考研考博-英语-南昌航空大学科技学院考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南昌航空大学科技学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Theschoolshootingtriggeredabarrageoftransparentlyirrelevantproposedsolutions,tossedoutwithoutregardtotheirrelevancetotheeventsthatsupposedly______theproposals.

问题1选项

A.occasioned

B.concerned

C.illuminated

D.ensued

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。occasion“引起，惹起”；concern“涉及；使担心”；illuminate“阐明；照亮”；ensue“追求”。句意：学校枪击事件引发了一连串明显不相干的解决方案，而这些方案与引发这些方案的事件毫无关联。选项A符合题意。

2.单选题

Byafternoon,itwasimpossibleto（）theheat,sowestoppedworkingandwent

inside.

问题1选项

A.mask

B.endure

C.defeat

D.shelter

【答案】B

【解析】句意:到下午了，我们不可能忍受炎热，因此，我们要停止工作，回到室内。

考查动词辨析。mask掩藏；endure忍耐，容忍；defeat战胜，击败；shelter保护，庇护。根据宾语theheat热度可知，B项正确。

3.单选题

Evenwhentextbooksare（）throughaschoolsystem,methodsofteachingmayvarygreatly.

问题1选项

A.commonplace

B.standardized

C.competitive

D.generalized

【答案】B

【解析】commonplace陈腐的,平凡的;standardized标准化的;competitive有竞争力的,竞争的;generalized广泛的,普遍的。句意：即使是通过学校的系统把教科书规范化,教学的方法也会有很大的不同。

4.单选题

Heisamanyoucanrelyon.Henevergoesbackonhis（

）.

问题1选项

A.word

B.words

C.permission

D.saying

【答案】B

【解析】句意:他是一个值得信赖的人。他从不食言。

考查固定搭配。gobackonone’swords食言。

5.单选题

Thefilmwasgiventheabsent（）.

问题1选项

A.treatment

B.board

C.applause

D.comment

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项treatment“治疗，疗法，处理，对待”；B选项board“董事会，木板，甲板，膳食”；C选项applause“欢呼，喝彩，鼓掌欢迎，掌声”；D选项comment“评论，意见，批评，描述”。begiventheabsenttreatment指被冷落。句意：这部影片受到了观众冷落。因此A选项正确。

6.单选题

Theresultmeansthatthe______worldchampionhasextendedhisleadinthisseason’schampionship.

问题1选项

A.tramping

B.loitering

C.reigning

D.strolling

【答案】C

【解析】考查词义辨析。A项tramping为动词tramp的现在分词，表示“踩，步行”，B项loitering为动词loiter的现在分词，表示“闲荡，虚度，盘旋”，C项reigning为形容词，表示“统治的，在位的，本届的”，D项strolling为形容词，表示“巡回演出的，消闲散步的”。空格处缺少一个定语修饰worldchampion“世界冠军”，由此可知，四个选项中只有C项符合语境。句意：这一结果意味着这位卫冕世界冠军在本赛季的锦标赛中扩大了领先优势。因此，该题选择C项正确。

7.单选题

Ithasoftenbeenmyfate—perhapstheexpatriate'sfateingeneral,perhapsmerelytheself-hater’s—tobeagainstthings.AsanAmerican,Ihavefrequentlyseemedanti-American;asaneducatedperson,I'moftenanti-intellectual.WhenItaughtatHarvard,Iwasanti-Harvard.Allofthosemakeme,Isuppose,arathergoodEuropean,sinceEuropeansare,atheart,suspiciousofeveryformbelonging,andgreatbelieversinthenon-conformistlife.

Thesedaysmorethanever,Europeansseemtoharborimmensesuspicious,ifnotdisdain,towardtheUSasformerRussianPresidentMikhailGorbachevputitrecentlyintheWashingtonPost,“Theworlddoesn'twanttobeAmerican.”Indeed,hereinEurope,manycitizenstrembleattheverythought.Why?Aside,ofcourse,fromthefacileandone-dimensionalexplanationofjealousy,isn'ttherestofthefreeandnot-so-freeworldburstingattheseamstobelikethecitizensofthecountrythatbroughtuslife,libertyand—thatanthemofthemodemage—thepursuit

ofhappiness?

Onereason,itoccurstome,issimpleandyetprofound;Americalackscharm.Mysister-in-law,asingleFrenchwelfaremotherwholivesinabeautifulprovincialvillagewithfourboysbetween4and18,allathome,seemstome,despiteherdifficulties,tohavemorecharminherlife—theweeklytripstothemarket,theoccasionalglassofredwine,thetiltedroofsandstonewallsofthevillageitself—thanmanyamillionaireinmygreathomestateofTexas.(Howhorrible!ThePuritanmindclaims,awelfaremotherwithaglassofwine!InFrance,however,evenwelfaremothersareentitledtotheoccasionalredwine.)Andmyimpoverishedsister-in-law,unlikesomanyofthosemillionaires,knows,inthewordsofGuydeMaupassant,how"tobecharmingwithnothingatall".

1.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis（

）.

2.Fromthepassage,whatkindofpersoncanweassumetheauthoris?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,howaretheattitudeschangingtowardsAmerica?

4.Whichofthefollowingopinionscanbeinferredfromthepassage?

5.WhatdoestheauthorfindmostcharmingintheFrenchvillage?

问题1选项

A.TheCharmingandSuspiciousEuropeans

B.ACharmingFrenchWelfareMother

C.TheCharmingLifeinaFrenchVillage

D.AmericaLosestheCharmWar

问题2选项

A.Jealous

B.Profound

C.Non-conformist

D.Traditional

问题3选项

A.Europeanshavealwaysseemedanti-American.

B.EuropeansarelessagreeabletotheUnitedStates.

C.EuropeansincreasinglytrytoemulateAmericanideas.

D.Europeanshavetheirownstyle,sonothinghaschanged.

问题4选项

A.Theauthorthinks"welfaremothers"shouldneverdrinkredwine.

B.Theauthorthinks"welfaremothers"shouldoccasionallydrinkredwine.

C.Theauthorthinks"welfaremothers"havetherighttodrinkredwine.

D.Theauthorthinksonlyrichmothershavetherighttodrinkredwine.

问题5选项

A.Simplethingsbutnotextravagant.

B.Thepursuitofhappiness.

C.Thebeautifulvillagescenery.

D.Thevillagers',senseofbelonging.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章反映出美国现在面临的问题并且在讨论美国现在越来越失去它的影响力和吸引力,因此D最适合作文章标题。

2.细节事实题。第一段最后一句指出:Allofthosemakeme,Isuppose,arathergoodEuropean,sinceEuropeansare,atheart,suspiciousofeveryformbelonging,andgreatbelieversinthenon-conformistlife(所有这些都使我更像欧洲人，因为从本质上讲，欧洲人对每一种形式的归属都持怀疑态度，也支持非墨守成规的生活)。故选C。

3.细节事实题。第二段开头指出:Europeansseemtoharborimmensesuspicious,ifnotdisdaintowardstheUSasformerRussianPresidentMikhailGorbachevputitrecentlyintheWashingtonPost,“Theworlddoesn'twanttobeAmerican(欧洲人似乎对美国保持着一种如果不能说是不屑的那就是非常怀疑的态度，正如前俄罗斯总统MikhailGorbachev最近在《华盛顿邮报》中指出的‘世界并不想成为美国人”),因此欧洲人现在对美国持有的是怀疑的态度,故选B。

4.判断推理题。根据题干关键词welfaremothers定位至最后一段:InFrance,however,evenwelfaremothersareentitledtotheoccasionalredwine(然而，在法国就算是接受福利救济的母亲也有资格偶尔喝点红酒)。故选C“作者认为接受福利救济的母亲是有权利喝红酒的”。

5.判断推理题。最后一句指出:Andmyimpoverishedsister-in-law,unlikesomanyofthosemillionaires,knows,inthewordsofGuydeMaupassant,how"tobecharmingwithnothingatall(和很多的百万富翁不同，我那贫穷的嫂子懂得莫泊桑作品中的一句话:简单才是最大的魅力)。由此可知作者认为法国的村庄最有魅力的地方就是简单而不奢华。

8.单选题

Inspiteofyourlivingsofarawaywebothhopeverymuch（）.

问题1选项

A.yourcoming

B.youtocome

C.thatyoucame

D.thatyoucome

【答案】D

【解析】考查语法结构。hope后面一般不接宾语sb.，而是直接接todosth.或that从句，由此可首先排除选项A和选项B；再根据句意“尽管你住得很远，但我们都希望你能来”。这里使用一般现在时即可，不用过去时，所以选项D正确。

9.单选题

InItaly,itisgoodmannersforaman[A]togreetanothermanwithanembraceandakiss[B]oneverycheek.[C]NotsoinSouthTexas,wheremenstand3feetapartand[D]at90degreeanglestoconversewithoneanother.Allcultureshaverulesandifyouviolatethem,youwillbeexcluded.

问题1选项

A.greetanotherman

B.oneverycheek

C.NotsoinSouthTexas

D.at90degreeangles

【答案】B

【解析】考查代词用法。B选项中的every指三个或以上的人或事物的全体，而一个人的脸颊只有两边，应将every改为each。

10.单选题

WhenRobertShiller,aYaleeconomistandbestsellingauthor,toldacrowdoffinanceprofessorsandeconomicsstudentslastspringthatonly10percentofhismoneywasinvestedinstocks,theygasped.

Managersmightsuggestanywherefrom50to90percent.But10percent?Thiswasheresy.

Howabout0percent?

That’sthesharethatinvestorsshouldplowintodomesticstocks,accordingtoBenInker,directorofassetallocationforGrantham,Mayo,andVanOtterloo&,Co.(GMO),amoney-managementfirmwithsome$85billioninassets.

Welcometoacontrarianviewoftoday'sequitymarkets.Asmallbutvocalbandofhereticsiscallingintoquestionnotonlytheprofitpotentialofstocksbutalsothefoundationforconventionalwisdomaboutinvesting.Evenforthosewhodisagreewiththem,theirargumentsserveasarealitycheckforthemarket.

Areconventionalportfoliosreallyassafeasexpertssay?

“Don’tbesurprisedthattheWallStreetbrokeragefirmsspendmostoftheirtimetellingyouthatstocksarecheap,”warnsMr.Inker.“WallStreetlikesthemarket.Itlikestrading.WallStreetmakesalotmoremoneyoffoftradingstocksthantradingbonds.”

Thetrickistodetermineyourportfolio’sexposuretorisk,analystssay.Andthatdepends——toasurprisinglylargedegreeonhowdiversifieditisandhowlongyou’repreparedtostaythecourse.Thesearekeyelementsof“modemportfoliotheory,”whichcameintobeinginthe1950sandeventuallywonitscreator,HarryMarkowitz,aNobelPrize

Essentially,portfoliotheoryholdsthatinvestorsreapthegreatestreturnwiththeleastriskwhentheyallocatetheirmoneyamongdiverseclassesofassets,holdthemforthelongterm,andrebalancetheportfoliowhenthevariousclassesofassetsstraytoofarfromtheiroriginalallocation.

Tomakeitwork,youneedtoownassetclassesthatdon'tmoveinlockstep,makeaccurateestimatesoftheirfuturereturns,anduseaverylongtimehorizon.Amiscalculationinevenoneofthesesteps,however,canseriouslyhurltheprospectsforreachingyourultimategoal.

“Thelong-termnatureisthedrivingforceoftheportfolio,”saysJerryKorabilk,vicepresidentofIbbotsonAssociates,aChicago-basedassetallocationadviser.“Allofourclientsareinstitutions,andwedevelopportfolioswith10-,20-,even30-yeartimehorizons.”

Ridingtherollercoaster

Thus,investorsshouldnevertrytogetinandoutofthemarketatspecifictimes,thetheoryholds.Instead,theyshouldridetheinevitableebbandflowofprices.Iftheyhaveallocatedtheirmoneycorrectly,someportionoftheirportfoliowillalmostalwaysbemakingmoney.Byrebalancingtheirportfoliosperiodically——sellingoffsomeofthewinningassetclassesandbuyingmoreofthelosers—theyarecontinuallybuyinglowandsellinghigh,atleastinarelativesense.

Thisbuy-and-holdstrategyhaswonoverhordesofinvestors.TheaverageFidelityretirementaccounthasnearly60percentofitsmoneyinstocks,arecentstudyfound.Theoverallaverageforretirementaccounts:61percent,accordingtotheEmployeeBenefitResearchInstitute.Evenequityallocationsforcollegeanduniversityendowmentshoveraround57.1percent,saystheNationalAssociationofCollegeandUniversityBusinessOfficers.

Theproblemisthatinvestorssometimeshavetobeextraordinarilypatientforthestrategytopayoff.In1981,forexample,theS&P500indexstoodatthesamelevelitfirstachievedin1965.Todaytheindexisabout30percentlowerthanitspeakin2000.Doinvestorsreallyhavetoputupwithsuchlongperiodsoflosses?

Profitsofimpatience

No,sayasmallcontingentofmoneymanagers.Byavoidingthestockmarketastheirprimaryengineforprofitduringthepastfiveyears,severalofthesemanagershavepostedgoodreturns.

TakethePermanentPortfolioFund.Unlikemanybalancedfunds,whichdiversifyprimarilybetweenstocksandbonds.Itencompassesamuchwidervarietyofassets:20percentgoldbullionandcoins,5percentsilverbullionandcoins,10percentSwissfrancdenominatedassets(typicallySwissgovernmentbonds),15percentUSandforeignrealestateandnatural-resourcecompanystocks,15percentaggressive-growthstocks,and35percentindollarassets(Treasurysecuritiesinvaryingmaturitiesandalsoshort-term,high-gradebonds).

Overthepastfiveyears,whiletheS&P500hasslippedbackward,thePermanentPortfolioFundhasaveragedastartling10.1percentgrowthperyear.

“Wedon’tcorrelatetoanyindexbecauseweowndifferentassets,”saysthefund'smanager,MichaelGuggino.“Inmarketswherestocksandequitiesaregoingsidewaysordown,weperformverywellbecauseourdiversificationismuchbroader.Ifequitiesgogangbusterslikeinthe90s,clearlywearegoingtounderperformbecausewewon’tbetotallyinstocks.”

Indeed,thefundlaggedsignificantlyduringtheboomyearsofthe1990s,causingaverageannualreturnsforthedecadetotrailtheS&P500byfourpercentagepoints.

1.Accordingto“modemportfoliotheory,”weshould（）.

2.Inthelastparagraph,“Thefundlaggedsignificantlyduringtheboomyearsof1990s,causingaverageannualreturnsforthedecadetotrailtheS&P500byfourpercentagepoints.”Weseefromthissentencethat（

）.

3.Whatattitudedoestheauthorhavetowardsconventionalportfolios?

4.Inthelast2ndparagraph,“Ifequitiesgogangbusterslikeinthe1990s,clearlywearegoingtounder-performbecausewewon’tbetotallyinstocks.”Weknowfromthissentenceallofthefollowingexceptthat（）.

问题1选项

A.buyonesinglykindofstocks

B.neversellourstocks

C.sellstockswhosepricesgorelativelytoohighinourportfolio

D.buystockswhosepricesfluctuatesatthesamepace

问题2选项

A.thefund'sprofitswerenotgoodenough

B.thefund'sperformanceduringthe1990sisverypoor

C.thefundlostmoneyduringthe1990s

D.thefunddidexceedinglywellduringthe1990s

问题3选项

A.Skeptical

B.Scathing

C.Detached

D.Boastful

问题4选项

A.the1990ssawaboomingstockmarket

B.“we”underperformedduringthe1990s

C.“we”willchangeourcourseofaction

D.“we”arenottotallyinstocks

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据现代资产组合理论，我们应该……”。文章第八段提到“这在很大程度上取决于资产的分散性和你打算持有多久。这些是现在资产组合理论的关键部分”（Andthatdepends——toasurprisinglylargedegree——onhowdiversifieditisandhowlongyou'repreparedtostaythecourse.Thesearekeyelementsof“modernportfoliotheory”…），可知强调的是多样性，而不是“单个”，因此选项A可以排除；文章第十段提到“为了让它（投资组合）起作用，你需要拥有不同类型且不同步变化的资产，并且你还需要对资产进行预估”（Tomakeitwork,youneedtoownassetclassesthatdon’tmoveinlockstep,makeaccurateestimatesoftheirfuturereturns,anduseaverylongtimehorizon），因此选项D中的atthesamepace错误，可以排除；文章第九段rebalancetheportfolio,第十二段提到“平衡投资组合包括出售一些盈利的资产，买入更多亏损的资产类别”（Byrebalancingtheirportfoliosperiodicallysellingoffsomeofthewinningassetclassesandbuyingmoreofthelosers），因此选项B错误。综上，选项C符合题意。

2.推理判断题。题目问的是“我们从最后一段的这句话中了解到了什么？”文章最后一句提到“实际上，在上世纪90年代的繁荣时期，该基金表现明显滞后，导致这十年的平均年回报率落后于标准普尔500指数4个百分点”（Indeed,thefundlaggedsignificantlyduringtheboomyearsofthe1990s,causingaverageannualreturnsforthedecadetotrailtheS&P500byfourpercentagepoints），由此可以推断在90年代股市暴涨在基金中不明显，因此选项A符合题意。

3.观点态度题。题目问的是“对于传统资产组合，作者是何种态度？”文章第六段提问道“传统的资产组合真的像专家们所说的那样安全吗？”下文对此进行解答，因此选项C“客观的”符合题意。skeptical“怀疑的”；scathing“严厉的”；boastful“自夸的，自负的”。

4.推理判断题。题目问的是“我们从倒数第二段的这句话中了解到以下信息，除了……”该句出现在倒数第二段最后一句话，意思是“如果股票像90年代那样行情火爆，那么很明显，我们的运作将会差于一般市场价格，因为我们不会完全投资于股市”，“90年代股票市场繁荣”“‘我们’在90年代运作不佳”“‘我们’没有完全投资于股市”均在句子中体现了，只有C选项没有体现，因此该选项符合题意。

11.单选题

Intheolddays,childrenwerefamiliarwithbirthanddeathaspartoflife.ThisisperhapsthefirstgenerationofAmericanyoungsterswhohaveneverbeenclosebyduringthebirthofababyandhaveneverexperiencedthedeathofafamilymember.

Nowadayswhenpeoplegrowold,weoftensendthemtonursinghomes.Whentheygetsickwetransferthemtoahospital,wherechildrenareforbiddentovisitterminallyillpatientsevenwhenthosepatientsaretheirparents.Thisdeprivesthedyingpatientofsignificantfamilymembersduringthelastfewdaysofhislifeanditdeprivesthechildrenofanexperienceofdeath,whichisanimportantlearningexperience.

SomeofmycolleaguesandIonceinterviewedandfollowedapproximately500terminallyillpatientsinordertofindoutwhattheycouldteachusandhowwecouldbeofmorebenefit,notjusttothembuttothemembersoftheirfamiliesaswell.Weweremostimpressedbythefactthateventhosepatientswhowerenottoldoftheirseriousillnesswerequiteawareofitspotentialoutcome.

Itisimportantforfamilymembers,anddoctorsandnursestounderstandthesepatients’communicationsinordertotrulyunderstandtheirneeds,fears,andfantasies.Mostofourpatientswelcomedanotherhumanbeingwithwhomtheycouldtalkopenly,honestly,andfranklyabouttheirtrouble.Manyofthemsharedwithustheirtremendousneedtobeinformed,tobekeptup-to-dateontheirmedicalconditionandtobetoldwhentheendwasnear.Wefoundoutthatpatientswhohadbeendealtwithopenlyandfranklywerebetterabletocopewiththeapproachofdeathandfinallytoreachatruestageofacceptancepriortodeath.

1.TheeldersofcontemporaryAmericans（）.

2.ChildreninAmericatodayaredeniedthechance（）.

3.Fivehundredcriticallyillpatientswereinvestigatedwiththemainpurposeof（）.

4.Theneedofadyingpatientforcompanyshows（）.

5.Itmaybeconcludedfromthepassagethat（）.

问题1选项

A.wereoftenabsentwhenafamilymemberwasbornordying

B.werequiteunfamiliarwithbirthanddeath

C.usuallywitnessedthebirthordeathofafamilymember

D.hadoftenexperiencedthefearofdeathaspartoflife

问题2选项

A.tolearnhowtofacedeath

B.tovisitdyingpatients

C.toattendtopatients

D.tohaveaccesstoahospital

问题3选项

A.observinghowtheyreactedtothecrisisofdeath

B.helpingthemandtheirfamiliesovercomethefearofdeath

C.findingouttheirattitudetowardstheapproachofdeath

D.learninghowtobesthelpthemandtheirfamilies

问题4选项

A.Iiisdesireforcommunicationwithotherpeople

B.hisfearofapproachingdeath

C.hispessimisticattitudetowardshiscondition

D.hisreluctancetopartwithhisfamily

问题5选项

A.dyingpatientsareafraidofbeingtoldoftheapproachofdeath

B.mostdoctorsandnursesunderstandwhatdyingpatientsneed

C.dyingpatientsshouldbetruthfullyinformedoftheircondition

D.mostpatientsareunabletoacceptdeathuntilitisobviouslyinevitable

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.判断推理题。第一段指出:Intheolddays,childrenwerefamiliarwithbirthanddeathaspartoflife(在过去,孩子们对出生和死亡非常熟悉,是他们生活的—部分),以及:ThisisperhapsthefirstgenerationofAmericanyoungsterswhohaveneverbeenclosebyduringthebirthofababyandhaveneverexperiencedthedeathofafamilymember(现在的孩子可能是从未目睹要儿的降生和亲人的死亡的第一代美国人)。由此推断C项“(当代美国老年人)常目击家庭成员的出生或死亡”正确。

2.判断推理题。第二段指出:Whentheygetsickwetransferthemtoahospital,wherechildrenareforbiddentovisitterminallyillpatients—evenwhenthosepatientsaretheirparents(当他们生病时候就被转移到医院,而小孩却被禁止去看望甚至是自己父母的临终病人)。由此推断B项“探望临终父母”正确。

3.细节事实题。第三段指出:...inordertofindoutwhattheycouldteachusandhowwecouldbeofmorebenefit,notjusttothembuttothemembersoftheirfamiliesaswell(为了发现他们（即临终的病人）能让我们明白什么,和我们怎样能帮助他们和他们的家人),由此可知D项“学习如何最好地帮助他们和他们的家人”正确。

4.判断推理题。最后一段指出:Mostofourpatientswelcomedanotherhumanbeingwithwhomtheycouldtalkopenly,honestly,andfranklyabouttheirtrouble(我们采访的大多数病人欢迎另一个他们能与之坦率、真诚且坦白地谈及自己疾病的人),因此A项“他渴望与他人交流”正确。

5.判断推理题。A:临终的病人害怕被告知死亡的来临,C:临终病人应该被诚实地告知自己的病情,最后一段指出:Manyofthemsharedwithustheirtremendousneedtobeinformed,tobekeptup-to-dateontheirmedicalconditionandtobetoldwhentheendwasnear(他们（即我们采访的临终病人）中的很多人都表现出希望被告知自己的病情,希望能够了解自己病情的最新情况,并且希望知道死亡什么时候来临),由此可知A项不正确,C项正确。B:大多数医生和护士了解临终病人的需求,第四段指出:Itisimportantforfamilymembers,anddoctorsandnursestounderstandthesepatients’communicationsinordertotrulyunderstandtheirneeds,fears,andfantasies(为了真正懂得他们的需求、恐惧和梦想,了解这些病人的信息对家庭成员、医生和护士而言是重要的),因此B项不正确。D:大多数病人直到死亡己然成定局吋才接受,最后一段指出:Wefoundoutthatpatientswhohadbeendealtwithopenlyandfranklywerebetterabletocopewiththeapproachofdeathandfinallytoreachatruestageofacceptancepriortodeath(我们发现那些被公开坦诚地对待的病人在对待死亡的临近和接受死亡的问题上处理得更好),因此D项不正确。故选C。

12.单选题

Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroup.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.

Researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingsofasocialgroup’smembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.

Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveothersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibit(阻碍)attainmentofthegroup’sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesandtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferenceinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamoredistantrespect.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT_______.

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromparagraph2?

4.Inmentioning“naturalleaders”inparagraph2,theauthorismakingthepointthat______.

5.Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumentalleadersgenerallyfocuson______.

问题1选项

A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.

B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.

C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.

D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups.

问题2选项

A.recruitment

B.formalelectionprocess

C.specificleadershiptraining

D.traditionalculturalpatterns

问题3选项

A.Personwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.

B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

问题4选项

A.fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders”

B.thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist

C.“naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofagroup

D.“naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics

问题5选项

A.ensuringharmoniousrelationships

B.sharingresponsibilitywithgroupmembers

C.identifyingnewleaders

D.achievingagoal

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。本篇主要讨论不同的领导者（如instrumentalleaders以及expressiveleaders）在不同的社会群体中所充当的角色和发挥的功能，所以D选项“领导在社会群体中的作用”符合题意。A选项“领导者面临的问题”和B选项“领导能力在小群体和大群体中的区别”以及C选项“社会群体如何决定谁将领导他们”文章都没有提及。因此D选项正确。

2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.（在家庭中，传统的文化模式赋予父母一方或双方领导地位）”由此可知D选项“传统的文化模式”说法正确；以及“Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.（在较大的群体中，领导人通常是通过选举或招聘正式选出的。）”，由此可知A选项“招聘”；B选项“正式的选举程序”文中也有提到；只有C选项“具体的领导力培训”与该题无关，因此C选项正确。

3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段，第二段的大意为：领导者没有一个固定的特点，只是符合了一个特定群体需要的人就有可能成为该群体的领导者。A选项“某一特定群体的有效领导者，不一定就可以成为另一群体的有效领导者”符合题意；B选项“很少有人能成功地与他人分享领导角色”和C选项“一个人通过学习领导力的研究能更好的学习如何成为一个有效的领导者”文章第二段均未提到；D选项“许多人想成为领导者，但却很少能拿出证据来证明他们具有这样的资格”曲解了文章意思，不符合题意，因此A选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“...decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryofnaturalleaders.（数十年来的研究并不能找出可靠证据来证明哪些人可以成为天生领导者）”，所以B选项“没有证据表明天生的领导者存在”符合题意。A选项“很少有人称得上是天生的领导者”；C选项“天生的领导者很容易被群体成员接受”；D选项“天生的领导者有一组相似的特征”都与文章意思不符，因此B选项正确。

5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.（工具型领导是一种强调社会群体完成任务的领导方式）”，由此可知工具型领导通常关注的是实现目标，所以D选项“实现目标”符合题意。A选项“确保和谐关系”；B选项“与小组成员分享责任”；C选项“确定新的领导者”说法都不正确。因此D选项正确。

13.单选题

ManystatesinAmericahavepassedlawsthatsaychildrencannotbeenrolledinschoolsordaycareunlesstheyhavebeen______againsttetanus,diphtheria,measles,mumpsandwhoppingcough.

问题1选项

A.diagnosed

B.concurred

C.immunized

D.infected

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项diagnose表示“诊断，断定”，B项concur表示“同意，一致，互助”，C项immunize表示“赋予免疫性，（尤指通过注射疫苗）使免疫”，D项infect表示“感染，传染”。根据unless（除非）可知，后面的句子表示条件，结合前面的句子childrencannotbeenrolledinschoolsordaycare（儿童不能上学或上托儿所）以及后面的tetanus（破伤风）、diphtheria（白喉）等词，可知“使免疫”符合语境。句意：美国许多州都通过了法律，规定儿童不能上学或上托儿所，除非他们已经接种了预防破伤风、白喉、麻疹、腮腺炎和百日咳的疫苗。因此，该题选择C项正确。

14.单选题

Themostexcitingkindofeducationisalsothemostpersonal.Nothingcan（1）thejoyofdiscoveringforyourselfsomethingthatisreallyimportanttoyou!Itmaybeanideaorabitofinformationyou

（2）accidentallyorasudden（3）,fittingtogetherpiecesofinformationorworkingthroughaproblem.Suchpersonal

（4）arethe"payoff'ineducation.Ateachermay（5）youtolearningandevenencourageyouinit,butnoteachercanmaketheexcitementorthejoyhappen.That's（6）

toyou.

Aresearchpaper,（7）inacourseandperhapscheckedatvariousstagesbyaninstructor;（8）

youbeyondclassrooms,beyondthetextsforclassesandintoa（9）wherethejoyofdiscoveryandlearningcancometoyoumanytimes.Preparingtheresearchpaperisanactiveandindividualprocess,andan（10）

learningprocess.Itprovidesastructure

（11）whichyoucanmakeexcitingdiscoveries,ofknowledgeandofself,thatarebasictoeducation.Theresearchpaperalsogivesyouachancetoindividualizeaschoolassignment,to

（12）apieceofworktoyourowninterestsandabilities,toshowothers

（13）

youcando.Writingaresearchpaperis

（14）thanjustaclassroomexercise.Itisanexperienceinsearchingout,understandingandsynthesizing,whichformsthebasisofmanyskills

（15）tobothacademicandnonacademictasks.Itis,inthefullestsense,adiscovery,andaneducation.So,toproduceagoodresearchpaperisbothausefulandathoroughly

（16）experience!

Tosome,thethoughtofhavingtowriteanassignednumberofpages,oftenmorethaneverproducedbefore,isdisconcerting.

（17）theveryideaofhavingtowork

（18）isthreatening.Butthereisnoneedtoapproachtheresearchpaperassignmentwith

（19）,andnobodyshouldviewtheresearchpaperasanobstacletoovercome.

（20）consideritagoaltoaccomplish,agoalwithinreachandyouwillfindgreatpleasureinit.

问题1选项

A.exterminate

B.disparage

C.overwhelm

D.exceed

问题2选项

A.confrontwith

B.conformto

C.comeacross

D.concentrateon

问题3选项

A