考研考博-英语-安徽粮食工程职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-安徽粮食工程职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Theirdefenderssaytheyaremotivated,versatileworkerswhoarejustwhatcompaniesneedinthesedifficulttimes.Toothers,however,themembersofGenerationY—thoseborninthe1980sand1990sotherwiseknownastheNetGeneration—arespoiled,narcissisticidlerswhocannotspellandwastetoomuchtimeoninstantmessagingandFacebook.Ah,replytheNetGenres,butallthatmessingaroundonlineprovesthatwearecomputer-literatemulti-taskerswhoareskillfulusersofonlinecollaborativetoolsandnaturalteamplayers.And,while,youareonthesubjectofme,Ineedamonth’svacationtoreconsidermypersonalgoal.

Thiscultureclashhasbeengoingoninmanyorganizationsandhaslatelyseepedintomanagementbooks.TheNetGenershavegrownupwithcomputers;theyarebrimmingwithself-confidence;andtheyhavebeenencouragedtochallengereceivedwisdom,tofindtheirownsolutionstoproblemsandtotreatworkasaroutetopersonalfulfillmentratherthanmerelyawayofputtingfoodonthetable.Notallofthismakesthemeasytomanage.Bossescomplainthatafterachildhoodofbeingspoiledandpraised,NetGenersdemandfarmorefrequentfeedbackandanover-precisesetofobjectivesonthepathofpromotion.InanewreportfromPriceewaterhouseCoopers,aconsultancy,61%ofchiefexecutivessaytheyhavetroublerecruitingandintegratingyoungeremployees.

Forthosehard-to-pleaseoldermanagers,thecurrentrecessionisthejoyfulequivalentofhidinganalarmclockinasleepingteenagers'bedroom.Onceagain,thetouchy-feelymanagementfashionsthatalwaysspringupinyearsofplentyarebeingditchedinfavorofmorebrutalcommand-and-controlmethodsHavinggrownupingoodtimes,NetGenershavelaboredundertheillusionthattheworldowedthemaliving.Buthoppingbetweenjobstofindonethatmeetsyourinnerspiritualneedsisnotsoeasywhentherearenojobstohopto.Andasforthatvacation:here'sapermanentone,sunshine.

Infact,compromisewillbenecessaryonbothsides.NetGenerswillcertainlyhavetolowersomeoftheirexpectationsandtaketheworldasitis,notastheywouldlikeittobe.Buttheirolderbossesshouldalsobepreparedtomakeconcessions.Theeconomywilleventuallyrecoveranddemographictrendsinmostrichcountrieswillmakecleveryoungworkersevenmorevaluable.Besides,manyofthethingsthatKeepNetGenershappyareworthdoinganyway.Butforthemomentatleast,theFacebookersareunderheavycriticism.

1.IntheeyesofthecriticsoftheNetGeneration,theNetGenersarecharacterizedas（）.

2.AccordingtoPara.2,NetGenersarenoteasytomanageinthat（）.

3.Theword“touchy-feely"inPara.3mostprobablymeans（）.

4.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieves（）.

5.Whatistheauthors’attitudetowardsNetGeners?

问题1选项

A.accomplishedandcompetent

B.smartandflexible

C.self-centeredandindulged

D.selfishanduncooperative

问题2选项

A.they'veattachedtoomuchimportancetothepersonalfulfillment

B.they'vebeencourageousenoughtochallengetheirbosses

C.they’vehadexcessiveconfidenceinthemselves

D.they'verequiredexcessiveresponsesandgoals

问题3选项

A.sensitiveandcaring

B.coldandbloody

C.lazyandreckless

D.funnyandinteresting

问题4选项

A.NetGenersshouldgiveuptheirexpectations

B.olderbossesshouldgivetheNetGenerswhatevertheywant

C.bothNetGenersandbossesshouldfacethereality

D.bothNetGenersandbossesshouldlearntoconcede

问题5选项

A.Supportive.

B.Objective.

C.Biased.

D.Pessimistic.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:1.推理判断题。由第一段“Toothers,however,themembersofGenerationY—thoseborninthe1980sand1990sotherwiseknownastheNetGeneration-arespoiled,narcissisticidlerswhocannotspellandwastetoomuchtimeoninstantmessagingandFacebook.然而，对另一些人来说，y一代(出生于80年代和90年代的人，也被称为网络一代)是被宠坏的、自恋的游手好闲者，他们不会拼写，在即时通讯和Facebook上浪费了太多时间。”可知在批判者眼中，网络一代是被宠坏的，并且是自恋的游手好闲者。故C项正确。且在批判者眼中，网络一代自然是有缺点的，故应该用贬义词，排除AB两项。D项“自私的和不配合的”与文中所述内容不符。

第2题:2.细节事实题。根据题干定位到第二段“Notallofthismakesthemeasytomanage.Bossescomplainthatafterachildhoodofbeingspoiledandpraised,NetGenersdemandfarmorefrequentfeedbackandanover-precisesetofobjectivesonthepathofpromotion.并不是所有这些都使它们易于管理。老板们抱怨说，在经历了被宠坏和表扬的童年后，网络一代要求在晋升的道路上有更频繁的反馈和一套过于精确的目标。由此可知网络一代难于管理的原因在于他们在职场晋升之路上要求更频繁的反馈并且需要精确的目标。故D项正确，D项的response和goals是对原文中的feedback以及objectives的同义转换。

第3题:3.词义题。由Onceagain,thetouchy-feelymanagementfashionsthatalwaysspringupinyearsofplentyarebeingditchedinfavorofmorebrutalcommand-and-controlmethods.再一次，在经济充裕的年份里总是涌现出的____的管理潮流正在被抛弃，取而代之的是更为残酷的命令与控制方式。由“morebrutalcommand-and-control更为残酷的命令和控制”可推知被抛弃的“touch-feelymanagement”的意思应与其相反，应为“人性化”的管理。再从touchy-feely单词本身也可猜测出该词与感觉有关。故A项正确。

第4题:4.细节事实题。由最后一段Infact,compromisewillbenecessaryonbothsides.NetGenerswillcertainlyhavetolowersomeoftheirexpectationsandtaketheworldasitis,notastheywouldlikeittobe.Buttheirolderbossesshouldalsobepreparedtomakeconcessions.事实上，双方都有必要妥协。网络一代应该降低他们的一些期望，接受世界的现状，而不是他们所希望的样子。但是他们的老上司也应该做好让步的准备。可知作者认为双方都应该做一些让步。故D项正确，concede是concessions的同义词。

第5题:5.观点态度题。纵观全文，本文开头作者提到了赞成者和批判者对网络一代的看法，接着作者列举了网络一代的优点和缺点，最后提出解决措施。故作者的态度应当是客观的。supportive支持的；objective客观的；biased有偏见的；pessimistic悲观的。B项正确。

2.单选题

WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe"greatgame"ofespionage—spyingasa"profession".ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan'svocationaswell.

Thelatestrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen'se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallit"open-sourceintelligence",andastheNetgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpenSourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasits.merelyoftheelectronicworld.

AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthisnewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying（covering-nationsfromChiletoRussiA.tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.M.

StraitfordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster'sdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine."Assoonasthatreportruns,we'llsuddenlyget500newInternetsign-upsfromUkraine,"saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor."Andwe'llhearbackfromsomeofthem."Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.That'swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.Friedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20inAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm'soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford'sbriefsdon'tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagencieschancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.

1.TheemergenceoftheNethas（）.

2.ThetextmentionsDonovan'sstoryto（）.

3.Themostprobablemeaningof"makingthebiggestsplash"（Line1,Paragraph3）is（）.

4.Paragraph4suggeststhat（）.

5.Straitfordismostproudofits（）.

问题1选项

A.receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan

B.remoldedtheintelligenceservices

C.restoredmanycommonpastimes

D.revivedspyingasaprofession

问题2选项

A.honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA

B.showhowhefoughtfortheUS

C.giveanepisodeoftheinformationwar

D.introducethetopicofonlinespying

问题3选项

A.causingthebiggesttrouble

B.exertingthegreatesteffort

C.achievingthegreatestsuccess

D.enjoyingthewidestpopularity

问题4选项

A.Straitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation

B.Straitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation

C.Straitford'sbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability

D.Straitford'spredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue

问题5选项

A.officialstatus

B.efficientstaff

C.nonconformistimage

D.militarybackground

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由原文第一段最后一句“ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan'svocationaswell.”可知，网络已经改变了购书和寄信等日常消遣方式，也正在重塑多诺万的职业。而有上文可知，多诺万早前从事的是情报工作，所以网络的出现重塑了情报工作。因此，本题正确答案为B选项。

2.推理判断题。文章的开始通过介绍多诺万的故事引入了话题“网络的出现重塑了情报工作”。之后又介绍了网络对于信息搜集和分享的影响，由此可以判断作者提到多诺万的故事就是为了引入话题。故本题正确答案为D选项“引入网上间谍的话题”。

3.词汇题。通过上下文语境以及句意可知，这家公司在情报分析领域名声大噪，取得了巨大成功。因此C选项含义与“makingthebiggestsplash”含义最为接近，都表示取得了很大成功，因此本题正确答案为C选项。

4.推理判断题。由原文第四段可知，网络是一种信息收集和发布相互强化的工具。公司可以从世界的角落收集数据，而在发布相关报告后，又会有人予以回复，反馈最新情况，所以由此可知，网络的存在使得Straiford公司能够提供可靠有可信度的信息。因此本文正确答案为A选项。

5.细节事实题。由原文最后一句“Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.”可知，斯特雷福德为自己的独立声音感到自豪。说明斯特雷福德公司敢于发声，不落俗套，从不墨守成规。因此本题正确答案为C选项。

3.翻译题

从20世纪40年代中期起，人类已经制造出上千种农药，普遍用于农场、花园和森林，以消灭昆虫和杂草。本来它们的最初目的是杀死几种杂草和几种昆虫，但是却造成了现在这样严重的后果：鸟儿不再唱歌，鱼儿不再跳跃，树叶蒙上了一层毒药，土壤中长期存留大量有毒物质。

【答案】Sincethemid-1940s,thousandsofpesticideshavebeencreatedtokillinsectsandweedsonfarms,gardensandforests.Theiroriginalpurposewastokillafewweedsandafewinsects,buttheresultisnowsoseriousthatbirdsnolongersing,fishnolongerjump,theleavesarecoatedwithpoison,andthesoilispermanentlyrichintoxicsubstances.

4.单选题

Thecouplehadbeentryingtosatisfyalltheneedsoftheironlykid,whohadbeen（

）formorepocketmoneyallthetime.

问题1选项

A.impressing

B.importuning

C.informing

D.improvising

【答案】B

【解析】impress给人印象；importune强求，一再向某人要求；inform告诉，通知；improvise即兴创作。句意：这对夫妇一直试图满足他们唯一的孩子的所有需要，而孩子一直在不断地要求更多的零花钱。选项B符合语境。

5.写作题

Youaretowriteacompositionofnolessthan250wordswiththetitle:MyViewonTerroristActivitiesinSomeCountries.DoyourcompositionneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】MyViewonTerroristActivitiesinSomeCountries6.单选题

Theyear1995washeraldedasthebeginningofthe“NewEconomy.”Digitalcommunicationwassettoupendmarketsandchangeeverything.Buteconomistsbyandlargedidn’tbuyintothehype.Itwasn’tthatwedidn’trecognizethatsomethingchanged.Itwasthatwerecognizedthattheoldeconomicslensremainedusefulforlookingatthechangestakingplace.Theeconomicsofthe“NewEconomy”couldbedescribedatahighlevel:Digitaltechnologywouldcauseareductioninthecostofsearchandcommunication.Thiswouldleadtomoresearch,morecommunication,andmoreactivitiesthatgotogetherwithsearchandcommunication.That’sessentiallywhathappened.

Todayweareseeingsimilarhypeaboutmachineintelligence.Butonceagain,aseconomists,webelievesomesimplerulesapply.Technologicalrevolutionstendtoinvolvesomeimportantactivitybecomingcheap,likethecostofcommunicationorfindinginformation.Machineintelligenceis,initsessence,apredictiontechnology,sotheeconomicshiftwillcenteraroundadropinthecostofprediction.

Thefirsteffectofmachineintelligencewillbetolowerthecostofgoodsandservicesthatrelyonprediction.Thismattersbecausepredictionisaninputtoahostofactivitiesincludingtransportation,agriculture,healthcare,energymanufacturing,andretail.

Whenthecostofanyinputfallssoprecipitously,therearetwootherwell-establishedeconomicimplications.First,wewillstartusingpredictiontoperformtaskswherewepreviouslydidn’t.Second,thevalueofotherthingsthatcomplementpredictionwillrise.

Asmachineintelligencelowersthecostofprediction,wewillbegintouseitasaninputforthingsforwhichweneverpreviouslydid.Forexample,withthetechnologicaladvanceinsemiconductors,thecostofcalculationdroppedsignificantly,soactivitiesforwhicharithmeticwasakeyinputbecamemuchcheaper.Consequently,inphotography,weshiftedfromafilm-oriented,chemistry-basedapproachtoadigital-oriented,arithmetic-basedapproach.

Whenthecostofafoundationalinputplummets,itoftenaffectsthevalueofotherinputs.Thevaluegoesupforcomplementsanddownforsubstitutes.Inthecaseofphotography,thevalueofthehardwareandsoftwarecomponentsassociatedwithdigitalcameraswentupasthecostofarithmeticdroppedbecausedemandincreased—wewantedmoreofthem.Thesecomponentswerecomplementstoarithmetic;theywereusedtogether.Incontrast,thevalueoffilm—relatedchemicalsfell—wewantedlessofthem.

Asmachineintelligenceimproves,thevalueofhumanpredictionskillswilldecreasebecausemachinepredictionwillprovideacheaperandbettersubstituteforhumanprediction,justasmachinesdidforarithmetic.However,thisdoesnotspelldoomforhumanjobs,asmanyexpertssuggest.That’sbecausethevalueofhumanjudgmentskillswillincrease.Usingthelanguageofeconomics,judgmentisacomplementtopredictionandthereforewhenthecostofpredictionfallsdemandforjudgmentrises.We’llwantmorehumanjudgment.

Forexample,whenpredictionischeap,diagnosiswillbemorefrequentandconvenient,andthuswe’lldetectmanymoreearly-stage,treatableconditions.Thiswillmeanmoredecisionswillbemadeaboutmedicaltreatment,whichmeansgreaterdemandfortheapplicationofethics,andforemotionalsupport,whichareprovidedbyhumans.Thelinebetweenjudgmentandpredictionisn’tclearcut—somejudgmenttaskswillevenbereframedasaseriesofpredictions.Yet,overallthevalueofprediction-relatedhumanskillswillfall,andthevalueofjudgment-relatedskillswillrise.

56.Thehighlightedword“hype”inParagraph2maybebestinterpretedas______.

57.Accordingtotheconsequencesofmachineintelligence,whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

58.InParagraph5,theauthormentionssemiconductorinorderto______.

59.Theinfluenceofmachineintelligenceuponhumanactivitiesisthat______.

60.Themostsuitabletitleforthismessageforthispassageis______.

问题1选项

A.carnival

B.exaggeration

C.leap

D.ecstasy

问题2选项

A.Thecostofproductsandservicesbasedonpredictionwillbereduced.

B.Somenewtaskswillbereframedaspredictionproblems.

C.Pricesofcomplementsthathelppredictionwillrise.

D.Thevalueofhumanjudgmentwilldecrease.

问题3选项

A.showthattechnologyhasmademajorprogressinthearithmeticarea

B.explainwhyfilmphotographyisreplacedbydigitalphotography

C.illustratethattechnologicaladvanceswillreduceproductcosts

D.provethatthepricesofcomplementswillincrease

问题4选项

A.thecostofhumanpredictionwillincrease

B.humanjudgmentwillbecomemorevaluable

C.machineintelligencewillreplacehumanjobs

D.peoplewillmakemoredecisionsonmedicaltreatment

问题5选项

A.Theeconomiceffectsofmachineintelligence

B.Machineintelligencevshumanprediction

C.Costreductionindigitaltechnology

D.Advancesinmachineintelligence

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】56.语义推测题。题干意思是“第二段中黑体字‘hype’一词最好解释为……”。文章第一段有提到hype这个单词，Digitalcommunicationwassettoupendmarketsandchangeeverything.Buteconomistsbyandlargedidn’tbuyintothehype.（数字通信注定要颠覆市场，改变一切，但总的来说，经济学家并不接受这种炒作）；hype的本义是炒作，在这里是指前一句内容过于“夸张，言过其实”；由此推断第二段第一句Todayweareseeingsimilarhypeaboutmachineintelligence.（今天，我们看到了关于机器智能的类似炒作）中的hype也是同样表示“夸张”的意思，所以B项“夸张”正确。A项“狂欢”、C项“飞跃”和D项“狂喜”都不符合语境。因此，该题选择B项正确。

57.细节推断题。题干意思是“根据机器智能的影响，下面哪个陈述是不正确的？”。根据第三段第一句话Thefirsteffectofmachineintelligencewillbetolowerthecostofgoodsandservicesthatrelyonprediction.（机器智能的第一个作用将是降低依赖预测的商品和服务的成本）可知，基于预测的商品和服务成本会降低，故A项“基于预测的产品和服务成本将会降低”符合原文；从第四段第二句First,wewillstartusingpredictiontoperformtaskswherewepreviouslydidn’t.（首先，我们将开始使用预测来执行以前没有执行的任务）可知，一些任务将被重新预测，B项“一些新的任务将被重新作为预测问题”正确；第四段第三句指出Second,thevalueofotherthingsthatcomplementpredictionwillrise.（其次，补充预测的其他东西的价值将会上升），可知C项“帮助预测的附加品价格将上升”也正确；D项“人类判断的价值将会降低”不属于机器智能的影响。因此，该题选择D项正确。

58.细节推断题。题干意思是“在第五段中，作者提到半导体是为了……”。第五段第一句提到Asmachineintelligencelowersthecostofprediction,wewillbegintouseitasaninputforthingsforwhichweneverpreviouslydid.（随着机器智能降低了预测的成本，我们将开始把它作为一种输入，用于我们以前从未做过的事情），接着就引出了半导体发展所带来的摄影方面的变革这一例证，由此可推断，技术的进步降低了产品的成本；C项“说明技术进步会降低产品成本”符合题意。A项“表明技术在算术领域取得了重大进步”和B项“解释为什么胶片摄影被数码摄影取代”是细节描述和举例说明，不是引出半导体真正的目的；D项“证明附加品的价格将会增加”这是产品成本下降后的影响，不属于提及半导体的原因。因此，该题选择C项正确。

59.细节推断题。题干意思是“机器智能对人类活动的影响是……”。第七段第一句指出Asmachineintelligenceimproves,thevalueofhumanpredictionskillswilldecrease（随着机器智能的提高，人类预测技能的价值将会下降），结合倒数第二句Usingthelanguageofeconomics,judgmentisacomplementtopredictionandthereforewhenthecostofpredictionfallsdemandforjudgmentrises.（用经济学的语言来说，判断是预测的补充，因此，当预测的成本下降时，判断的价值就会上升）可知，人类预测技能价值下降，判断价值会增加，所以B项“人类的判断将变得更有价值”正确。A项“人类预测的成本将会增加”，如果预测成本增加，那么判断价值就会下降，这与原文不符；第七段第二句提到However,thisdoesnotspelldoomforhumanjobs,asmanyexpertssuggest.（然而，这并不像许多专家所说的那样意味着人类工作的末日）可以推断，机器智能并不能完全取代人类的工作，所以C项“机器智能将取代人类的工作”错误；D项“人们将在医疗上做出更多的决定”这只是用来对“人类的判断将变得更有价值”而进行的例证。因此，该题选择B项正确。

60.主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章最适合的标题是……”。通读全文，文章第一段提出了数字技术在“新经济”中带来的影响，第二段引出智能机器，接着就详细分析了机器智能对于市场经济以及人类活动的影响，因此可以判断A项“机器智能的经济效应”符合题意。B项“机器智能vs人类预测”、C项“数字技术的成本降低”和D项“机器智能的进展”都只是在某个段落提及，不够全面表达文章的内容。因此，该题选择A项正确。

7.单选题

______totheRevolutionaryWar,theUnitedStateswasanEnglishcolony.

问题1选项

A.Prior

B.Before

C.Preceding

D.Following

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。A项prior“先前的，优先的”，B项before“之前”，C项preceding“在……之前，在前的”，D项following“其次的，接着的”。根据句子可知，priorto固定搭配，表示“在……之前”。句意：独立战争之前，美国是英国的殖民地。因此，该题选择A项正确。

8.单选题

Weallbuythingsonthe____ofthemoment;thisiswhattheretailtradecallsan“impulse”buy.

问题1选项

A.urge

B.force

C.spur

D.rush

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.urge强烈欲望B.force武力；力量

C.spur（onthe~ofthemoment）心血来潮D.rush匆忙

【考查点】固定搭配与名词辨析

【解题思路】后文提到“这就是零售业所说的”，这是对前一句话的补充，根据其中“‘冲动’购买（impulsebuy）”可知，前文“我们都是在____时候购物”表述的是“我们一时冲动就购物”。短语onthespurofthemoment“一时冲动之下；心血来潮”为固定搭配，因此，C选项spur“（onthe~ofthemoment）心血来潮”为正确选项。

【干扰项排除】

A选项urge“强烈欲望”，不符合原句语义；

B选项force“武力；力量”，不符合原句语义；

D选项rush“匆忙”，指做事草率，其常用搭配为rushintosth/intodoingsth“匆忙做某事”。

【句意】我们都是在一时冲动之下购物；这就是零售业所说的“冲动”购买。

9.单选题

Thefirehascausedgreatlosses,butthefactorytriedto______theconsequencesbysayingthatthedamagewasnotasseriousasreported.

问题1选项

A.decrease

B.subtract

C.minimize

D.degrade

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项decrease“减少，减小”，强调事物逐渐减少的过程，主要是指数量、质量等方面的减少；B选项subtract“减去”；C选项minimize“最小化，将……减到最小”；D选项degrade“降低（地位），贬低”。句意：这场火灾造成了巨大损失，但工厂表示损失没有报道的严重，试图将后果降到最低。

10.单选题

Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors—habits—amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.

“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likehandwashingwithsoap,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan’tfigureouthowtochangepeople’shabits,”saidDr.Curtis,thedirectoroftheHygieneCenterattheLondonSchoolofHygiene&TropicalMedicine.“Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”

ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever—hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusedtointroducenewroutines.

Ifyoulookhardenough,you’llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday—chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins—areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrandsadvertisingthatnomorningiscompletewithoutaminty-freshmouth.

Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn’tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizers—whichareeffectiveevenifappliedathighnoon—areadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.

“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns,”saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.“Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers’lives,andit’sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”

Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.ButforactivistslikeDr.Curtis,thisemergingresearchoffersatypeofsalvation.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,consumers’goodhabitsinthepastweredevelopedby（）.

2.Judgingfromthecontext,theword“killers”(Line1,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto（）.

3.Judgingfromthecontext,ColgateandCrestaremostprobably（）.

4.Bottledwater,chewinggum,andskinmoisturizersareusedinparagraph5asexamplestoindicate（）.

5.Whichofthefollowinggroupshasunfavorableopiniononadvertising?

问题1选项

A.theeffortsofmanycompanies

B.themselvesautomatically

C.perfectartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors

D.acarefullydesignedsetofdailycues

问题2选项

A.fundamentalpublichealthproblems

B.thingswhichareextremelydifficulttodealwith

C.peoplewhodeliberatelytakeother’slife

D.newbehaviorsthathappenautomatically

问题3选项

A.famousAmericancompanies

B.dailyconsumerproducts

C.tooth-pastebrands

D.pearlywhitejewelry

问题4选项

A.theimportanceofgoodhabits

B.somedailynecessitiesforthecommonpeople

C.someproductsthathavesuccessfullychangedpeople’shabits

D.partofdailyorweeklypatternsofpeople’slife

问题5选项

A.Consumerpsychologists

B.Socialscientists

C.Companypresidents

D.ActivistslikeDr.Curtis

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段首句“Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors—habits—amongconsumers.在过去的十年中，许多公司已经完善了在消费者群体中形成自发性的行为或者说是习惯的艺术。”由此可知，过去消费者的许多习惯实际上是很多公司努力培养的结果，选项A符合原文。

2.词义推断题。根据第二段首句“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likehandwashingwithsoap,thatremainkillers.还有一些基本的公共卫生问题，比如用肥皂洗手，仍然是杀手。”由此可知，“killer”指的就是“fundamentalpublichealthproblems”，所以选项A正确。

3.判断推理题。根据第四段的最后一句“Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrandsadvertisingthatnomorningiscompletewithoutaminty-freshmouth.如今，由于精明的广告宣传和公共健康宣传活动，许多美国人习惯给他们珍珠般洁白的牙齿一天两次的防蛀牙刷洗，常用的是高露洁、佳洁士或其他品牌中的某一个，这些产品经常宣传说，没有薄荷清新的口腔，早晨是不完整的。”由此可推测出，Colgate和Crest是牙膏品牌，所以选项C正确。

4.判断推理题。原文第六段的首句提及“当我们的产品成为日常或每周模式的一部分时，我们的产品就成功了”，也就是说，这些产品之所以成功，是因为它们改变了人们的生活习惯，而这些产品就是上文所提及的瓶装水，口香糖和润肤霜。所以选项C正确。

5.判断推理题。根据原文最后一段的内容可知“通过实验和观察，像伯宁博士这样的社会科学家们已经认识到，通过无休止的广告，将某些行为与习惯暗示联系起来是有用的。随着这种新的习惯科学出现，当这种策略被用于销售有问题的美容霜或不健康食品时，争议就爆发了。”由此可知，社会科学家们可能会对广告有不好的看法，所以选项B正确。

11.单选题

OneoftheresponsibilitiesoftheCoastGuardistomakesurethatallships（

）follow

trafficrulesinbusyharbors.

问题1选项

A.dutifully

B.cautiously

C.faithfully

D.skillfully

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。dutifully“尽职尽责地，忠实地”；cautiously“慎重地，谨慎地”；faithfully“忠实地，忠诚地”；skillfully“巧妙地，精巧地”。句意：海岸警卫队的职责之一便是确保繁忙港口的所有船只都遵守交通规则。选项A符合题意。

12.单选题

FarmlandinpartsofJapanisnolongersafebecauseofhighlevelsofradiationinthesoil,scientistshavewarned,asthecountrystrugglestorecoverfromtheFukushimaatomicdisaster.Ateamofinternationalresearcherssaidfoodproductionwouldlikelybe"severelyimpaired"bytheelevatedlevelsofcaesium（放射性铯）foundinsoilsamplesacrosseasternFukushimainthewakeofmeltdownsatthetsunami-hitplant.Thestudysuggestsfarminginneighboringareasmayalsosufferbecauseofradiation,althoughlevelsdiscoveredtherewerewithinlegallimits."Fukushimaareaasawholeishighlypolluted,*'especiallytothenorthwestofthenuclearpowerplant,theresearcherssaid.Thestudylookedatcaesium-137,whichhasahalf-lifeof30yearsandthereforeaffectstheenvironmentfordecades.

Thelegallimitforconcentrationsinsoilwherericeisgrownofthesumofcaesium-134andcaesium-137,whicharealwaysproducedtogether,is5,000becquerelsperkilograminJapan.‘TheeastFukushimaareaexceededthislimitandsomeneighboringareassuchasMiyagi,TochigiandIbarakiarepartiallyclosetothelimitunderourupper-boundestimate,"thestudysaid."EstimatedandobservedpollutioninthewesternpartsofJapanwerenotasserious,eventhoughsomeareaswerelikelyaffectedtosomeextent,"itadded.

"Concentrationintheseareasarebelow25becquerelsperkilogram,whichisfarbelowthethresholdforfarming.However,westronglyrecommendeachareatoquicklycarryoutsomesupplementarysoilsamplingsatcitylevelstovalidateourestimates."

Thestudysaid‘foodproductionineasternFukushimaareaislikelyseverelyimpairedbythecaesium-137loadsofmorethan2,500becquerelsperkilogram’.

ThestudywasledbyTeppeiYasunarioftheUniversitiesSpaceResearchAssociationintheUSstateofMaryland.Heandhisteamuseddailyobservations