考研考博-英语-哈尔滨理工大学考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-哈尔滨理工大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Theenergycontainedinrockwithintheearth’scrustrepresentsanearlyunlimitedenergysource,butuntilrecentlycommercialretrievalhasbeenlimitedtoundergroundhotwaterand/orsteamrecov-rysystems.Thesesystemshavebeendevelopedinareasofrecentvolcanicactivity,wherehighratesfheatflowcausevisibleeruptionofwaterintheformofgeysersandhotsprings.Inotherareas,owever,hotrockalsoexistsnearthesurfacebutthereisinsufficientwaterpresenttoproduceerup-ivephenomena.Thusapotentialhotdryrock(HDR)reservoirexistswhenevertheamountofspon-aneouslyproducedgeothermalfluidhasbeenjudgedinadequateforexistingcommercialsystems.

Asaresultofrecentenergycrisis,newconceptsforcreatingHDRrecoverysystems—whichin-olvedrillingholesandconnectingthemtoartificialreservoirsplaceddeepwithinthecrust—arebe-ngdeveloped.InallattemptstoretrieveenergyfromHDRs,artificialstimulationwillberequiredtoreateeithersufficientpermeabilityorboundedflowpathstofacilitatetheremovalofheatbycircula-ionofafluidoverthesurfaceoftherock.

TheHDRresourcebaseisgenerallydefinedtoincludecrustalrockthatishotterthan150°C,istdepthslessthantenkilometers,andcanbedrilledwithpresentlyavailableequipment.Althoughellsdeeperthantenkilometersaretechnicallyfeasible,prevailingeconomicfactorswillobviouslyeterminethecommercialfeasibilityofwellsatsuchdepths.Rocktemperaturesaslowas100oCmayeusefulforspaceheating；however,forproducingelectricity,temperaturesgreaterthan200°Careesirable.

Thegeothermalgradient,whichspecificallydeterminesthedepthofdrillingrequiredtoreachaesiredtemperature,isamajorfactorintherecoverabilityofgeothermalresources.Temperaturegra-ientmapsgeneratedfromoilandgaswelltemperature-depthrecordskeptbytheAmericanAssocia-ionofPetroleumGeologistssuggestthattappablehigh-temperaturegradientsaredistributedallacrossheUnitedStates.(Therearemanyareas,however,forwhichnotemperaturegradientrecordsex-st.)

IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge.Ifanaveragegeothermaltemperatureradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthisused,astaggering13,000,000quadrillionB.T.U.?softo-alenergyarecalculatedtobecontainedincrustalrocktoaten-kilometerdepthintheUnitedStates.fweconservativelyestimatethatonlyabout0.2percentisrecoverable,wefindatotalofallthecoalemainingintheUnitedStates.Theremainingproblemistobalancetheeconomicsofdeeper,hotter,orecostlywellsandshallower,cooler，lessexpensivewellsagainstthevalueofthefinalproduct,e-ectricityand/orheat.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto().

2.Thepassagewouldbemostlikelytoappearina()

3.Accordingthepassage,anaveragegeothermalgradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthcanbeusedto()

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheavailabilityoftemperature-depthrecordsforanyspe-cificareaintheUnitedStatesdependsprimarilyonthe().

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.alertreaderstotheexistenceofHDRsasanavailableenergysource

B.documentthechallengesthathavebeensurmountedintheefforttorecoverenergyfromHDRs

C.warntheusersofcoalandoilthatHDRsarenotaneconomicallyfeasiblealternative

D.encouragetheuseofnewtechniquesfortherecoveryofenergyfromundergroundhotwaterandsteam

问题2选项

A.petrologicalresearchreportfocusedonthehistoryoftemperature-depthrecordsintheUnitedStates

B.congressionalreporturgingtheconservationofoilandnaturalgasreservesintheUnitedStates

C.technicaljournalarticleconcernedwiththerecoverabilityofnewlyidentifiedenergysources

D.consumerreportdescribingtheextentandaccessibilityofremainingcoalresources

问题3选项

A.balancetheeconomicsofHDRenergyretrievalagainstthatofundergroundhotwaterorsteamrecoverysystems

B.determinetheamountofenergythatwillbeusedforspaceheatingintheUnitedStates

C.providecomparisonsbetweenhotwaterandHDRenergysourcesinUnitedStates

D.estimatethetotalHDRresourcebaseintheUnitedStates

问题4选项

A.possibilitythatHDRsmaybefoundinthatarea

B.existenceofpreviousattemptstoobtainoilorgasinthatarea

C.historyofsuccessfulhotwaterorsteamrecoveryeffortsinthatarea

D.failureofinhabitantstoconserveoilgasreservesinthatarea

问题5选项

A.EnergyfromWaterSources:TheFeasibilityofCommercialSystems

B.GeothermalEnergyRetrieval:VolcanicActivityandHotDryRocks

C.EnergyUnderground:GeothermalSourcesGiveWaytoFossilFuels

D.TappableEnergyforAmerica’sFuture:HotDryRocks

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.最后一段指出：IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge（HDR能源基础是巨大的）。A项“提醒读者HDR可作为可利用能源”符合文意。

2.本文旨在提醒读者HDR可作为可利用能源。所以，这篇文章可能出现在C项“关于新发现能源可恢复性的技术期刊”上。

3.根据题干关键词“averagegeothermalgradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepth”定位至最后一段：IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge.Ifanaveragegeothermaltemperaturegradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthisused,astaggering13,000,000quadrillionB.T.U.’softotalenergyarecalculatedtobecontainedincrustalrocktoaten-kilometerdepthintheUnitedStates（迹象表明，HDR的能源库巨大。如果按每公里深度的地热梯度平均为22摄氏度计算，可以得出美国1万公里深度的地壳岩石中所包含的总能源。）D项“estimatethetotalHDRresourcebase”符合文意。

4.第四段指出：“Temperaturegradientmapsgeneratedfromoilandgaswelltemperature-depthrecordskeptbytheAmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologistssuggest

thattappablehigh-temperaturegradientsaredistributedallacrosstheUnitedStates.”B项“该地区先前试图获取燃油和天然气”符合文意。

5.本文讲述了HDR能源的发现及应用前景，通篇的关键词为HDR。D项最适合做文章的标题。

2.单选题

Canelectricitycausecancer?Inasocietythatliterallyrunsonelectricpower,theveryideaseemspreposterous.Butformorethanadecade,agrowingbandofscientistsandjournalistshaspointedtostudiesthatseemtolinkexposuretoelectromagneticfieldswithincreasedriskofleukemiaandothermalignancies.Theimplicationsareunsettling,tosaytheleast,sinceeveryonecomesintocontactwithsuchfields,whicharegeneratedbyeverythingelectrical,frompowerlinesandantennastopersonalcomputersandmicro-waveovens.Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoftencontradictory,ithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernaboutthehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimate—ortheworstkindofparanoia.

NowthealarmistshavegainedsomequalifiedsupportfromtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Intheexecutivesummaryofanewscientificreview,releasedindraftformlatelastweek,theEPAhasputforwardwhatamountstothemostseriousgovernmentwarningtodate.Theagencytentativelyconcludesthatscientificevidence“suggestsacasuallink”betweenextremelylow-frequencyelectromagneticfields—thosehavingverylongwave-lengths—andleukemia,lymphomaandbraincancer.WhilethereportfallsshortofclassifyingELEfieldsasprobablecarcinogens,itdoesidentifythecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldas“apossible,butnotproven,causeofcancerinhumans.”

Thereportisnoreasontopanic—oreventolosesleep.Ifthereisacancerrisk,itisasmallone.TheevidenceisstillsocontroversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebatewithintheBushAdministration,andtheEPAreleaseditoverstrongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhiteHouse.Butnownoonecandenythattheissuemustbetakenseriouslyandthatmuchmoreresearchisneeded.

Attheheartofthedebateisasimpleandwell-understoodphysicalphenomenon.Whenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughawire,itgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldthatexertsforcesonsurroundingobjects,Formanyyears,scientistsdismissedanysuggestionthatsuchforcesmightbeharmful,primarilybecausetheyaresoextraordinarilyweak.TheELFmagneticfieldgeneratedbyavideoterminalmeasuresonlyafewmilligauss,oraboutone-hundredththestrengthoftheearth’sownmagneticfield.Theelectricfieldssurroundingapowerlinecanbeashighas10kilovoltspermeter,butthecorrespondingfieldinducedinhumancellswillbeonlyabout1millivoltpermeter.Thisisfarlessthantheelectricfieldsthatthecellsthemselvesgenerate.

Howcouldsuchminusculeforcesposeahealthdanger?Theconsensususedtobethattheycouldnot,andfordecadesscientistsconcentratedonmorepowerfulkindsofradiation,likeX-rays,thatpacksufficientwalloptoknockelectronsoutofthemoleculesthatmakeupthehumanbody.Such"ionizing"radiationshavebeenclearlylinkedtoincreasedcancerrisksandthereareregulationstocontrolemissions.

Butepidemiologicalstudies,whichfindstatisticalassociationsbetweensetsofdata,donotprovecauseandeffect.ThoughthereisabodyoflaboratoryworkshowingthatexposuretoELFfieldscanhavebiologicaleffectsonanimaltissues,amechanismbywhichthoseeffectscouldleadtocancerousgrowthshasneverbeenfound.

ThePentagonisforfrompersuaded.Inablistering33critiqueoftheEPAreport,AirForcescientistschargeitsauthorswithhaving"biasedtheentiredocument"towardprovingalink,“Ourreviewersareconvincedthatthereisnosuggestionthat(electromagneticfields)presentintheenvironmentinduceorpromotecancer,”theAirForceconcludes.“ItisastonishingthattheEPAwouldlenditsimprimaturonthisreport.”ThenPentagon’sconcernisunderstandable.Thereishardlyaunitofthemodernmilitarythatdoesnotdependontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipment,fromhugeground-basedradartowerstothedefensesystemsbuiltintoeverywarshipandplane.

1.Themainideaofthispassageis（）.

2.Theview-pointoftheEPAis（）.

3.WhydidthePentagonandWhiteHouseobjecttothereleaseofthereport?

Because（

）

4.Itcanbeinferredfromphysicalphenomenon（）.

5.Whatdoyouthinkordinarycitizensmaydoafterreadingthedifferentarguments?

问题1选项

A.studiesonthecauseofcancer

B.controversialview-pointsinthecauseofcancer

C.therelationshipbetweenelectricityandcancer

D.differentideasabouttheeffectofelectricityoncancer

问题2选项

A.thereiscasuallinkbetweenelectricityandcancer

B.electricityreallyaffectscancer

C.controversial

D.lowfrequencyelectromagneticfieldisapossiblecauseofcancer

问题3选项

A.itmaystiragreatdealofdebateamongtheBushAdministration.

B.everyunitofthemodernmilitaryhasdependedontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipment.

C.thePentagon’sconcernwasunderstandable.

D.theyhaddifferentarguments.

问题4选项

A.theforceoftheelectromagneticfieldistooweaktobeharmful.

B.theforceoftheelectromagneticfieldisweakerthantheelectricfieldthatthecellsgenerate.

C.electromagneticfieldmayaffecthealth.

D.onlymorepowerfulradiationcanknockelectronoutofhumanbody.

问题5选项

A.Theyareindifferent.

B.Theyareworriedverymuch.

C.Theymayexerciseprudentavoidance.

D.Theyareshocked.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨题。文章开篇就提出了电磁场是否会致癌这个问题，并提出有研究结果表明电磁场会增加患癌的危险性。第二段公布了EPA环保署的报告，认为电磁场与癌症之间存在偶然联系。第三段说明电磁场和癌症之间的关系问题仍然广受争议，需要进一步的研究和证明。下文提出五角大楼和白宫反对电磁场致癌的说法，因为每一个军事单位都依赖于电气设备的使用。纵观全文可知文章的主题主要是关于电磁场对癌症的影响的不同观点的讨论。选项D符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Theagencytentativelyconcludesthatscientificevidence‘suggestsacasuallink’betweenextremelylow-frequencyelectromagneticfields—thosehavingverylongwave-lengths—andleukemia,lymphomaandbraincancer.”，可知EPA初步得出结论，科学证据表明，低频电磁场(波长非常长的电磁场)与白血病、淋巴瘤和脑癌之间存在偶然的联系。可判断出EPA认为电磁场和癌症之间有偶然的联系。选项A符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章最后一句，“Thereishardlyaunitofthemodernmilitarythatdoesnotdependontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipment,fromhugeground-basedradartowerstothedefensesystemsbuiltintoeverywarshipandplane.”，可知从巨大的陆基雷达到战舰和每架飞机内置的防御系统，现代军队几乎每个单位都会用到电子设备，由此可知他们相信电磁场不会诱发癌症。可判断出五角大楼和白宫反对公布这份报告的原因在于现代军队的每一个单位都依赖于某种电子设备的大量使用。选项B符合题意。

4.推断题。根据文章第四段，“Whenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughawire,itgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldthatexertsforcesonsurroundingobjects,Formanyyears,scientistsdismissedanysuggestionthatsuchforcesmightbeharmful,primarilybecausetheyaresoextraordinarilyweak.”，可知当电流通过导线时，它会产生一个电磁场，对周围的物体施加压力。多年来，科学家们一直否认这种力可能是有害的，主要是因为它们非常微弱。可判断出从这个物理现象可知因为电磁场太弱了，所以没有害处。选项A符合题意。

5.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“Thereportisnoreasontopanic—oreventolosesleep…Butnownoonecandenythattheissuemustbetakenseriouslyandthatmuchmoreresearchisneeded.”，可知这个争论是会让人恐慌，但是现在没有人能否认，这个问题必须认真对待，需要更多的研究。可判断出人们还是会保持警惕的态度，会有意小心地避开电磁场。选项C符合题意。

3.单选题

Ahealthytradingsystemrequiresthatcountriesbebotheagerexportersandimporters.Ifnationsdon’tspendwhattheyearnabroad—orifweakeconomiesmakethemweakimporters-thenthetradingsystemwillcollapse.Thatistoday’sproblem.

Wherewillfuturetradeexpansioncomefrom?Europeseemsadoubtfulcandidate.Withfeebleeconomicgrowth,itwon’tbuyalotmoreexports.LatinAmericaisinasimilarposition.Manybigcountries(Argentina,Brazil)aresoburdenedbydebtthattheirgrowthishobbledandtheystriveforexportsurpluses-earningpreciousdollars-torepaytheirinternationalloans.AsforAfrica,it’ssopoorthatithardlymattersinglobaltrade.

Well,whataboutAsia?Itoughttosavetheglobaltradingsystem,butitmaydojusttheopposite.Thesecountriesareferociousexporters;theyseemtostriveforpermanenttradesurplusesandhoardtheirexcessexportearnings.Considerwhat’shappenedtotheirforeignexchangereserves.Since1996,theforeignexchangereservesofsomemajorAsiancountrieshavejumpedfromabout$500billiontomorethan$1.3trillion.Thesefundsaretypicallyleftinsafeinvestments,suchasU.S.Treasurysecurities.AlotofattentionhasfocusedonChina,buttheproblemislargerthanChinaalone.

Asaresult,thetradingsystemlackscircularity.Thejustificationforfreetradeisthateveryoneultimatelybenefits.Countriesdowhattheydobest.Poorcountriessellinexpensivelabor-intensivegoodstowealthycountriesandbuysophisticatedknowledge-intensivegoods.Livingstandardsinallcountriesrise.Someworkersandindustriesmaytemporarilylose,butmostconsumersbenefitandmostworkersareultimatelyre-employedintrade-competitiveindustries.Tradedoesn’tpermanentlydestroyjobs;spendingiscircular.

Iftoomanycountrieshoard,thelogicoffreetradecollapses.Tradecanbecomeaneconomicdepressantandjobdestroyer.Toomanysellerschasetoofewbuyers.Countriescompeteforbiggersharesofstagnantmarketsandtrytoshiftunemploymentabroad.Agreat,ifsilent,strugglehasbegun.Fordecades,expandingtradepromotedglobalprogress.Itreducedpovertyandspreadprosperity.Butifthetradingsystemcan’tsolveitsbasicproblem-over-relianceontheUSmarketitcouldfosterpoliticaldivisionandeconomicvulnerabilityforall.Tradingpatternsmustbecomemorebalancedandsustainable.

1.SomebigLatinAmericacountriesare（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcertainregionaleconomyisTRUE?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,thefreetradesystemwillcollapsewhen（）.

4.Theauthorstronglyadvocatesthatasustainablefreetradesystem（）.

5.Thelastparagraphmainlydealswith（）.

问题1选项

A.exportingmoreforenoughforeigncurrencytopaytheirdebt

B.exportingsurplusesastoreserveenoughpreciousUSdollars

C.usingUSdollarstopayalltheirinternationalanddomesticdebts

D.usingexportingasaneffectivewayfortheireconomicprosperity

问题2选项

A.Europemayhelpthefutureworldtradeexpansion.

B.LatinAmerica'sdebtwouldhinderitsexportcapacity

C.Asiamayenhancetradeexpansionbutnotspendingmuch

D.Africafindsithardtoemergeinworld-tradeexpansion

问题3选项

A.tradebecameeconomicdepressantandjobdestroyer

B.countriestriedtoshifttheirunemploymenttoothernations

C.worldtradeoverreliedonthevulnerableU.S.market

D.toomanycountriesarenotimportingmuchfromothercountries

问题4选项

A.shouldbechangedthroughinternationalcollaborations

B.willdefinitelybecomeaneconomicdepressantworldwide

C.requiresacircularityofbothimportingandexporting

D.shouldencouragebuyingmorefromtrade-competitiveindustries

问题5选项

A.economicbalanceandsustainability

B.economiccollapseandpotentialcrisis

C.tradecompetitionagainstU.S.market

D.worldwideeconomicachievementtoday

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文第二段LatinAmericaisinasimilarposition.Manybigcountries(Argentina,Brazil)aresoburdenedbydebtthattheirgrowthishobbled,andtheystriveforexportsurpluses-earningpreciousdollars—torepaytheirinternationalloans.可知，拉丁美洲也处于类似的境地。许多大国(比如阿根廷，巴西)都背负着沉重的债务，经济增长举步维艰，他们努力争取出口盈余——赚取宝贵的美元——以偿还国际贷款。因此，选项A“出口更多赚外币来偿还债务”符合原文，故本题正确答案为A项。

2.推理判断题。根据原文第三段Thesecountriesareferociousexporters;theyseemtostriveforpermanenttradesurplusesandhoardtheirexcessexportearnings可知，这些国家都是出口大国；他们似乎在争取永久的贸易顺差，并囤积过剩的出口收入。因此，可推测选项C“亚洲可能加强贸易扩张，但不会花太多”正确。

3.推理判断题。题干询问：根据作者观点，当……时，自由贸易系统会崩溃。根据原文最后一段Iftoomanycountrieshoard,thelogicoffreetradecollapses可知，如果太多国家囤积，自由贸易的逻辑就会崩溃。因此，结合上下文可推测D选项“太多国家从没有从其他国家大量进口”正确。

4.推理判断题。由原文第四段Asaresult,thetradingsystemlackscircularity.Thejustificationforfreetradeisthateveryoneultimatelybenefits可知，以往的交易系统缺乏循环性。自由贸易存在的正当之处就是大家最终都能受益。这说明作者认为可持续发展的自由贸易具有循环性。因此，可推测C选项“要求进口和出口的循环”正确。故本题正确答案为C项。

5.推理判断题。题干询问，最后一段主要讲的内容是什么？综合分析可知，文章最后一段主要讨论了贸易在何时会崩溃以及目前国际贸易太依赖美国市场所导致的隐含危机。因此，B选项“经济崩溃和潜在危机”最符合题意，故本题正确答案为B选项。

4.单选题

Theshopmanagersaidthatheintendedto（

）thelessefficientmembersofhisstaff.

问题1选项

A.resign

B.dismiss

C.employ

D.appoint

【答案】B

【解析】句意:商店经理说他打算解雇办事效率不高的员工。选项B符合句意。resign是主动辞职,所以不正确。

5.不定项选择题

IntheUnitedStates,thefirstdaynurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe（1）halfofthe19thcentury;mostof（2）werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S,thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat（3）duringtheFirstWorldWar,when（4）ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentofunprecedented(前所未有的)numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished（5）inmunitions(军火)plants,underdirectgovernmentsponsorship.（6）thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose（7）,thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,（8）,federal,state,andlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol（9）thedaynurseries,chieflyby（10）them.

The（11）oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofdaynurseriesinalmostallcountries,aswomenwere（12）calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis（13）theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools,（14）$6,000,000inJuly,1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.Manystatesandlocalcommunities（15）thisFederalaid.Bytheendofthewar,inAugust1945,morethan100,000childrenwerebeingcared（16）indaycarecentersreceivingfederal（17）.Soonafterward,thefederalgovernment（18）cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater（19）them,causingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.However,theexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir（20）attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled.

问题1选项

A.late

B.latter

C.other

D.first

问题2选项

A.those

B.whose

C.them

D.imitation

问题3选项

A.impetus

B.input

C.imitation

D.initiative

问题4选项

A.sources

B.abundance

C.shortage

D.reduction

问题5选项

A.hardly

B.entirely

C.even

D.only

问题6选项

A.Because

B.As

C.Since

D.Although

问题7选项

A.unanimously

B.sharply

C.predominantly

D.militantly

问题8选项

A.therefore

B.consequently

C.moreover

D.however

问题9选项

A.over

B.in

C.at

D.about

问题10选项

A.labeling

B.formulating

C.patenting

D.licensing

问题11选项

A.outset

B.outbreak

C.breakthrough

D.breakdown

问题12选项

A.again

B.thus

C.repeatedly

D.yet

问题13选项

A.circumstance

B.case

C.occasion

D.situation

问题14选项

A.regulating

B.summoning

C.allocating

D.transferring

问题15选项

A.expanded

B.facilitated

C.supplemented

D.compensated

问题16选项

A.by

B.after

C.of

D.for

问题17选项

A.pensions

B.subsidies

C.revenues

D.budgets

问题18选项

A.prevalently

B.furiously

C.drastically

D.statistically

问题19选项

A.diminished

B.abolished

C.jeopardized

D.precluded

问题20选项

A.nurseries

B.jobs

C.homes

D.children

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

第6题:D

第7题:B

第8题:C

第9题:A

第10题:D

第11题:B

第12题:A

第13题:C

第14题:C

第15题:C

第16题:D

第17题:B

第18题:C

第19题:B

第20题:B

【解析】第1题:考查固定搭配。根据上文第一家托儿所是在1854年开的，所以说空格处应该填“19世纪下半叶”，根据固定搭配thelatterhalfof“……下半叶”，答案选B。

第2题:考查代词。A选项those“这些”；B选项whose“他们的”；C选项them“他们”；D选项imitation“模仿”。句意：大多数都具有慈善性质。这里填的内容是用来指代托儿所，所以排除D。选B选项会造成语法错误，所以不选；mostof后面要用人称代词，所以答案选C。

第3题:考查上下文文意。A选项impetus“动力，推动”；B选项input“输入”；C选项imitation“模仿”D选项initiative“主动权，积极性”。句意：第一次世界大战期间，在欧洲和美国，日间托儿所运动得到（），当人力（）造成女性就业数量达到前所未有的程度。这里因为战争，造成男性劳动力缺失，女性走出家门去工作，所以托儿所运动获得了动力，答案选A。

第4题:考查上下文文意。A选项sources“来源，出处”；B选项abundance“充裕，丰富”；C选项shortage“缺乏”，D选项reduction“减少”。句意：第一次世界大战期间，在欧洲和美国，日间托儿所运动得到（），当（）人力造成女性就业数量达到前所未有的程度。战争使男性上了战场，造成了男性劳动力的缺失，所以女性走出门来了，由此可知答案选C。

第5题:考查上下文文意。A选项hardly“几乎不”；B选项entirely“完全地”；C选项even“甚至”；D选项only“只，仅仅”。句意：一些欧洲国家在政府直接赞助下，托儿所（）建立在军火库里。这里根据句意就是政府赞助，所以托儿所建在军火库里，所以A不选；B、D选项代入题中不相应，所以排除；托儿所建立在军火库里是一件有点让人意外的事情，所以答案选C。

第6题:考查上下文文意。A选项Because“因为”；B选项As“正如；因为；尽管”；C选项Since“自从”；D选项Although“尽管”。句意：（）美国托儿所的数量也增加（），这一增长是在没有任何政府援助的情况下完成的。托儿所数量增加和没有政府帮助之间存在的关系不会是因果关系和时间逻辑关系，反而让步转折关系会更恰当，所以答案选D。选as作为让步状语的连接词位于句首时，句子需要倒装，所以B不选。

第7题:考查上下文文意。A选项unanimously“全体一致地”；B选项sharply“急剧地”C选项predominantly“主要地”；D选项militantly“好战地，强硬地”。这里的空格后面接的是动词rise，而能和rise搭配的只有B，急剧地上升，所以答案选B。

第8题:考查上下文文意。A选项therefore“因此”；B选项consequently“最终地，结果”；C选项moreover“而且，此外”，D选项however“无论如何，然而可是”。句意：在第一次世界大战之后的几年里，（），联邦、州和地方政府逐渐开始采取措施，主要是由他们来（）日间托儿所。根据上文，托儿所在世界大战的时候蓬勃发展，而世界大战之后政府部门开始管控了，这两个事情之间存在着转折关系不是递进或者因果关系，所以答案选C。

第9题:考查固定搭配。句意：地方政府逐渐开始采取措施控制日间托儿所。结合选项，这里能够和control搭配的介词只有over，所以答案选A。

第10题:考查上下文文意。A选项“贴标签，分类”；B选项“系统的阐述，指定……的配方”；C选项“给……专利”；D选项“给……发牌”。句意：地方政府逐渐开始采取措施控制日间托儿所，主要是由他们来控制……。这里根据逻辑，政府部门能够控制的只有发放营业执照，所以答案选D。

第11题:考查上下文文意。A选项outset“开始，开端”；B选项outbreak“爆发，发作”；C选项breakthrough“突破，突破性进展”；D选项breakdown“故障，分解”。句意：第二次世界大战（）后，几乎所有国家的日间托儿所数量都迅速增加……。这里能够跟战争搭配的只有A、B选项，根据句意是战争的爆发，所以导致托儿所的数量增加，所以答案选B。

第12题:考查上下文文意。A选项again“再次”；B选项thus“因此”；C选项repeatedly“不断的，重复的”；D选项yet“尽管”。句意：在工厂里，女人被（）要求取代男人。根据上文，在第一次世界大战里女性已经进入工厂了，所以答案选A。

第13题:考查固定搭配。A选项circumstance“环境，情况”；B选项case“情况，实例”；C选项occasion“时机，场合”；D选项situation“情形”。句意：在这种（），美国政府立即出面支持托儿所。这里的词义填“情形”。根据关键介词on，这里填C：onthisoccasion在这种场合下。

第14题:考查动词辨析。A选项regulating“调节”；B选项summoning“传唤，召唤”；C选项allocating“分配，拨款”；D选项transferring“转移，传递”。句意：在这种情形下，美国政府在1942年7月立即（）600万美元来支持托儿所来照顾工作母亲的孩子。从这里可以看出美国政府是拨了600万美元的款来帮助进入工厂的母亲来照顾孩子。所以这里选C。

第15题:考查动词辨析。A选项expanded“扩展”；B选项facilitated“促进，帮助”；C选项supplemented“补充”；D选项compensated“补偿”。句意：许多州和地方社区都（）联邦援助。这里根据句意应该填C，给这项计划做了进一步的补充；facilitated指的是促进了什么事情。

第16题:考查固定搭配。句意：超过10万名儿童在日托中心接受照顾。选项中能够和care搭配的介词是D，如果把care当成一个及物动词，非谓语是被动语态选A的话，caredby后面需要接人，而不是接一个地点，所以答案不能选A。

第17题:考查名词辨析。A选项“养老金”；B选项“补贴，津贴”；C选项“收入”；D选项“预算”。句意：超过10万名儿童在日托中心接受照顾，托儿所受到了政府的（）。根据上文，联邦政府拨款给托儿所项目，拨的款收到后便是补贴，所以答案选B选项。

第18题:考查副词辨析。A选项prevalently“流行地，普遍地”；B选项furiously“猛烈地，狂暴地”，C选项drastically“彻底地，激烈地”；D选项statistically“统计地”。句意：随后不久，联邦政府（）削减这方面的开支，后来（）他们，导致托儿所数量急剧下降。从句中causing可知前面半句是导致托儿所减少的原因。托儿所数量减少可以推断是政府的补贴减少了，选项中能够和cutdown搭配的只有C选项。B选项一般是用来描述人说话或者做事时一种愤怒的状态，不能描述数据，所以排除。

第19题:考查上下文文意。A选项diminished“削减，减弱”；B选项abolished“废除”；C选项jeopardized“危害”；D选项precluded“排除”。句意：随后不久，联邦政府急剧削减这方面的开支，后来（）他们，导致托儿所数量急剧下降。从句中causing可以知前面半句是导致托儿所减少的原因。托儿所数量减少可以推断是政府的补贴减少了。这里的空格处前有个later，所以与前面所讲的开支削减存在递进关系，所以答案选B，削减之后在进一步就是废除了。

第20题:考查上下文文意。A选项nurseries“托儿所”；B选项jobs“工作”；C选项homes“家庭”；D选项children“孩子”。句意：然而，预期大多数有工作的母亲会在战争结束时离开（），这只是部分实现了。从句的主语是mother，空格前面有个their，就说明空格出填的要跟mother有关。所以A选项排除。当初是因为战争所以女性才被号召离开家离开孩子去工作的，现在战争结束了母亲们应该是回归家庭回到孩子身边，所以别人预期应该是战争结束后母亲们会辞掉自己的工作回归家庭，但是预期和现实不一样，所以这里答案应该选B。

6.单选题

Migrationisusuallydefinedas"permanentorsemi-permanentchangeofresidence."Thisbroaddefinition,ofcourse,wouldincludeamoveacrossthestreetoracrossacity.Ourconcerniswithmovementbetweennations,notwithinternalmigrationwithinnations,althoughsuchmovementsoftenexceedinternationalmovementsinvolume.Today,themotivesofpeoplewhomoveshortdistancesareverysimilartothoseofinternationalmigrants.

Studentsofhumanmigrationspeakof"push"and"pull"factors,whichinfluenceanindividual'sdecisiontomovefromoneplacetoanother.Pushfactorsareassociatedwiththeplaceoforigin.Apushfactorcanbeassimpleandmildamatterasdifficultyinfindingasuitablejob,orastraumaticaswar,orseverefamine.Obviously,refugeeswholeavetheirhomeswithgunspointedattheirheadsaremotivatedalmostentirelybypushfactors(althoughpullfactorsdoinfluencetheirchoiceofdestination).

Pullfactorsarethoseassociatedwiththeplaceofdestination.Mostoftentheseareeconomic,suchasbetterjobopportunitiesortheavailabilityofgoodlandtofarm.ThelatterwasanimportantfactorinattractingsettlerstotheUnitedStatesduringthe19thcentury.Ingeneral,pullfactorsadduptoanapparentlybetterchanceforagoodlifeandmaterialwell-beingthanisofferedbytheplaceoforigin.Whenthereisachoicebetweenseveralattractivepotentialdestinations,thedecidingfactormightbeanon-economicconsiderationsuchasthepresenceofrelatives,friends,oratleastfellowcountrymenalreadyestablishedinthenewplacewhoarewillingtohelpthenewcomerssettlein.Considerationsofthissortaddtothedevelopmentofmigrationflow.

Besidespushandpullactors,therearewhatthesociologistscall"intervening,obstacles".Evenifpushand(or)pullfactorsareverystrong,theystillmaybeoutweighedbyinterveningobstacles,suchasthedistanceofthemove,thetroubleandcostofmoving,thedifficultyofenteringthenewcountry,andtheproblemslikelytobeencounteredonarrival.Thedecisiontomoveisalsoinfluencedby"personalfactors"ofthepotentialmigrant.Thesamepush-pullfactorsandobstaclesoperatedifferentlyondifferentpeople,sometimesbecausetheyareatdifferentstagesoftheirlives,orjustbecauseoftheirva