglishsomewordsmaycontainasequenceoftwoormoreconsonantsinonesyllable,forexample,/spl/in/’splendid/.Sequencesofconsonantslikethisarecalledconsonantclusters.Initialcluster:/spl/in/’splӕʃ/splashFinalcluster:/st/in/test/testMedialcluster:/str/in/’peıstrı/pastryAwordwhichbeginswiththree-consonantclustersalwaysobservesthreestrictrules:Thefirstconsonantmustbe/s/Thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/Thethirdconsonantmustbe/l/or/r/or/w/or/j/amorphemeisaminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunctionmorphemesawordmustcontainanelementthatcanstandbyitself,thatis,amorpheme.ThefreemorphemescanbegenerallyconsideredasthesetofseparateEnglishword-forms.Freemorphemescanbedividedintotwocategories:1lexicalmorphemes,thesetofordinarynouns,verbsandadjectiveswhichcarrythecontentofmessageweconvey.2functionalmorphemes,consistsofthefunctionalwordsinthelanguagesuchasconjunctions,articles,prepositionsandpronouns.morphemesSomemorphemescannotnormallystandalone,butfunctiononlyaspartofwordsarecalledboundmorphemes.Boundmorphemesareactuallyaffixes.Prefixes:affixesatthebeginningoftherootorstemSuffixes:affixedattheendoftherootorstem2categories:①derivationalmorphemes:usedtomakenewwordinthelanguageandareoftenusedtomakewordsofadifferentgrammaticalcategoryfromthestem.②inflectionalmorphemes:arenotusedtoproducenewwords,butrathertoshowaspectsofthegrammaticalfunctionofawo