第二章世纪美国文学富兰克林课件

ChapterONE.ColonialAmerican(1607-1765)

ChapterONE.ColonialAmerican1PuritanisminAmericaTheyfollowtheideasoftheSwissreformerJohnCalvin.Doctrines:

-Predestination

-Originalsinandtotaldepravity(humanbeingsarebasicallyevil.)

-Limitedatonement(ortheSalvationofaselectedfew)PuritanisminAmericaTheyfol2Puritanvalues(creeds):

Hardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety,simpletastes.

Puritansaremorepractical,tougher,andtobeeverreadyforanymisfortuneandtragicfailure.

Theyareoptimistic.P12Puritanvalues(creeds):

Hard3PuritanisminAmericaWhydidPuritanscometoAmerica?

-toreformtheChurchofEngland

-tohaveanentirelynewchurch

-toescapereligiouspersecution

*God’schosenpeople

*ToseekanewGardenofEden

*Tobuild“CityofGodonearth”PuritanisminAmericaWhydid4PuritanisminAmericaInfluence

-AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.

-Americanliteratureisbasedonamyth,i.e.theBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.

-PuritanismcanbecomparedwithChineseConfucianism.PuritanisminAmericaInfluenc5清教徒清教徒并不是一种派别，而是一种态度，一种倾向，一种价值观，它是对信徒群体的一种统称。清教徒是最为虔敬、生活最为圣洁的新教徒，他们认为“人人皆祭司，人人有召唤”。认为每个个体可以直接与上帝交流，反对神甫集团的专横、腐败和繁文缛节、形式主义。他们主张简单、实在、上帝面前人人平等的信徒生活。清教徒清教徒并不是一种派别，而是一种态度，一种倾向，一种价值6清教徒

在清教徒的理解中，职业就是一件被冥冥之中的神所召唤、所使唤、所命令、所安排的任务，而完成这个任务，既是每个个体天赋的职责和义务，也是感谢神的恩召的举动。如上帝曾召唤亚伯拉罕作虔诚且富有的君王，他凭着信心最后成就了召唤，成为富甲万国、繁衍众多的君王。现在，上帝也召唤清教徒开拓北美的疆土，把在美国国度上的创业视为天职。他们也肯定现实生活，与出世厌世的观念相反，他们认为：“世界就是我们的修道院”（加尔文语）。而尘世中的工作是我们修道的方式，是上帝安排的任务，是神圣的天职。每个人要入世修行，将自己在世间的工作和生活作好，就是在修行和敬拜，就是在尽一个人的本分。他们也肯定了营利活动，认为人是上帝财富的托管人，作为托管人，有天职将财富增值。正像一位名叫普勒斯顿的清教徒领袖在他的著作中所写：“若有人问如何能晓得神在他身上的旨意，我的答案很简单：只要看看神赐给他的产业便成。”清教徒7清教徒精神

清教徒是创业精神的代言人，他们认为人开创产业必须要禁欲和俭省节约。他们限制一切纵欲、享乐甚至消费行为，将消费性投入和支出全部用在生产性投资和扩大再生产上，如此必然导致资本的积累和产业的发展。不是纵欲和贪婪积累了财富，而是克制和禁欲增长了社会财富。清教徒崇尚商业和工业活动，在商业中诚实守信、珍视信誉、决不坑蒙拐骗，清教徒企业家不仅追求利润最大化，而且具有对社会的回馈意识，担当社会责任、扶持社会公正，为社会公益事业作出了巨大贡献，承担了巨大的公共事业义务。清教徒对一切充满了信心，无论从事商业贸易还是生产耕种，都具有排除万难、获得非凡成功的勇气和信心，他们善于创造和创新，不断地开拓和征服。他们身上值得人们学习的可贵精神非常之多。清教徒精神

清教徒是创业精神的代言人，他们认为人开创产业必须81.IntroductiontocolonialliteratureInsteadofbeginningwithfolktalesandsongstheAmericanliteraturebeganwithabstractionsandproceededfromphilosophytofictionbecausetherewerenowrittenliteratureamongthemorethan500differentIndianlanguagesandtribalculturesthatexistedinNorthAmericabeforethefirstEuropeansarrivedthereandsetupthefirstcolonyJamestowninabout1607.AmericanwritingbeganwiththeworkofEnglishadventurersandcolonistsintheNewWorldchieflyforthebenefitofreadersinthemothercountry.1.Introductiontocolonialli93.Thereforethewritinginthisperiodwasessentiallytwokinds:(1)practicalmatter-of-factaccountsoffarming,hunting,travel,etc.designedtoinformpeople“athome”whatlifewaslikeinthenewworld,and,often,toinducetheirimmigration;(2)highlytheoretical,generallydiscussionsofreligiousquestions.4.Furthermore,theinfluentialProtestantworkethic,reinforcedbythepracticalnecessitiesofahardpioneerlife,inhibitedthedevelopmentofanyreadingmatterdesignedsimplyforleisure-timeentertainment.3.Thereforethewritinginthi102.TheMainFeaturesofthisperiodAmericanliteraturegrewoutofhumbleorigins.Diaries,histories,journals,letters,commonplacebooks,travelbooks,sermons,inshort,personalliteratureinitsvariousforms,occupyamajorpositionintheliteratureoftheearlycolonialperiod.2.TheMainFeaturesofthisp112)IncontenttheseearlywritingsservedeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth.Inform,iftherewasanyformatall,Englishliterarytraditionswerefaithfullyimitatedandtransplanted.3)ThePuritanismformedinthisperiodwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.2)Incontenttheseearlywrit12EarlywritersJohnSmithADescriptionofNewEngland《新英格兰叙事》P16EarlywritersJohnSmith13EarlywritersP17AnneBradstreet(1617-1672)安妮·布拉兹特里特AnneBradstreetwasthefirstAmericanpoet.ShecametoAmericawithherhusbandwhenshewas18,settlingintheMassachusettsBayColony.Thoughamotherof8children,shemanagedtowritepoems.HerfirstvolumeofpoetrywaspublishedinLondon,entitledTheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica(1650)《第十位诗神》.OntheBurningofOurHouse《写在我家失火之际》

EarlywritersP17AnneBradstree14EdwardTaylorthefinestpoetincolonialperiodHuswifery《家务》UponaSpiderCatchingaFly《蜘蛛扑捉苍蝇之遐想》PreparatoryMeditation《自省录》EdwardTaylorthefinestpoet15OtherwritersP20Otherwriters16QuestionsItisacriticalcommonplacenowthatAmericanliteratureisbasedonamyth,thatis,________.(北二外）TheancientGreekmythofZeusTheBritishmythoftheSaintGrailTheBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEdenThelegendofthesleepHollowQuestionsItisacriticalcomm17Questions1.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthem_____.(北二外）A.QuakersB.AnglicansC.CatholicsD.Puritans2.Earlyin___,theEnglishsettlementsinVirginiaandMassachusettsstartedthemainstreamoftheAmericannationalhistory.(北二外）A.14th.CB.15th.CC.17th.CD.18th.CQuestions1.Thefirstsettlers18Chaptertwo.Theperiodof

EnlightenmentandtheIndependenceWar(1765-1800)Chaptertwo.Theperiodof

En19The18th-centuryAmericanenlightenmentasamovementmarkedbyanemphasisonrationalityratherthantradition,scientificinquiryinsteadofunquestioningreligiousdogma,andrepresentativegovernmentinplaceofmonarchy.Enlightenmentthinkersandwriters,suchasBenjaminFranklindevotedtotheidealsofjustice,liberty,andequalityasthenaturalrightsofman.I.IntroductionThe18th-centuryAmericanenli203)Intheseperiodwiththeexceptionofoutstandingpoliticalwriting,suchasCommonsense,DeclarationofIndependence,TheFederalistPapersandsoon,fewworksofnoteappeared.Evenifthereappearedpoetryandfiction,theywerefullofimitativenessandvagueuniversality.SomostAmericanswerepainfullyawareoftheirexcessivedependenceonEnglishliterarymodels.Thesearchforanativeliteraturebecameanationalobsession.3)Intheseperiodwiththee21Despitetheseweshouldpayattentiontoseveralpointsinthisperiod:TheDictionaryeditedbyNoahWebster(1758-1843)basedtheAmericanlexicography.UpdatedWebster’sdictionariesarestillstandardtoday.PhilipFreneau’s(1752-1832)wasknownas"thepoetoftheAmericanRevolution".Hismajorthemesaredeath,nature,transition,andthehumaninnature.Allofthesethemesbecomeimportantin19thcenturywriting.Allthewhile...inromanticizingthewondersofnatureinhiswritings...hesearchedforanAmericanidiominverse.Despitetheseweshouldpayat22Deism自然神论P28Newton’s“PhilosophicNaturalismprincipiaMathematics”Lawsofmotion&universalgravitation万有引力

Godisthecreator,butHehasleftittooperatefollowingnaturallaw.Theuniversefollowscertainphysicalandmechanicallaws.AlexanderPope,DanielDefoe,Rousseau卢梭

Deism自然神论P28Newton’s“Philosop23Two-facetedtraditionofAmericanPuritanismP28JonathanEdwardsReligiousidealismCalvinism加尔文主义

PuritanidealismLastmedievalmanTheMiddleAgeAwe,preyandwaitforGod’smercyandsalvationBenjaminFranklinCommonsense&practiceDeism自然神论PuritanmaterialismBringingthecolonialeratoacloseTheAgeofEnlightenmentWorkhardforself-examination&self-improvementTwo-facetedtraditionofAmeri24II.BenjaminFranklin

1706-1790

II.BenjaminFranklin

1706-125LifeBenjaminFranklincamefromaCalvinistbackground.Hewasbornintoapoorcandle-maker’sfamily.Hehadverylittleeducation.Helearnedinschoolonlyfortwoyears,buthewasavoraciousreader.At12,hewasapprenticedtohiselderhalf-brother,aprinter.At16,hebegantopublishessaysunderthepseudonym“SilenceDogood”.At17,heranawaytoPhiladelphiatomakehisownfortune.Hesethimselfupasanindependentprinterandpublisher.In1727hefoundedtheJuntoclub.1.HisLifeLife1.HisLife26Franklin’sContributionstoSociety

HehelpedfoundthePennsylvaniaHospital.HefoundedanacademywhichledtotheUniversityofPennsylvania.AndhehelpedfoundtheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety.Franklin’sContributionstoSo27Franklin’sContributionstoScienceHewasalsorememberedforvolunteerfiredepartments,effectivestreetlighting,theFranklinstove,bifocalglassesandefficientheatingdevices.Andforhislightning-rod,hewascalled“thenewPrometheuswhohadstolenfirefromheaven.”Franklin’sContributionstoSc28Franklin’sContributionstotheU.S

HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:TheDeclarationofIndependence,TheTreatyofAlliancewithFrance,TheTreatyofPeacewithEngland,TheConstitutionFranklin’sContributionstoth29PoorRichard’sAlmanac《格言历书》Maxims（谚语，格言）

andaxioms（哲理，格言）Losttimeisneverfoundagain.Apennysavedisapennyearned.Godhelpthemthathelpthemselves.Fishandvisitorsstinkinthreedays.Earlytobed,andearlytorise,makesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.Eatnottodullness.Drinknottoelevation.DiligenceistheMotherofGoodLuck.OneTodayisworthtwotomorrow.Industrypaysdebts.Despairencreaseththem.2.MajorWorksP34PoorRichard’sAlmanac《格言历书》2.30Autobiography《自传》Itisperhapsthefirstrealpost-revolutionaryAmericanwritingaswellasthefirstrealautobiographyinEnglish.Itgivesusthesimpleyetimmenselyfascinatingrecordofamanrisingtowealthandfamefromastateofpovertyandobscurityintowhichhewasborn,thefaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmerica’sfirstself-mademan.Autobiography《自传》31Comments

1)Firstofall,itisapuritandocument.Themostfamoussectiondescribeshisscientificschemeofself-examinationandself-improvement.Comments1)Firstofall,it32Comments2)ItisalsoaneloquentelucidationofthefactthatFranklinwasspokesmanfortheneworderofeighteenthcenturyenlightenment,andthatherepresentedinAmericaallitsideas,thatmanisbasicallygoodandfree,bynatureendowedbyGodwithcertaininalienablerightsoflibertyandthepursuitofhappiness.Comments2)Itisalsoaneloqu33Comments3)ItisthepatternofPuritansimplicity,directness,andconcision.Theplainnessofitsstyle,thehomelinessofimagery,thesimplicityofdiction,syntaxandexpressionaresomeofthesalientfeatureswecannotmistake.Comments3)Itisthepattern34富兰克林写出了“美国梦”，“到美国去发财致富”成了影响力很大的口号。一位饱经风霜的老人，以拉家常的方式，把自己成功的经验和失败的教训娓娓道来，整部自传既无哗众取宠，又不盛气凌人，在通俗易懂的叙述中有睿智和哲理的火花，文字朴素幽默，叙事清楚简澍，使读者备感亲切而易于接受，《富兰克林自传》开创了美国传记文学的优良传统，从此，自传成为一种新的文学体裁。富兰克林写出了“美国梦”，“到美国去发财致富”成了影响力很大35The

Autobiographyisarecordofself-examinationandself-improvement.BenjaminFranklinwasaspokesmanfortheneworderofthe18thcenturyenlightenmentThe

Autobiographyisahow-to-do-itbook,abookontheartofself-improvement.(forexample,Franklin’s13virtues)3.EvaluationTheAutobiographyisarecord36ChapterONE.ColonialAmerican(1607-1765)

ChapterONE.ColonialAmerican37PuritanisminAmericaTheyfollowtheideasoftheSwissreformerJohnCalvin.Doctrines:

-Predestination

-Originalsinandtotaldepravity(humanbeingsarebasicallyevil.)

-Limitedatonement(ortheSalvationofaselectedfew)PuritanisminAmericaTheyfol38Puritanvalues(creeds):

Hardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety,simpletastes.

Puritansaremorepractical,tougher,andtobeeverreadyforanymisfortuneandtragicfailure.

Theyareoptimistic.P12Puritanvalues(creeds):

Hard39PuritanisminAmericaWhydidPuritanscometoAmerica?

-toreformtheChurchofEngland

-tohaveanentirelynewchurch

-toescapereligiouspersecution

*God’schosenpeople

*ToseekanewGardenofEden

*Tobuild“CityofGodonearth”PuritanisminAmericaWhydid40PuritanisminAmericaInfluence

-AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.

-Americanliteratureisbasedonamyth,i.e.theBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.

-PuritanismcanbecomparedwithChineseConfucianism.PuritanisminAmericaInfluenc41清教徒清教徒并不是一种派别，而是一种态度，一种倾向，一种价值观，它是对信徒群体的一种统称。清教徒是最为虔敬、生活最为圣洁的新教徒，他们认为“人人皆祭司，人人有召唤”。认为每个个体可以直接与上帝交流，反对神甫集团的专横、腐败和繁文缛节、形式主义。他们主张简单、实在、上帝面前人人平等的信徒生活。清教徒清教徒并不是一种派别，而是一种态度，一种倾向，一种价值42清教徒

在清教徒的理解中，职业就是一件被冥冥之中的神所召唤、所使唤、所命令、所安排的任务，而完成这个任务，既是每个个体天赋的职责和义务，也是感谢神的恩召的举动。如上帝曾召唤亚伯拉罕作虔诚且富有的君王，他凭着信心最后成就了召唤，成为富甲万国、繁衍众多的君王。现在，上帝也召唤清教徒开拓北美的疆土，把在美国国度上的创业视为天职。他们也肯定现实生活，与出世厌世的观念相反，他们认为：“世界就是我们的修道院”（加尔文语）。而尘世中的工作是我们修道的方式，是上帝安排的任务，是神圣的天职。每个人要入世修行，将自己在世间的工作和生活作好，就是在修行和敬拜，就是在尽一个人的本分。他们也肯定了营利活动，认为人是上帝财富的托管人，作为托管人，有天职将财富增值。正像一位名叫普勒斯顿的清教徒领袖在他的著作中所写：“若有人问如何能晓得神在他身上的旨意，我的答案很简单：只要看看神赐给他的产业便成。”清教徒43清教徒精神

清教徒是创业精神的代言人，他们认为人开创产业必须要禁欲和俭省节约。他们限制一切纵欲、享乐甚至消费行为，将消费性投入和支出全部用在生产性投资和扩大再生产上，如此必然导致资本的积累和产业的发展。不是纵欲和贪婪积累了财富，而是克制和禁欲增长了社会财富。清教徒崇尚商业和工业活动，在商业中诚实守信、珍视信誉、决不坑蒙拐骗，清教徒企业家不仅追求利润最大化，而且具有对社会的回馈意识，担当社会责任、扶持社会公正，为社会公益事业作出了巨大贡献，承担了巨大的公共事业义务。清教徒对一切充满了信心，无论从事商业贸易还是生产耕种，都具有排除万难、获得非凡成功的勇气和信心，他们善于创造和创新，不断地开拓和征服。他们身上值得人们学习的可贵精神非常之多。清教徒精神

清教徒是创业精神的代言人，他们认为人开创产业必须441.IntroductiontocolonialliteratureInsteadofbeginningwithfolktalesandsongstheAmericanliteraturebeganwithabstractionsandproceededfromphilosophytofictionbecausetherewerenowrittenliteratureamongthemorethan500differentIndianlanguagesandtribalculturesthatexistedinNorthAmericabeforethefirstEuropeansarrivedthereandsetupthefirstcolonyJamestowninabout1607.AmericanwritingbeganwiththeworkofEnglishadventurersandcolonistsintheNewWorldchieflyforthebenefitofreadersinthemothercountry.1.Introductiontocolonialli453.Thereforethewritinginthisperiodwasessentiallytwokinds:(1)practicalmatter-of-factaccountsoffarming,hunting,travel,etc.designedtoinformpeople“athome”whatlifewaslikeinthenewworld,and,often,toinducetheirimmigration;(2)highlytheoretical,generallydiscussionsofreligiousquestions.4.Furthermore,theinfluentialProtestantworkethic,reinforcedbythepracticalnecessitiesofahardpioneerlife,inhibitedthedevelopmentofanyreadingmatterdesignedsimplyforleisure-timeentertainment.3.Thereforethewritinginthi462.TheMainFeaturesofthisperiodAmericanliteraturegrewoutofhumbleorigins.Diaries,histories,journals,letters,commonplacebooks,travelbooks,sermons,inshort,personalliteratureinitsvariousforms,occupyamajorpositionintheliteratureoftheearlycolonialperiod.2.TheMainFeaturesofthisp472)IncontenttheseearlywritingsservedeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth.Inform,iftherewasanyformatall,Englishliterarytraditionswerefaithfullyimitatedandtransplanted.3)ThePuritanismformedinthisperiodwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.2)Incontenttheseearlywrit48EarlywritersJohnSmithADescriptionofNewEngland《新英格兰叙事》P16EarlywritersJohnSmith49EarlywritersP17AnneBradstreet(1617-1672)安妮·布拉兹特里特AnneBradstreetwasthefirstAmericanpoet.ShecametoAmericawithherhusbandwhenshewas18,settlingintheMassachusettsBayColony.Thoughamotherof8children,shemanagedtowritepoems.HerfirstvolumeofpoetrywaspublishedinLondon,entitledTheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica(1650)《第十位诗神》.OntheBurningofOurHouse《写在我家失火之际》

EarlywritersP17AnneBradstree50EdwardTaylorthefinestpoetincolonialperiodHuswifery《家务》UponaSpiderCatchingaFly《蜘蛛扑捉苍蝇之遐想》PreparatoryMeditation《自省录》EdwardTaylorthefinestpoet51OtherwritersP20Otherwriters52QuestionsItisacriticalcommonplacenowthatAmericanliteratureisbasedonamyth,thatis,________.(北二外）TheancientGreekmythofZeusTheBritishmythoftheSaintGrailTheBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEdenThelegendofthesleepHollowQuestionsItisacriticalcomm53Questions1.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthem_____.(北二外）A.QuakersB.AnglicansC.CatholicsD.Puritans2.Earlyin___,theEnglishsettlementsinVirginiaandMassachusettsstartedthemainstreamoftheAmericannationalhistory.(北二外）A.14th.CB.15th.CC.17th.CD.18th.CQuestions1.Thefirstsettlers54Chaptertwo.Theperiodof

EnlightenmentandtheIndependenceWar(1765-1800)Chaptertwo.Theperiodof

En55The18th-centuryAmericanenlightenmentasamovementmarkedbyanemphasisonrationalityratherthantradition,scientificinquiryinsteadofunquestioningreligiousdogma,andrepresentativegovernmentinplaceofmonarchy.Enlightenmentthinkersandwriters,suchasBenjaminFranklindevotedtotheidealsofjustice,liberty,andequalityasthenaturalrightsofman.I.IntroductionThe18th-centuryAmericanenli563)Intheseperiodwiththeexceptionofoutstandingpoliticalwriting,suchasCommonsense,DeclarationofIndependence,TheFederalistPapersandsoon,fewworksofnoteappeared.Evenifthereappearedpoetryandfiction,theywerefullofimitativenessandvagueuniversality.SomostAmericanswerepainfullyawareoftheirexcessivedependenceonEnglishliterarymodels.Thesearchforanativeliteraturebecameanationalobsession.3)Intheseperiodwiththee57Despitetheseweshouldpayattentiontoseveralpointsinthisperiod:TheDictionaryeditedbyNoahWebster(1758-1843)basedtheAmericanlexicography.UpdatedWebster’sdictionariesarestillstandardtoday.PhilipFreneau’s(1752-1832)wasknownas"thepoetoftheAmericanRevolution".Hismajorthemesaredeath,nature,transition,andthehumaninnature.Allofthesethemesbecomeimportantin19thcenturywriting.Allthewhile...inromanticizingthewondersofnatureinhiswritings...hesearchedforanAmericanidiominverse.Despitetheseweshouldpayat58Deism自然神论P28Newton’s“PhilosophicNaturalismprincipiaMathematics”Lawsofmotion&universalgravitation万有引力

Godisthecreator,butHehasleftittooperatefollowingnaturallaw.Theuniversefollowscertainphysicalandmechanicallaws.AlexanderPope,DanielDefoe,Rousseau卢梭

Deism自然神论P28Newton’s“Philosop59Two-facetedtraditionofAmericanPuritanismP28JonathanEdwardsReligiousidealismCalvinism加尔文主义

PuritanidealismLastmedievalmanTheMiddleAgeAwe,preyandwaitforGod’smercyandsalvationBenjaminFranklinCommonsense&practiceDeism自然神论PuritanmaterialismBringingthecolonialeratoacloseTheAgeofEnlightenmentWorkhardforself-examination&self-improvementTwo-facetedtraditionofAmeri60II.BenjaminFranklin

1706-1790

II.BenjaminFranklin

1706-161LifeBenjaminFranklincamefromaCalvinistbackground.Hewasbornintoapoorcandle-maker’sfamily.Hehadverylittleeducation.Helearnedinschoolonlyfortwoyears,buthewasavoraciousreader.At12,hewasapprenticedtohiselderhalf-brother,aprinter.At16,hebegantopublishessaysunderthepseudonym“SilenceDogood”.At17,heranawaytoPhiladelphiatomakehisownfortune.Hesethimselfupasanindependentprinterandpublisher.In1727hefoundedtheJuntoclub.1.HisLifeLife1.HisLife62Franklin’sContributionstoSociety

HehelpedfoundthePennsylvaniaHospital.HefoundedanacademywhichledtotheUniversityofPennsylvania.AndhehelpedfoundtheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety.Franklin’sContributionstoSo63Franklin’sContributionstoScienceHewasalsorememberedforvolunteerfiredepartments,effectivestreetlighting,theFranklinstove,bifocalglassesandefficientheatingdevices.Andforhislightning-rod,hewascalled“thenewPrometheuswhohadstolenfirefromheaven.”Franklin’sContributionstoSc64Franklin’sContributionstotheU.S

HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:TheDeclarationofIndependence,TheTreatyofAlliancewithFrance,TheTreatyofPeacewithEngland,TheConstitutionFr