考研考博-英语-吉林体育学院考试押题三合一+答案详解2VIP

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-吉林体育学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matter,onedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattention,notless,tosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;thatevennewindividualsetsanewproblem;thathecallsforatleastasomewhatdifferentemphasisinsubject-matterpresented.Thereisnothingmoreblindlystupidthantheconventionwhichsupposesthatthematteractuallycontainedintextbooksofarithmetic,history,geography,etc.,isjustwhatwillfurthertheeducationaldevelopmentofallchildren.

Butwithdrawalfromthehardandfastandnarrowcontentsoftheoldcurriculumisonlythenegativesideofthematter.Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchricher,morevariedandflexible,andalsointruthmoredefinite,judgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducated,thantraditionaleducationsupplied,weshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.Completeisolationisimpossibleinnature.Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornot,andthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit,andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterests,mindsandcharacter—eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowth,thentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.Intheeducativeenvironmenttheknowledge,judgmentandexperienceoftheteacherisagreater,notasmallerfactor,thanitisinthetraditionalschool.Thedifferenceisthattheteacheroperatesnotasajudgesetonhighandmarkedbyarbitraryauthoritybutasafriendlyco-partnerandguideinacommonenterprise.

1.Intheauthor’sview,thebasicfaultofoldeducationconsistsin（）.

2.Theauthoragitatesreformsinthe（）.

3.Itseemsthatneweducationalistsfavor（）.

4.Therewillbetheriskofforminganeducationalblankif（）.

5.Pupilsmaybewellguardedagainstillsocialinfluencesaslongas（）.

问题1选项

A.theinadequatesupplyofspecificsubjectsandprograms

B.thepoorimaginativecapacitiesofeducators

C.providinginflexibleeducationalconditions

D.makingpupilsreadtextbookswithoutdatedcontent

问题2选项

A.oldsubject-mattertofollowtechnologicaladvances

B.staleteachingmaterialsandteachingmethods

C.prescribedtextbooksandunchangingsystems

D.generalconsentaboutmultipurposetextbooks

问题3选项

A.teachingpupilsaccordingtoeachone’stalent

B.introducingthelatestinformationtotheyouth

C.renderinginstructionclosetopupils’experiences

D.supplementingalltextbookswithfreshmaterials4.Therewillbetheriskofforminganeducationalblankif（）.

问题4选项

A.therigidschoolcurriculaarethoroughlytransformed

B.thenegativeeffectofoldeducationisonlypartlyrecognized

C.thetraditionalsubject-mattertotallysubstitutesfornewone

D.thereplacementofunvaryingcourseswithflexibleonesfails5.Pupilsmaybewellguardedagainstillsocialinfluencesaslongas（）.

问题5选项

A.educatorsdiscardtheirliabilityforthebeing-educated

B.teachershavesoundjudgmenttomaketherightchoice

C.instructorshelpestablishconditionsfavorabletopupils’growth

D.schoolmastersfunctionasequalco-operatorsinajointbusiness

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.事实细节题。题干：在作者看来，旧教育的基本错误在于_____。根据关键词“basicfault”和“oldeducation”可以定位到文章第一段Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matter,onedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.（旧的和传统的教育的本质弱点不仅仅是它强调提供明确的主题和活动的必要性。这些东西对于任何可以被称为教育的东西都是必需的。教育工作者的缺点和不幸是，他们的想象力不能超越为学生提供一个固定的、僵化的学习环境，而且他们的学习来源与学生的经历相距甚远。），B选项“教育工作者缺乏想象力”，符合原文表达的意思。A选项“特定科目和课程供应不足”和C选项“提供固定的教育条件”，和原文表达的意思冲突，D选项“让学生阅读内容过时的课本”在文中并没有提及，综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。

2.事实细节题。题干：作者在_________上鼓励改革。根据题干可以定位到文章第一段第四句话Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattention,notless,tosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.（新教育所需要的是更多的关注，而不是更少的关注素材和技术的进步。），可知A选项“跟随技术进步的老题材”符合题意。B选项“陈旧的教材和教学方法”，C选项“规定的教科书和不变的系统”和D选项“对多用途教科书的普遍认可”在文中均未提及。综上所述，本题的正确答案是A选项。

3.事实细节题。题干：新的教育学家似乎更青睐_________。根据题干可以定位到文章第一段Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattention,notless,tosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;（新教育所需要的是更多的关注，而不是更少的关注素材和技术的进步。但是，当我说“更多”的时候，我并不是指同样的数量上的“更多”。我指的是一种富有想象力的愿景，认为没有现成的计划可以确定最能促进每个年轻人教育成长的确切主题；），原文表达的意思是没有固定的教材可以促进每个年轻人的成长，不同的年轻人应该使用不同的教育素材，因此A选项“因材施教”，符合题意。B选项“向青年介绍最新的信息”，C选项“贴近学生的经验进行教学”，D选项“用新材料补充所有教科书”，均不符合原文意思，所以本题的正确答案是A选项。

4.细节推理题。题干：如果_________，将有形成教育空白的风险。根据关键词“educationalblank”可以定位到文章第二段第二句Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchricher,morevariedandflexible,andalsointruthmoredefinite,judgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducated,thantraditionaleducationsupplied,weshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.（如果我们不能比传统教育提供一个主题更丰富、更多样和灵活的主体的正确方向，不能在事实上比传统教育更加明确，不能判断针对这些教育的经验，针对任何发生的事情，我们都将可能形成教育空白。），D选项“用灵活的课程替代不变的课程失败了”说法与句意一致。A选项“僵化的学校课程被彻底改变了”与句意相反。B选项“旧教育的负面影响只被部分认识到”，在文中没有提及，说法无根据。C选项“传统的题材完全取代了新的题材”与句意相反。综上所述，本题的正确答案是D选项。

5.主旨大意题。题干：只要_________，学生们就可以很好地防范不良的社会影响。根据题干可以定位到文章第二段Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornot,andthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit,andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterests,mindsandcharacter—eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowth,thentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.（不管我们愿意与否，年轻人都生活在某种环境中，而这种环境不断地与儿童和青少年带给它的东西相互影响，其结果是他们的兴趣、心智和性格的塑造——是受教育的或者是受误导的。如果自诩的教育家放弃判断和选择在他的理解下有利于成长的环境的责任，那么年轻人就会任由现代社会环境中所有无组织的、随意的力量摆布，只要他们活着，这些力量就不可避免地会对他们产生影响。），所以只有教育者判断和选择对年轻人有利的环境，才能避免他们受到不良的影响，B选项“老师有足够的判断力来做出正确的选择”，符合题意。A选项“教育者放弃他们对受教育者的责任”和原文的意思相反，排除。C选项“教师帮助建立有利于学生成长的条件”，教师只能帮助判断和选择环境，而不是主动创造条件，所以C选项不对。D选项“校长在联合企业中扮演平等的合作者的角色”，在文中并没有提及。综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。

2.单选题

Moststudentsarriveatcollegeusing“discrete,concreteandabsolutecategoriestounderstandpeople,knowledge,andvalues.”Thesestudentslivewithadualisticview,seeing“theworldinpolartermsofwe-right-goodvs.other-wrong-bad.”Thesestudentscannotacknowledgetheexistenceofmorethanonepointofviewtowardanyissue.Thereisone“right”way.Andbecausetheseabsolutesareassumedbyorimposedontheindividualfromexternalauthority,theycannotbepersonallysubstantiatedorauthenticatedbyexperience.Thesestudentsareslavestothegeneralizationsoftheirauthorities.Aneyeforaneye!Capitalpunishmentisaptjusticeformurder.TheBiblesaysso.

Moststudentsbreakthroughthedualisticstagetoanotherequallyfrustratingstage—multiplicity.Withinthisstage,studentsseeavarietyofwaystodealwithanygiventopicorproblem.However,whilethesestudentsacceptmultiplepointsofview,theyareunabletoevaluateorjustifythem.Tohaveanopinioniseveryone’sright.Whilestudentsinthedualisticstageareunabletoproduceevidencetosupportwhattheyconsidertobeself-evidentabsolutes,studentsinthemultiplisticstageareunabletoconnectinstancesintocoherentgeneralizations.Everyassertion,everypoint,isvalid.Intheirdemocracytheyaredirectionless.Capitalpunishment?Whatsenseisthereinansweringonemurderwithanother?

Thethirdstageofdevelopmentfindsstudentslivinginaworldofrelativism.Knowledgeisrelative:rightandwrongdependonthecontext.Nolongerrecognizingthevalidityofeachindividualideaoraction,relativistsexamineeverythingtofinditsplaceinanoverallframework.Whilethemultiplistviewstheworldasunconnected,almostrandom,therelativistseeksalwaystoplacephenomenaintocoherentlargerpatterns.Studentsinthisstageviewtheworldanalytically.Theyappreciateauthorityforitsexpertise,usingittodefendtheirowngeneralizations.Inaddition,theyacceptorrejectostensibleauthorityaftersystematicallyevaluatingitsvalidity.Inthisstage,however,studentsresistdecisionmaking.Sufferingtheambivalenceoffindingseveralconsistentandacceptablealternatives,theyarealmostoverwhelmedbydiversityandneedmeansformanagingit.Capitalpunishmentisappropriatejustice—insomeinstances.

Inthefinalstagestudentsmanagediversitythroughindividualcommitment.Studentsdonotdenyrelativism.Rathertheyassertanidentitybyformingcommitmentsandassumingresponsibilityforthem.Theygatherpersonalexperienceintoacoherentframework,abstractprinciplestoguidetheiractions,andusetheseprinciplestodisciplineandgoverntheirthoughtsandactions.Theindividualhaschosentojoinaparticularcommunityandagreestolivebyitstenets.Theaccusedhashadthebenefitofdueprocesstoguardhiscivilrights,ajuryofpeershasfoundhimguilty,andthestatehastherighttoendhislife.ThisisaprinciplemycommunityandIendorse.

31.Studentswhoare“dualistic”thinkersmaynotbeabletosupporttheirbeliefsconvincinglybecause________.

32.Whichoneofthefollowingassertionsissupportedbythepassage?

33.Inparagraphtwo,theauthorstatesthatintheir“democracy”studentsinthemultiplicitystagearedirectionless.Thewriterdescribesmultiplicitystudentsasbeingina“democracy”because________.

34.WhichoneofthefollowingkindsofthinkingisNOTdescribedinthepassage?

35.Whichoneofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthemessage?

问题1选项

A.mostoftheirbeliefscannotbesupportedbyarguments

B.theyhaveacceptedtheir“truths”simplybecauseauthoritieshavesaidthesethingsare“true”

C.theyhalf-believeandhalf-disbelievejustabouteverything

D.theirteachersalmostalwaysthinkthat“dualistic”thinkersarewrong

问题2选项

A.Committedthinkersarenotverysureoftheirpositions.

B.Relativisticthinkershavelearnedhowtomakesenseoutoftheworldandhavechosentheirownpositionsinit.

C.Multiplicitythinkershavedifficultyunderstandingtherelationshipsbetweendifferentpointsofview.

D.Dualisticthinkershavethoughtoutthereasonsfortakingtheirpositions.

问题3选项

A.therearesomanydifferentkindsofpeopleinademocracy

B.inan“ideal”democracy,allpeopleareconsideredequal;byextension,soaretheiropinions

C.Democratsgenerallydonothaveagoodsenseofdirection

D.inademocracytheindividualhasultimateauthorityoverhimself,notthestate

问题4选项

A.Peoplewhoassurethatthereisnorightorwronginanyissue.

B.Peoplewhomakeunreasonedcommitmentsandstickbythem.

C.Peoplewhobelievethatrightorwrongdependsonthesituation.

D.Peoplewhothinkthatallbehaviorcanbeaccountedforbycauseandeffectrelationships.

问题5选项

A.Fourmethodsofthoughtarecomparedandcontrasted.

B.Itisshownhoweachoffourtypesofthoughtevolvedfromeachother.

C.Fourmethodsofthoughtarepresented,andeachisshowntocomplementtheother.

D.Theevolutionofthoughtthroughfourstagesispresented,andeachstageisillustratedbyhowitviewscapitalpunishment.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】31.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第一段第五、六句Andbecausetheseabsolutesareassumedbyorimposedontheindividualfromexternalauthority,theycannotbepersonallysubstantiatedorauthenticatedbyexperience.Thesestudentsareslavestothegeneralizationsoftheirauthorities.（因为这些绝对的东西是由外部权威假定或强加给个人的，不能被个人经验证实或验证。这些学生被权威所概括的东西奴隶。），可知持二元论的人所认为的真理是权威灌输的，不能被个人经验证实或验证，所以可能无法令人信服，B选项“他们视这些东西为‘真理’，仅仅是因为权威说这些是‘真实的’”正确。A选项“他们的大多数信仰都没有论据支持”：根据第二段第五句studentsinthedualisticstageareunabletoproduceevidencetosupportwhattheyconsidertobeself-evidentabsolutes（处于二元论阶段的学生无法提供证据来支持他们认为是不言而喻的绝对真理），可知二元论拿不出论据支持，而不是大多数信仰没有论据支持，故错误。C选项“他们对任何事情都是将信将疑”和D选项“他们的老师几乎总是认为‘二元’思想是错误的”文章没有提到，故错误。因此B选项正确。

32.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第三段第四句themultiplistviewstheworldasunconnected,almostrandom,therelativistseeksalwaystoplacephenomenaintocoherentlargerpatterns.（多元论者认为世界是不相连的，几乎是随机的，相对主义者总是试图将现象置于连贯的更大模式中。），可知多元论者不把各个观点联系在一起，所以C选项“多样性思考者很难理解不同观点之间的关系”正确。A选项“承诺性思想家不太确定自己的立场”：根据第四段第一句Inthefinalstagestudentsmanagediversitythroughindividualcommitment.（在最后阶段，学生们通过个人承诺来管理多样性。）和倒数第三句Theindividualhaschosentojoinaparticularcommunityandagreestolivebyitstenets.（个人选择加入一个特定的社区，并同意按照它的原则生活。），可知承诺性思想家有自己的立场，故错误。B选项“相对主义思想家已经学会了如何在这个世界上有意义，并选择了他们自己的立场”：根据第三段第三句Nolongerrecognizingthevalidityofeachindividualideaoraction,relativistsexamineeverythingtofinditsplaceinanoverallframework.（相对主义者不再承认每个个体的想法或行动的有效性，他们检查每一件事，以在整体框架中找到它的位置。），可知相对主义者没有特定的立场，故错误。D选项“二元论的思考者已经考虑了坚定他们立场的原因”：根据第一段倒数第四句Thesestudentsareslavestothegeneralizationsoftheirauthorities.（这些学生是他们权威所概括的东西的奴隶。），二元论者的观点是被灌输的，他们没有想过为什么有这样的立场，故错误。因此C选项正确。

33.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第四句Tohaveanopinioniseveryone’sright.（发表意见是每个人的权利。）和第六句Everyassertion,everypoint,isvalid.（每一个断言，每一个观点，都是有效的。），可知在多元论中，每个人每个观点都一样受到尊重，所以B选项“在‘理想的’民主中，所有的人都被认为是平等的；推而广之，他们的观点也是如此”正确；没有强调人和观点的多样，故A选项“民主主义允许存在不同种类的人”错误。C选项“民主党人通常没有很好的方向感”：根据第二段倒数第三句Intheirdemocracytheyaredirectionless.（在他们的民主中，他们是没有方向的。），这里指的是思想的方向，而非物理方向，故错误。D选项“在民主政体中，个人对自己拥有最高权力，而不是国家”：这里的民主讲的是思想，而非政治，故错误。因此B选项正确。

34.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。A选项“确信任何问题都没有对错之分的人”：根据第二段倒数第四句，持多元论的人认为Everyassertion,everypoint,isvalid.（每一个断言，每一个观点，都是有效的。），符合文章意思，故错误。B选项“做出不合理承诺并坚守承诺的人”：根据第一段第五、六句，持二元论的人盲目听从theseabsolutesareassumedbyorimposedontheindividualfromexternalauthority（由外部权威假定或强加给个人的绝对的东西），继而areslavestothegeneralizationsoftheirauthorities（被权威所概括的东西奴隶），符合文章意思，故错误。C选项“相信对错取决于情况的人”：根据第三段第二句rightandwrongdependonthecontext（对与错取决于语境），符合文章意思，故错误。D选项“认为所有行为都可以用因果关系来解释的人”：文章没有提及，不符合文章意思，因此D选项正确。

35.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】主旨大意题。文章层层递进讲解了学生思想发展的四个阶段，每个阶段用对死刑的看法进行具体的说明和区分，所以D选项“通过四个阶段的思想演变，每一个阶段都是通过它如何看待死刑来说明的”正确。A选项“比较和对比了四种思维方法”：概括不全面，故错误。B选项“展示了四种类型的思想是如何相互演化的”和C选项“提出四种思维方式，并且每一种方法都是相辅相成的”：文章没有提到这四种思维方式的具体关系如相互演化或相辅相成，故错误。因此D选项正确。

3.单选题

Hisideasareinvariablycondemnedas（

）byhiscolleagues.

问题1选项

A.imaginative

B.ingenious

C.impractical

D.denied

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。imaginative“富于想象力的，有创造力的”；ingenious“有独创性的，机灵的”；impractical“不切实际的”；denied“否定”。由“condemned谴责”可知此空应填贬义词，故C项符合题意。句意：他的想法总是被同事们指责为不切实际。

4.单选题

Wehopethestudentswould（

）theinformationcontainedinthelecture.

问题1选项

A.associate

B.understand

C.assimilate

D.assess

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析题。associate“使联合，使发生联系”；understand“理解，获悉，推断”；assimilate“吸收，使同化”；assess“评定，估价”。由句中“informationcontainedinthelecture讲稿中包含的信息”可知C选项“吸收”正确。

5.单选题

Thechildhasagood（）memory:shecanrepeatthestorieshermothertellsherexactly.

问题1选项

A.convey

B.verbal

C.optimistic

D.authentic

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。convey动词，“传达，运输”；verbal“口头的，言语的”；optimistic“乐观的”；authentic“真正的”。根据下文“她能准确地复述她母亲讲给她听的故事”，说明孩子的口头记忆很好，所以选项B正确。

6.填空题

Thisafternoonwe’remeetingwith（1）E.U.environmentalofficialandsomeAustralianspecialiststotalkabouthowto（2）groundwaterpollutionintheTianjinarea.

【答案】1.an

2.prevent

【解析】1.语法题。考查不定冠词。第一个空格后的“official官员”为单数知第一个空格应填一个不定冠词a或an,再由EU的发音“[，i:'ju:]"中第一个字母为元音发音知第一个空应填“an”。

2.语义题。句意:探讨天津地区地下水污染防治对策

7.单选题

Theletterwasperemptoryintone.

问题1选项

A.temperate

B.moderate

C.arbitrary

D.percussive

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.temperate气候温和的；心平气和的B.moderate温和的，适度的

C.arbitrary任意的；专横的，专制的D.percussive打击声的

【答案】C

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】划线单词peremptory表示“强制的，绝对的，专横的”，C选项含义最为接近。因此，该题选择C项。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D项与划线单词意思不符合。

【句意】这封信语气坚决。

8.单选题

Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.Whileindustriallaboratoriescontributedsuchimportantproductsasnylonandtransistors,independentinventorsdevelopedairconditioning,theautomatictransmission,thejetengine,thehelicopter,insulin,andstreptomycin.Stillotherinventions,suchasstainlesssteel,television,silicones,andPlexiglasweredevelopedthroughthecombinedeffortsofindividualsandlaboratoryteams.

Despitethesefinding,weareurgedtosupportmonopolisticpoweronthegroundsthatsuchpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources;thatonlythegiantcorporationorconglomerate,withitsprodigiousassets,canaffordthekindofexpendituresthatproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.Butwhenweexamineexpendituresforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.Morethanhalfofthisgovernmentexpenditureisfunneledintomilitaryresearchandproductdevelopment,accountingfortheenormousincreaseinspendinginsuchindustriesasnuclearenergy,aircraft,missiles,andelectronics.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswilleitherimproveourstandardoflivingordomuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.

Recenthistoryhasdemonstratedthatwemayhavetoalterourlongstandingconceptionoftheprocessactuatedbycompetition.Thepricevariable,onceperceivedasthedominantaspectoftheprocess,isnowsubordinatetothecompetitionofthenewproduct,thenewbusinessstructure,andthenewtechnology.Whileitcanbeassumedthatinahighlycompetitiveindustrynotdominatedbyasinglecorporation,investmentininnovation—ariskyandexpensivebudgetitem—mightmeetresistancefrommanagementandstockholdersconcernedaboutcost-cutting,efficientorganization,andlargeadvertisingbudgets,itwouldbeanegregiouserrortoequatethemonopolisticproducerwithbountifulexpendituresonresearch.Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusquoandresistthethreatimplicitinchange.Moreover,insomecases,industrialgiantsfacedwithlittleornocompetitionseektoavoidthecapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.Bycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.

Theconglomeratesarenot,however,completelyexceptfromstrongcompetitivepressures.ThereareinstancesinwhichtheytoomustcompetewithanotherindustrialGoliath,andthentheirweaponsmayincludelargeexpendituresforinnovation.

36.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

37.Accordingtothepassage,importantinventionsofthetwentiethcentury（）.

38.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthesecondparagraphofthepassage?

39.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

40.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheauthor’smainpoint?

问题1选项

A.advocateanincreaseingovernmentsupportoforganizedindustrialresearch

B.pointoutacommonmisconceptionabouttherelationshipbetweentheextentofindustrialresearchandthegrowthofmonopolisticpowerinindustry

C.describetheinadequaciesofsmallfirmsindealingwiththeimportantmatterofresearchandinnovation

D.showthatAmerica’sstrengthdependsuponindividualingenuityandresourcefulness

问题2选项

A.wereproducedlargelyasaresultofgovernmentalsupportformilitaryweaponsresearchanddevelopment.

B.cameprimarilyfromthehugelaboratoriesofmonopolisticindustries

C.wereproducedatleastasfrequentlybyindependentinventorsasbyresearchteams

D.havegreaterimpactonsmallerfirmsthanonconglomerates

问题3选项

A.Expendituresforvariousaspectsofresearcharelisted.

B.Reasonsforsupportingmonopolisticpoweraregivenandthenquestioned.

C.Argumentsarepresentedforminimizingcompetitivebiddingforresearch.

D.Resourcesnecessaryforresearcharedefined.

问题4选项

A.Monopolisticpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.

B.Governmentalexpenditureformilitaryresearchwilldomuchtoprotectourdwindlingresources.

C.Industrialgiants,withtheirmanagerialbureaucracies,respondmorequicklytotechnologicalchangethansmallerfirmsdo.

D.Firmswithasmallshareofthemarketaggressivelypursueinnovationsbecausetheyarenotlockedintooldcapitalequipment.

问题5选项

A.Inthelastdecade,conglomerateshavesignificantlyincreasedtheirresearchbudgetsfordefensetechnology.

B.Taxrestructuringpermitssmallerfirmstowriteoffalargerpercentageofprofitsagainstresearch.

C.Aten-yearstudyoftheextentofresourcesdevotedtoresearchbysmallerenterprisesrevealsasteadydecline.

D.Militaryresearchisbeingdirectedmoreextensivelytospacetechnologythantoshort-rangemissiles.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】36.主旨目的题。文章第一段是全文的主题段，前两句的对比指出了文章的主旨，“Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.”即大型工业的发展不代表工业研究投入的增加。从而得出本题答案。

37.

细节事实题。根据题干关键词importantinventions定位到原文第一段第二句。“Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.（最近一项关于世纪之交以来重要发明的研究显示，超过一半的发明是独立于有组织的工业研究的单个发明家的发明。）”从而得出本题答案。

38.

细节推理题。根据题干定位到原文第二段。第二段第二句“Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources;thatonlythegiantcorporationorconglomerate,withitsprodigiousassets,canaffordthekindofexpendituresthatproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.”指出，用于改善生活标准的研究只能由大型企业承担，但在第三句“Butwhenweexamineexpendituresforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.”又指出，研究发现政府支出的用于工业研究的资金有一大部分用于防御项目，有人对这些研究是否会提高生活标准提出质疑。从而得出本题答案。

39.

细节事实题。定位第三段最后一句。“Bycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.（相比之下，小公司不受大型工厂和资本设备投资的阻碍，往往积极追求新技术和新产品，投资于创新，以扩大其市场份额。）”即可得出本题答案。

40.

细节判断题。通过阅读文章后发现，作者的主要观点是看好小公司的发展前途，所以削弱的话，必然是对小公司进行负面评价，从而得出本题答案。

9.单选题

Wewouldjustassoonstayathome（）goforawalk.

问题1选项

A.than

B.but

C.as

D.so

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定句型。would(just)assoon...as意为“宁愿...也不...”。句意“我们宁愿待在家里也不愿出去散步。”所以选项C正确。

10.单选题

Frank’sremarkthathewas“slightlybruised”intheaccidentisa/an______;hesufferedtwofracturedribs.

问题1选项

A.synecdoche

B.metonymy

C.understatement

D.personification

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项synecdoche“提喻法”，B项metonymy“转喻”，C项understatement“保守的陈述，不充分的陈述”，D项personification“人格化，化身，拟人法”。根据hesufferedtwofracturedribs“他两根肋骨骨折”可知，Frank’sremarkthathewas“slightlybruised”intheaccidentisa/an______表示的是“弗兰克说他在事故中有轻微擦伤只是保守的陈述”。句意：弗兰克说他在事故中有“轻微瘀伤”是轻描淡写的；他两根肋骨骨折。因此，该题选择C项正确。

11.翻译题

Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladder,itisharmfultowoman.Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattractiveones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.

Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestingly,though,theriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.

【答案】虽然魅力对于男性晋升是一个积极因素，但对女性却是不利因素。人们认为英俊的男性高管要比相貌平平的男性更正直;而且认为他们付出的努力和自身的能力使得他们成功。有魅力的女性高管却被认为没有无吸引力的高管正直，她们取得成功不是归因于能力，而是运气等因素。

所有无魅力的女高管要比有魅力的要正直，也更有能力。有趣的是，尽管如此，与有吸引力的女高管一夜取得成功相比，越来越多的无吸引力的女高管更多地因人际关系，较少因能力而获得成功。

12.单选题

Onlyaselectednumberoflandladiesintheneighborhoodhavebeenallowedbytheuniversitytotakein____.

问题1选项

A.residents

B.lodgers

C.settlers

D.inhabitants

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.residents居民；旅客B.lodgers租客

C.settlers移民D.inhabitants居民

【答案】B

【考查点】名词辨析

【解题思路】根据原句前文中的landladies“女房东”