考研考博-英语-商丘工学院考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-商丘工学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Iftheworldistoremainpeaceful,theutmosteffortmustbemadebynationstolimitlocal______.

问题1选项

A.collisions

B.combats

C.contradictions

D.conflicts

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项collision“冲突，碰撞”，指物理上的碰撞；B选项combat“格斗，搏斗”；C选项contradiction“矛盾，冲突”，指观点上的冲突；D选项conflict“(武装)斗争，冲突”。根据Iftheworldistoremainpeaceful可知D选项符合语义。句意：如果世界要保持和平，各国必须尽最大努力限制地方冲突。

2.单选题

Acontroversyeruptedinthescientificcommunityinearly1998overtheuseofDNA(deoxyribonucleicacid)fingerprintinginCriminalinvestigations.DNAfingerprintingwasintroducedin1987asamethodtoidentifyindividualsbasedonapatternseenintheirDNA,themoleculeofwhichgenesaremade.DNAispresentineverycellofthebodyexceptredbloodcells.DNAfingerprintinghasbeenusedsuccessfullyinvariousways,suchastodeterminepaternity（父亲的身份）whereitisnotclearwhothefatherofaparticularchildis.However,itisintheareaofcriminalinvestigationsthatDNAfingerprintinghaspotentiallypowerfulandcontroversialuses.

DNAfingerprintingandotherDNAanalysistechniqueshaverevolutionizedcriminalinvestigationsbygivinginvestigatorspowerfulnewtoolsintheattempttoproveguilt,notjustestablishinnocence.Whenusedincriminalinvestigations,aDNAfingerprintpatternfromasuspectiscomparedwithaDNAfingerprintpatternobtainedfromsuchmaterialashairsorbloodfoundatthesceneofacrime.AmatchbetweenthetwoDNAsamplescanbeusedasevidencetoconvictasuspect.

Thecontroversyin1998stemmedfromareportpublishedinDecember1991bypopulationgeneticistsRichardC.LewontinofHarvardUniversityinCambridge,Mass,andDanielL.HartlofWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicineinSt.Louis,Mo.LewontinandHartlcalledintoquestionthemethodstocalculatehowlikelyitisthatamatchbetweentwoDNAfingerprintsmightoccurbychancealone.Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup.LewontinandHartlcalledforbettersurveysofDNApatterns.

Inresponsetotheircriticisms,populationgeneticistsRanajitChakrabortyoftheUniversityofTexasinDallasandKennethK.KiddofYaleUniversityinNewHaven,Conn.,arguedthatenoughdataarealreadyavailabletoshowthatthemethodscurrentlybeingusedareadequate.InJanuary1998,however,theFederalBureauofinvestigationandlaboratoriesthatconductDNAtestsannouncedthattheywouldcollectadditionalDNAsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsinanattempttoresolvesomeofthesequestions.And,inApril,theNationalAcademyofSciencescalledforstrictstandardsandsystemofaccreditation（鉴定合格）forDNAtestinglaboratories.

1.BeforeDNAfingerprintingisused,suspects（）.

2.DNAfingerprintingcanbeunreliablewhen（）.

3.TogeneticistslikeLewontinandHartl,thecurrentmethod（）.

4.TheattitudeoftheFederalBureauofInvestigationshowsthat（）.

5.NationalAcademyofSciencesholdsthestandthat（）.

问题1选项

A.wouldhavetoleavetheirfingerprintsforfurtherinvestigations

B.wouldhavetosubmitevidencefortheirinnocence

C.couldeasilyescapeconvictionofguilt

D.couldbeconvictedofguiltaswell

问题2选项

A.themethodsusedforblood-cellcalculationarenotaccurate

B.twodifferentindividualsofthesameethnicgroupmayhavethesameDNAfingerprintingpattern

C.amatchisbychanceleftwithfingerprintsthathappentobelongtotwodifferentindividuals

D.twodifferentindividualsleavetwoDNAsamples.

问题3选项

A.isnotsoconvincingastoexcludethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsamplescannevercomefromtwoindividuals

B.isarguablebecausetwoindividualsofthesameethnicgrouparelikelytohavethesameDNApattern

C.isnotbasedonadequatescientifictheoryofgenetics

D.istheoreticallycontradictorytowhattheyhavebeenstudying

问题4选项

A.enoughdataareyettobecollectedfromvariousethnicgroupstoconfirmtheunlikelihoodoftwoDNAsamplescomingfromtwoindividualmembers

B.enoughdataofDNAsamplesshouldhecollectedtoconfirmthatonlyDNAsamplesfromthesamepersoncanmatch

C.enoughdataareyettobecollectedfromvariousethnicgroupstodeterminethelikelihoodoftwodifferentDNAsamplescomingfromthesameperson

D.additionalsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsshouldbecollectedIodeterminethattwoDNAsampleareunlikelytocomefromthesameperson

问题5选项

A.DNAtestingshouldbesystematized

B.OnlyauthorizedlaboratoriescanconductDNAtesting

C.Theacademyonlyisauthorizedtoworkourstandardsfortesting

D.TheacademyhastherighttoaccreditlaboratoriesforDNAtesting

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.判断推理题。题干意为:在DNA指纹识别使用之前，嫌疑犯…。第二段指出:DNAfingerprintingandotherDNAanalysistechniqueshaverevolutionizedcriminalinvestigationsbygivinginvestigatorspowerfulnewtoolsintheattempttoproveguilt,notjustestablishinnocence(指纹和其他DNA分析技术已经彻底改变了刑事调查，给调查人员提供了强大的新工具，以证明有罪，而不仅仅是确立无罪)。后面还指出:Whenusedincriminalinvestigations,aDNAfingerprintpatternfromasuspectiscomparedwithaDNAfingerprintpatternobtainedfromsuchmaterialashairsorbloodfoundatthesceneofacrime(在刑事调查时，嫌疑犯的DNA指纹图案与从犯罪现场发现的毛发或血液等材料中获得的DNA指纹图案进行比较)。由此可以推测，如果没有DNA指纹识别技术,嫌疑犯不会那么容易定罪。因此选C项“可能轻易逃脱罪责”。

2.细节事实题。题干意为:在什么时候，DNA指纹识别可能不可靠？第三段指出:Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup(他们特别指出，目前的方法尚不能完全确定，两个可能吻合的DNA样本是出自一个人，而不是出自同族成员中的两个人)。因此可知,当“偶然匹配的蒽碰巧属于两个不同的人”的时候,DNA指纹可能不可靠。

3.判断推理题。题干意为:对于Levvontin和Hard这样的遗传学者而言，目前的方法如何？第三段指出:LevvontinandHartlcalledintoquestionthemethodstocalculatehowlikelyitisthatamatchbetweentwoDNAfingerprintsmightoccurbychancealone(Lewontin和Hartl对偶然发生的两个DNA抬纹吻合的可能性的计算方法提出质疑)。Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup(他们特别指出,目前的方法尚不能完全确定两个可能吻合的DNA样本是出自一个人，而不是出自同族成员中的两个人。即他们认为目前的方法不能确定吻合的DNA不是来自同族的两个人)。因此，A项“排除两个DNA样本决不会来自两个人的可能性，目前的方法还不能那么令人信服”符合两人观点的表述。

4.判断推理题。题干意为:联邦调查局的态度表明…最后一段指出:enoughdataarealreadyavailabletoshowthatthemethodscurrentlybeingusedareadequate(足够的数据可以利用，以表明目前正在使用的方法是合适的)。InJanuary1998,however,theFederalBureauofinvestigationandlaboratoriesthatconductDNAtestsannouncedthattheywouldcollectadditionalDNAsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsinanattempttoresolvesomeofthesequestions(然而，1998年一月，联邦调査局和做DNA实验的实验室宣布，他们会从各种各样的种族那里收集额外的DNA样本，以求解决一些问题)。所以，联邦调查局的行为是想证明是否有足够的数据可以表明目前正在使用的方法是正确的，即想证明上句中所支持的观点——DNA的吻合准确性。因此选B项“应该收集足够的DNA样本数据以证明只有同一人的DNA样本才能吻合”。

5.判断推理题。题干意为:国家科学院持什么观点？根据题干关键词NationalAcademyofSciences定位至最后一句话:And,inApril,theNationalAcademyofSciencescalledforstrictstandardsandsystemofaccreditationforDNAtestinglaboratories(四月，对于DNA捡测实验室，国家科学院要求对其有严格的鉴定合格的标准和制度),也就是通过严格审核标准，DNA监测实验室才符合要求。因此选B项“只有权威认可/审定的实验室可以进行DNA测试”。

3.单选题

InFebruaryof2005,PhilBelfiorewasteachinghisseventh-gradestudentshowtowriteapoemintentionallycopyingthestyleoftheRobertfrost’s“StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening”.Helikedthesamplethathehadwrittenforthem,soherecordeditonhishomeansweringmachine:“WhosephonethisisIthinkyouknow/Icannotansweritnowthough/Sostateyourname,beveryclear/I’llcallyoubackwhenIgethome.’’.

Thatactwouldleadtooneofthemostunusualfriendshipsofhislife.

WhenPhilandhisfamilyreturnedtoMarylandfromEastervacation,helistenedtohisvoicemessages.Onegentlemancallerapologizedfordialingthewrongnumber.Butheaddedhe’dheartilyenjoyedthepoem.Phillaughedandthoughtnothingmoreofit,untilthephonerangafewdayslater.

“Irecognizedthevoiceimmediately,”recallsPhil,now57.“Hesaidthathewassorrytobotherme,buthewascallingtohearthepoemagain.”

Thetwomentalked.JohnThompson,aveterannow73,livedinCheyenneWyoming.Itturnedoutthathisbrother,David’sphonenumberwasdifferentfromPhil’sbyonedigit,thusthewrongnumber.“Beforehangingup,Itoldhimtocallbackanytimewhethertohearmoreofthepoemorjusttotalk”recallsPhil.

Thatwas11yearsago.They’vespokenonthephoneafewtimesamontheversince.Johninitiatesmostcalls,butPhilwillringifawhilehaspassed.“Weseemtoalwaysconnectwhenthere’sbeenabigsportsevent.”Philsays.

Themendiscussfootballandfamily.JohnwilltalkexcitedlyabouthispastlifeorupdatePhilonfolkshehasbeenintouchwith.“Slowlyovertheyearsourconversationshavegrownmuchmorepersonal,”saysPhil.“WetalkprimarilyaboutJohn’shealth,andlovelife.Alsoourrelatives,hobbies,andwhateverelsecomesup.Sometimeswejusttalkforaminutetoseehowtheotherisdoing.”

“Likeoldfriends?”Iaskeagerly.I’mtryingtounderstandfromPhilwhatdrawsthesementoeachother.’’Weareoldfriends.’’,Philsays.

Noneedtooverthinkit.John,whoover11yearshassharedalittleofhimselfatatime,haswovenhimselfintothefabricofPhil’slife.IcallJohnandfindhimanengagingstorytellerwithanexceptionalmemory.HetellsmestoriesofhischildhoodvisitingCapitolHill.

Intheyearssince,JohnandPhilhaveplannedtomeettwice,butcircumstancesconspiredagainstthem.Neithermindsthislatest“haven’t”.Theyhaven’tgonetoagametogether,hadacupofcoffeetogether,orsatontheotherssofa.Theirfriendshipisbasedonthesimpleactofpickingupthephone.It’sassimple,andasextraordinary,asthat.

1.WhocomposedtheverseonthePhil’shomeansweringmachine?

2.ThereasonwhyJohnfirstcalledPhilwasthathewantedto_______.

3.Whatdidthetwomentalkaboutmostduringtheirtalks?

4.WhatdoweknowaboutJohnandPhil?

问题1选项

A.PhilBelfiore

B.JohnThompson

C.Robertfrost

D.DavidThompson

问题2选项

A.learntowritepoems

B.gotoPhil’sbirthdaylunch

C.connecthisbrother

D.discussRobertfrostwithhim

问题3选项

A.Storiesandholidayromance

B.Travelandexoticplaces

C.Poemsandliterature

D.Sportsandfamily

问题4选项

A.Theywerebestfriendswhohadnotyetmetinperson.

B.Theywerebothpoetswhohadpassionforversecomposition.

C.Theyweregoodstorytellerswhohadextraordinarymemories.

D.Theywerebothveteranswholikedchattingonphoneforhours.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】1.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干：谁编著了菲尔家答录机里的这首诗？通过题干定位到文章第一段的第二句话Helikedthesamplethathehadwrittenforthem,soherecordeditonhishomeansweringmachine（他很喜欢他写给学生的样例，所以他将其录入了家里的答录机），这里的“he”代指的就是前文中提到的“PhilBelfiore”，因此A选项“菲尔•贝尔菲奥尔”，符合题意。其他选项均不是答录机里这首诗的作家。综上所述，本题正确答案为A选项。

2.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干：约翰首次呼叫菲尔的原因是他想要……？通过题干定位到文章第三段第二句话Onegentlemancallerapologizedfordialingthewrongnumber.（一位绅士为打错电话而道歉。），第五段第三句话再次提及Itturnedoutthathisbrother,David’sphonenumberwasdifferentfromPhil’sbyonedigit,thusthewrongnumber.（约翰的哥哥大卫的电话号码和菲尔家的仅差一个数字，所以打错了电话），可以推断出约翰本来想和他的哥哥打电话，因为按错了号码打给了菲尔，因此C选项“联系他哥哥”，符合题意；A选项“学习怎么写诗”，B选项“参加菲尔的生日宴会”和D选项“和他探讨罗伯特这位诗人”，在文中均未提及。综上所述，本题正确答案为C选项。

3.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干：两位男士谈论得最多的是?通过题干定位到文章第七段Themendiscussfootballandfamily…“Slowlyovertheyearsourconversationshavegrownmuchmorepersonal,’’saysPhil.“WetalkprimarilyaboutJohn’shealth,andlovelife.Alsoourrelatives,hobbies,andwhateverelsecomesup…”（男人们谈论足球和家庭……“这些年来，我们的谈话慢慢变得越来越私人。”菲尔说。“我们主要谈论约翰的健康和感情生活，还有我们的亲戚、爱好和其他的……”），可知D选项“运动和家庭”，符合题意；A选项“故事和假期”；B选项“旅行和异国”；C选项“诗歌和文学”，在文中均未提及。综上所述，本题正确答案为D选项。

4.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干：关于约翰和菲尔，我们知道什么？A选项“他们是没有见过面的最好的朋友”，由文章最后一段第一句话JohnandPhilhaveplannedtomeettwice,butcircumstancesconspiredagainstthem.（约翰和菲尔有过两次见面计划，但是情况都有变动。），可知他们从没见面过，故A选项正确；B选项“他们都是对诗歌创作很有热情的诗人”，D选项“他们都是喜欢长时间打电话的退伍军人”文中提及菲尔是教师，约翰是退伍老兵，因此B，D选项错误；C选项“他们都是有特殊回忆的善于说故事的人”，文章倒数第二段第二句提及IcallJohnandfindhimanengagingstorytellerwithanexceptionalmemory.（我认为约翰是一位有特殊回忆的善于说故事的人），但是并没有提及菲尔是否擅长讲故事，C选项属于原文的过度推断，故排除。综上所述，本题正确答案为A选项。

4.单选题

A(n)（）entrepreneurwillseeksuccessfartherafieldandwillriskmoreintheresearchthanhismoretimidcompetitors.

问题1选项

A.adventurous

B.progressive

C.aggressive

D.impulsive

【答案】A

【解析】形容词词义辨析。adventurous“爱冒险的;大胆的”;progressive“进步的;先进的”;aggressive“有进取心的;好斗的”;impulsive“冲动的;任性的”。句意:那些胆大的企业家将在更远的地方寻求成功，并将比那些胆小的竞争对手在研究上冒更大的风险。选项A符合句意。

5.单选题

Thecountryisnowundergoinganeconomic（

）inwhichbusinessactivityisgreatlyreducedandtheunemploymentrateishigh.

问题1选项

A.flourish

B.accession

C.sanction

D.recession

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。flourish意为“繁荣，昌盛”；accession意为“增加”；sanction意为“制裁，处罚”；recession意为“经济衰退，不景气”。

句意：这个国家正遭受严重的经济衰退，商业活动大大减少，失业率很高。

6.单选题

Iampreparedtomakesome（）onminordetails,butIcannotcompromiseonfundamentals.

问题1选项

A.confession

B.concession

C.concord

D.consent

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。confession“忏悔；告解”；concession“让步；特许（权）”；concord“和谐；和睦；一致”；consent“准许；同意”。句意：在一些细节上我准备做出一些______，但是在原则上我不会妥协。根据句意可知选项B符合题意。

7.单选题

We’reinthemiddleofanepicbattleforpowerincyberspace.Ononesidearethetraditional,organized,institutionalpowerssuchasgovernmentsandlargemultinationalcorporations.Ontheotherarethedistributed:grassrootsmovements,dissidentgroups,hackers,andcriminals.Initially，theInternetempoweredthelatter.Itgavethemaplacetocoordinateandcommunicateefficiently,andmadethemseeminvincible.Butnow,themoretraditionalinstitutionalpowersarewinning,andwinningbig.Howthesetwosidesfareinthelongterm,andthefateoftherestofuswhodon’tfallintoeithergroup,isanopenquestion—andonevitallyimportanttothefutureoftheInternet.

IntheInternet’searlydays,therewasalotoftalkaboutits“naturallaws”一howitwouldtransformtraditionalpowerblocks,empowerthemasses,andspreadfreedomthroughouttheworld.TheinternationalnatureoftheInternetcircumventednationallaws.Anonymitywaseasy.Censorshipwasimpossible.Policewerecluelessaboutcybercrime.Andbiggerchangesseemedinevitable.Digitalcashwouldunderminenationalsovereignty.Citizenjournalismwouldtoppletraditionalmedia,corporatePR,andpoliticalparties.Theeaseofdigitalcopyingwoulddestroythetraditionalmovieandmusicindustries.Webmarketingwouldalloweventhesmallestcompaniestocompeteagainstcorporategiants.Itreallywouldbeanewworldorder.

Thiswasautopianvision,butsomeofitdidcometopass.Internetmarketinghastransformedcommerce.TheentertainmentindustrieshavebeentransformedbythingslikeMySpaceandYouTube,andarenowmoreopentooutsiders.Massmediahaschangeddramatically,andsomeofthemostinfluentialpeopleinthemediahavecomefromthebloggingworld.Therearenewwaystoorganizepoliticallyandrunelections.FacebookandTwitterreallydidhelpdisruptgovernments.

ButthatisjustonesideoftheInternet’sdisruptivecharacter.TheInternethasemboldenedtraditionalpoweraswell.

Onthecorporateside,powerisbeingconsolidated,aresultoftwocurrenttrendsincomputing.First,theriseofcloudcomputingmeansthatwenolongerhavecontrolofourdata.Andsecond,weareincreasinglyaccessingourdatausingdevicesthatwehavemuchlesscontrolover：iPhones,iPads,Androidphones,Kindles,ChromeBooks.Unliketraditionaloperatingsystems,thesedevicesarecontrolledmuchmoretightlybythevendors,wholimitwhatsoftwarecanberun,whattheycando,howthey’reupdated.

1.IntheInternetbattle,thegrassrootsmovement（

）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor，inthefutureakeyInternetissuewillbe

（

）.

3.“Naturallaws”refersto

（

）.

4.LackofsurveillanceovertheInternetwouldlikely

（

）.

5.Onlinemediahas

（

）.

6.Wenowhavelesscontroloverthedataweusebecause（

）.

问题1选项

A.experiencedanepicfailure

B.graduallybecameinvincible

C.previouslybeatinstitutionalforces

D.distributedpowertodissidentgroups

问题2选项

A.whichsidehasthetechnologicalresources

B.whathappenstothosewhoremainneutral

C.whichsideisgoodatcommunications

D.whatfinancialresourcesareavailable

问题3选项

A.thefastexpansionofInternet

B.thetraditionalpowerstructure

C.nationallawstoregulatetheInternet

D.lackofcontrolontheInternet

问题4选项

A.strengthennationalsecurity

B.devastatethetraditionalfilmindustry

C.providemoreinformationtothepolice

D.handicapthedevelopmentofsmallcompanies

问题5选项

A.madetheutopianvisionimpossible

B.wonmoresupportforthegovernment

C.madesomeordinarypeoplebecomefamous

D.excludedoutsidersfromtheentertainmentindustries

问题6选项

A.cloudcomputingishighlyconfusing

B.thereisnolimittoupdatingsoftware

C.corporategiantsareinadominantposition

D.itisdifficulttoassessdatainelectronicdevices

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

第6题:C

【解析】1.细节推断题。根据题干关键词“Internetbattle”“grassrootsmovement”，可将信息点定位至原文第一段。根据“...theInternetempoweredthelatter.Itgavethemaplacetocoordinateandcommunicateefficiently,andmadethemseeminvincible.（互联网赋予了后者力量。这给了他们一个有效协调和沟通的地方，让他们看起来不可战胜。）”即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。

2.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段。根据“andthefateoftherestofuswhodon’tfallintoeithergroup,isanopenquestion—andonevitallyimportanttothefutureoftheInternet（而我们这些不属于这两类人的其他人的命运，是一个公开的问题，对互联网的未来至关重要）”即可得出本题答案。

3.细节推断题。根据题干关键词“Naturallaws”，可将信息点定位在原文第二段。根据“Anonymitywaseasy.Censorshipwasimpossible.Policewerecluelessaboutcybercrime.（匿名很容易。审查制度是不可能的。警方对网络犯罪一无所知）”即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。

4.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第二段。根据“…digitalcopyingwoulddestroythetraditionalmovieandmusicindustries（数字复制将摧毁传统的电影和音乐产业）”即可得出本题答案。

5.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第三段。根据“Massmediahaschangeddramatically,andsomeofthemostinfluentialpeopleinthemediahavecomefromthebloggingworld.（大众媒体发生了巨大的变化，媒体中一些最有影响力的人来自博客世界。）”即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。

6.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段。根据“...weareincreasinglyaccessingourdatausingdevicesthatwehavemuchlesscontrolover...thesedevicesarecontrolledmuchmoretightlybythevendors...（我们越来越多地使用我们无法控制的设备来访问我们的数据。供应商对这些设备的控制要严格得多。）”,即可得出本题答案。

8.单选题

Materialculturereferstothetouchable,material“things’’-physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used-thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture’stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup'shistoryandwayoflife.Similarly,researchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstrument.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented,sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstruments,pictured'inart.Throughthestudyofinstruments,aswellaspaintings,writtendocuments,andsoon,wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNearEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,orwecanoutlinethespreadofNearEasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultedinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra.

Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusic-culturesasthoseinwhichpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprint,butresearchshowmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEurope,BritainandAmerica.Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotationhasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureasawhole.

Musicisdeep-rootedintheculturalbackgroundthatfostersit.Wenowpaymoreandmoreattentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefolkmusicaswedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritages.Musiciansallovertheworldarebusywithrecordingclassicmusicintheircountryforthesakeoftheiruniqueculture.Asalways,people'saspirationwillalwaysfocusontheirindividualityratherthanuniversalfeaturesthataresharedbyallculturesalike.

Onemoreimportantpartofmusic’smaterialcultureshouldbesingledout:theinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia-radio,recordplayer,taperecorder,andtelevision,withthefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisisallpartofthe"information-revolution",atwentiethcenturyphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutioninthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodemnations;theyhaveaffectedmusic-culturesallovertheglobe.

1.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtomaterialculture?

2.Theword"phonograph"(Line6,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans（

）.

3.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphis

（

）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanadvantageofprintedmusic?

5.Fromthethirdparagraph,wemayinferthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.Instruments

B.Music.

C.Paintings.

D.Sheetmusic.

问题2选项

A.recordplayer

B.radio

C.musicaltechnique

D.music-culture

问题3选项

A.theimportance,ofculturaltoolsandtechnology

B.theculturalinfluenceofthedevelopmentofcivilization

C.thefocusofthestudyofthematerialcultureofmusic

D.thesignificanceoftheresearchintothemusicalinstruments

问题4选项

A.Readingofmusicnotationhasagreatimpactonmusicians.

B.Peoplemaydrawinspirationfromit.

C.Themusicculturewillbeinfluencedbyitintheend.

D.Songstendtobestandardizedbyit.

问题5选项

A.traditionalculturalheritageisworthyofpreservation

B.theuniversalfeaturessharedbyallculturesaren’tworthyofnotice.

C.musicianspaymoreattentiontothepreservationoftraditionalmusic.

D.themoredevelopedaculture,themorevaluablethemusicithasfostered

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.文章第一段第一句对物质文化下了定义：文化中产生的能看到、摸到、感觉到使用的自然物体（physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used-thatacultureproduces）。该段接下来提到乐器是音乐文化中的物质载体（Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstrument），所以选项A可以排除；第一段还提到图片、文字记载都属于物质文化（Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstruments,picturedinart），选项C可以排除；第二段第一句Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture提到乐谱也是物质文化，选项D可以排除。因此选项B符合题意。

2.题干中的phonograph出现在第一段：Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented，sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.在phonograph被发明之前，我们听不到任何音乐表演的声音，只能通过乐器来研究过去的音乐。由此推测，这个词指的是一种能够记录声音并被用来研究音乐文化的东西。选项A符合题意。

3.文章第一段第一句给物质文化下了定义；第二、三句提到研究音乐物质文化才能研究好音乐文化；第四、五句指出乐器是因为文化研究中的重要物质文化；第六句提及了乐器作为物质文化的两种形式。第七句举了绘画和书写文件来说明乐器在音乐文化研究中所起的作用。由此可只选项D符合题意。

4.文章第二段第三句Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs提到乐谱形式单调，因为它们将歌曲都标准化。所以选项D不是优势，符合题意。

5.文章第三段第二句Wenowpaymoreandmoreattentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefolkmusicaswedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritages提到我们越来越关注传统和民族特色的音乐，并且愿意将民乐保存下来。可知选项A符合题意，传统文化遗产值得保留下来。

9.单选题

Thecompanyisonthevergeofbankruptcy,andthousandsofjobsareat（）.

问题1选项

A.danger

B.loss

C.threat

D.stake

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。atloss困惑不解；atstake凶吉难卜；选项A和C通常不和at搭配。句意：这家公司濒临破产，成千上万的工作岗位岌岌可危。选项D符合句意。

10.单选题

ManyeconomistsbelievethatAmericamustreplaceitsmoribundsmokestackindustrieswithbusinessbasedonnewtechnology.

问题1选项

A.obsolete

B.mordant

C.mortified

D.ousted

【答案】A

【解析】由句意可知，许多经济学家认为，美国必须用基于新技术的商业来取代……的低技术工业。既然低技术工业应该被新技术商业代替，也就是低技术工业岌岌可危了。A选项obsolete“废弃的；濒死的”；B选项mordant“有腐蚀性的；尖酸的”；C选线mortified“窘迫的；受辱的”；D选项ousted“被驱逐的”。由此可知A选项“濒死的”符合题意。

11.单选题

Thisprojectwould（

）ahugeincreaseindefensespending.

问题1选项

A.result

B.assure

C.entail

D.accomplish

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析。句意:这个项目必须要在国防上的开支。

Result导致;assure保证,使某人相信;entail使是必需的;accomplish完成,实现(目标)，多用于完成某项任务或目标。因此C项符合句意。

12.单选题

Iaskedthetailortomakeasmall（）tomytrousersbecausetheyweretoolong.

问题1选项

A.alteration

B.variation

C.revision

D.change

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项alteration“修改；更改”；B选项variation“变化；变更”；C选项revision“修正；复习”；D选项change“变化；改变”。alteration尤指部分的改变，可用于服装的改长短；variation一般是指(形式、位置、条件的)变化、改变、变动；revision常指文章、词典、剧本等的修改、订正；change改变，变化，可指表面的、本质的、内在的变化。句意：我要求裁缝对我的裤子稍作……，因为太长了。句中指的是对trousers“长裤”的修改，因此A选项符合题意。

13.单选题

Everyyearthousandsofpeoplearearrestedandtakentocourtforshop-lifting.InBritainaloneaboutHK$3,000,000’sworthofgoodsarestolenfromshopseveryweek.ThisamountstosomethinglikeHK$150millionayear,andrepresentsabout4percentoftheshops’totalstock.Asaresultofthis"shrinkage"astheshopscallit,thehonestpublichastopayhigherprices.

Shop-lifterscanbedividedintothreemaincategories:theprofessionals,thedeliberateamateur,andthepeoplewhojustcan'thelpthemselves.Theprofessionalsdonotposemuchofaproblemforthestoredetectives,who,assistedbyclosedcircuittelevision,two-waymirrorsandvariousothertechnologicaldevices,canusuallycopewiththem.Theprofessionalstendtogoforhighvaluegoodsinpartsoftheshopswheresecuritymeasuresaretightest.And,inanycase,theyaccountforonlyasmallpercentageofthetotallossesduetoshop-lifting.

Thesameappliestothedeliberateamateurwhois,sotospeak,aprofessionalintraining.Mostofthemgetcaughtsoonerorlater,andtheyaredealtwithseverelybythecourts.

Therealproblemisthepersonwhogiveswaytoasuddentemptationandisinallotherrespectsanhonestandlaw-abidingcitizen.Contrarytowhatonewouldexpect,thiskindofshop-lifterisrarelypoor.Hedoesnotstealbecauseheneedsthegoodsandcannotaffordtopayforthem.Hestealsbecausehesimplycannotstophimself.Andtherearecountlessotherswho,becauseofage,sicknessorplainabsent-mindedness,simplyforgettopayforwhattheytakefromtheshops.Whencaught,allareliabletoprosecution,andthe