考研考博-英语-山东工商学院考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东工商学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

5.

问题1选项

A.Heisalawyer.

B.Heisadoctor.

C.Heisatravelagent.

D.Heisanimmigrationofficer.

【答案】B

【解析】M:Well,tellmeaboutyourtrouble.

W:Twohoursaftereating,Igetpain,andthenIfeelit.

Q:Whatwouldthemando?

【解析】推断题。对话是医患诊疗的过程，据此推测该男士的职业是医生。

2.单选题

Insomeculturestheessenceofmagicisitstraditionalintegrity;itcanbeefficientonlyifithasbeen（）withoutlossfromprimevaltimestothepresentpractitioner.

问题1选项

A.conventionalized

B.manipulated

C.transmitted

D.aggrandized

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项conventionalized“使习俗化；使样式化”；B选项manipulated“操作”；C选项transmitted“传输；传送”；D选项aggrandize“增加；夸大；强化”。句意：在一些文化中，魔术的精华是它传统的完整性；只有当它从古代到今天都完整地传递下来时它才有效果。因此C选项正确。

3.不定项选择题

Beforeabigexam,asoundnight’ssleepwilldoyoubetterthanporingovertextbooks.That,atleast,isthefolkwisdom.Andscience,intheformofbehavioralpsychology,supportsthatwisdom.Butsuchbehavioralstudiescannotdistinguishbetweentwocompetingtheoriesofwhysleepisgoodforthememory.Onesaysthatsleepiswhenpermanentmemoriesform.Theothersaysthattheyareactuallyformedduringtheday,butthen“edited”atnight,toflushawaywhatissuperfluous.

Totellthedifference,itisnecessarytolookintothebrainofasleepingperson,andthatishard.Butafteradecadeofpainstakingwork,ateamledbyPierreMaquetatLiegeUniversityinBelgiumhasmanagedtodoit.TheparticularstageofsleepinwhichtheBelgiangroupisinterestedisrapideyemovement(REM)sleep,whenbrainandbodyareactive,heartrateandbloodpressureincrease,theeyesmovebackandforthbehindtheeyelidsasifwatchingamovie,andbrainwavetracesresemblethoseofwakefulness.Itisduringthisperiodofsleepthatpeoplearemostlikelytoreliveeventsofthepreviousdayindreams.

Dr.MaquetusedanelectronicdevicecalledPETtostudythebrainsofpeopleastheypracticedataskduringtheday,andastheysleptduringthefollowingnight.Thetaskrequiredthemtopressabuttonasfastaspossible,inresponsetoalightcomingoninoneofsixpositions.Astheylearnthowtodothis,theirresponsetimesgotfaster.Whattheydidnotknowwasthattheappearanceofthelightssometimesfollowedapattern-whatisreferredtoas“artificialgrammar”.Yetthereductionsinresponsetimeshowedthattheylearntfasterwhenthepatternwaspresentthanwhentherewasnot.

Whatismore,thosewithmoretolearn(i.e.,the“grammar”,aswellasthemechanicaltaskofpushingthebutton)havemoreactivebrains.The“editing”theorywouldnotpredictthat,sincethenumberofirrelevantstimuliwouldbethesameineachcase.Andtoeliminateanydoubtsthattheexperimentalsubjectswerelearningasopposedtounlearning,theirresponsetimeswhentheywokeupwereevenquickerthanwhentheywenttosleep.

Theteam,therefore,concludedthatthenerveconnectionsinvolvedinmemoryarereinforcedthroughreactivationduringREMsleep,particularlyifthebraindetectsaninherentstructureinthematerialbeinglearnt.Sonow,ontheeveofthatcrucialtest,mathsstudentscansleepsoundlyintheknowledgethatwhattheywillrememberthenextdayarethebasicrulesofalgebraandnottheincoherenttalkfromtheradionextdoor.

6.Researchersinbehavioralpsychologyaredividedwithregardto（）.

7.Asmanifestedintheexperimentalstudy,rapideyemovementischaracterizedby（）.

8.Byreferringtotheartificialgrammar,theauthorintendstoshow（）.

9.Intheirstudy,researchersledbyPierreMaquettookadvantageofthetechniqueof（）.

10.WhatadvicemightMaquetgivetothosewhohaveacrucialtestthenextday?

问题1选项

A.howdreamsaremodifiedintheircourses

B.thedifferencebetweensleepandwakefulness

C.whysleepisofgreatbenefittomemory

D.thefunctionsofagoodnight’ssleep

问题2选项

A.intenselyactivebrainwavetraces

B.subjects’quickerresponsetimes

C.complicatedmemorypatterns

D.revivalofeventsinthepreviousday

问题3选项

A.itssignificanceinthestudy

B.aninherentpatternbeinglearnt

C.itsresemblancetothelights

D.theimportanceofanight’ssleep

问题4选项

A.exposingalong-heldfolkwisdom

B.clarifyingthepredictionsondreams

C.makingcontrastsandcomparisons

D.correlatingeffectswiththeircauses

问题5选项

A.Memorizinggrammarwithgreatefforts.

B.Studytextbookswithcloseattention.

C.Havetheirbrainimagesrecorded.

D.Enjoytheirsleepatnightsoundly.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】6.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】细节事实题。文中第一段Butsuchbehavioralstudiescannotdistinguishbetweentwocompetingtheoriesofwhysleepisgoodforthememory.（但是这样的行为研究并不能区分为什么睡眠对记忆力有好处的两种相互矛盾的理论），所以他们对为什么睡眠对记忆力有好处持有不同的观点，故应选C选项“为什么睡眠对记忆力很有好处”。A选项“梦是如何在课程中被修改的”，不符合题意，可排除。B选项“睡眠和清醒的区别”，不符合题意，可排除。D选项“一个好觉的作用”，过于片面，可排除。因此C选项正确。

7.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。第二段中指出“…whenbrainandbodyareactive”，大脑积极运转是眼珠快速转动的主要特征，且在第三、四段又再次说明。选项B“被研究者更快的反应速度”，选项C“复杂的记忆模式”和选项D“前一天事件的重现”都不是眼球快速运动的主要特征。故应选A“强烈活跃的脑电波痕迹”。因此A选项正确。

8.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。原文的第三段最后Whattheydidnotknow…followedapattern-whatisreferredtoas“artificialgrammar”.Yetthereductionsinresponsetimeshowedthat…说明了这种内在模式，也就是“artificialgrantor”对于记忆的重要性。因此A选项正确。

9.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。这个题考查的是对后面几段的归纳。首先在第三段开始Dr.MaquetusedanelectronicdevicecalledPET…theypracticedataskduringtheday,andastheysleptduringthefollowingnight.这是一种对比性的研究方法。后来的第四段最后…theirresponsetimeswhentheywokeupwereevenquickerthanwhentheywenttosleep也采用了对比的分析研究，故应选C“对比与比较”。因此C选项正确。

10.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。这是一个通篇的中心归纳的考查题。文章一开始就指出Beforeabigexam,asoundnight’ssleepwilldoyoubetterthanporingovertextbooks.意思是在晚上好好的睡觉对记忆是有好处的。最后作者又归纳了研究的结果，“…concludedthatthenerveconnectionsinvolvedinmemoryarereinforcedthroughreactivationduringREMsleep…”也说明结构性知识在REM睡眠中是可以巩固的。故应选D。

4.单选题

Hesaiditwouldnotbeallthatdifficulttoreachapeacefulconclusiontothe（）.

问题1选项

A.paradox

B.dilemma

C.prejudice

D.conflict

【答案】D

【解析】paradox似非而是的论点，自相矛盾的话；dilemma困境，进退两难；prejudice偏见，成见；conflict冲突，争执，矛盾。句意：他说并不是所有的冲突都很难达成和平解决的共识。选项D符合句意。

5.单选题

Itis______thatwomenshouldbepaidlessthanmenfordoingthesamekindofwork.

问题1选项

A.abrupt

B.absurd

C.adverse

D.addictive

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.abrupt突然的，意外的B.absurd荒谬的，荒唐的

C.adverse不利的，有害的D.addictive使人上瘾的

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】根据主语从句的内容“女人做同样的工作却得到比男人少的报酬”可知，做同样的工作，女人的报酬比男人的少，这是荒谬的，所以该题选择B项。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。

【句意】女人做同样的工作却得到比男人少的报酬，这是荒谬的。

6.单选题

Uptothispointtherehasbeensolidevidencethatcertainpathologicalmentalstates,likedepression,arelinkedwithasignificantlyhigherriskofcardiovasculardeath,buttherelationshipbetweennormalpersonalitytraitslikesoptimismandhealthhavenotbeenasthoroughlystudied.Dr.Giltaycarefullycontrolledthebaselineriskfactorslikebloodpressure,cholesterol,smokingandalcoholconsumptioninhisstudy.Evenaftercontrollingfortheseconfoundingvariables,therewasstillasignificantexcessofmortalityinthepessimistscomparedwiththeoptimists.Andwhenhefactoredinthesubjects’ownperceptionoftheirhealth—optimists,notsurprisingly,reportfeelingbetter—pessimistsstillhadhighermorbidityandmortality.

Whataboutthepossibilitythatsomeofthepessimisticsubjectsweresimplysufferingfromundiagnoseddepression?Afterall,depressionisastrongriskfactorforcardiovascularmortality.Dr.Giltayconcededthatthesubjectswerenotpsychiatricallyscreenedfordepressionoranyothermentaldisorder,sothisisapossibility.Buthesaiddepressionwasunlikelytoexplainthecorrelationbetweenpessimismandmortality.Perhaps,butweknowthatdepressionexists,too,onaspectrum.Mildchronicdepressivestateslikedysthymiacouldeasilymasqueradeaseverydaypessimism,sothisstudycannotruleoutmilddepressionasacontributortoexcessmortalityinthepessimisticsubjects.Still,assumingthatthesefindingsarereplicatedandoptimismdoesindeedconferasurvivaladvantage,howmechanismcouldexplainit?

Onepossibilityisthatoptimistsmaysimplycopebetterwithadversitythanpessimistsdoandengageinbehaviorsthataremorelikelytopromotehealth.Itiswellknown,forexample,thatoptimismisstronglyassociatedwithseekingsocialsupportandcopingbetterwithstress.Theremightevenbebiologicaldifferencesbetweenoptimisticandpessimisticpeoplethatgiveoptimistsanedge.Thisisnotsofar-fetchedifyouconsiderthatdepressionisassociatedwithalterationsinmanyneurotransmittersandhormones,whichcanadverselyaffectphysicalhealth.Atthispoint,pessimismintheabsenceofclinicaldepressionisnotconsideredadiseaseorariskfactorfordevelopingone.Butifthesedataarereplicated,perhapsitshouldbe.Ifthat’sthecase,thentrialsofoptimism-enhancingtreatments,includingpsychotherapiesandprobablyantidepressants,won’tbefarbehind.Afterall,thereisalreadypreliminaryevidencethatserotonin-enhancingantidepressantscanalternormalpersonalitytraitslikesociability,eveninpeoplewithoutdepression.

Butevenifpessimismcouldbe“treated”,wouldthatguaranteealongerlife?Judgingfromrecentresearchindepression,itmaybenoslam-dunk.Effortstodecreaseheartdiseaseandmortalitybytreatingdepressionhavebeendisappointing.Twolargerandomizedtrialsinvolvingdepressedheart-attackpatientsfoundnosurvivalbenefitintreatingthemwitheithercognitivebehaviortherapyorserotonin-enhancingantidepressants,thoughtheirdepressiondidimprove.Intheend,pessimistshaveenoughtofretaboutwithoutworryingthattheirowntemperamentwilldoomthemtoashortlife.Ifpessimistsshouldworryaboutanything,though,itisthattheymayhaveanundiagnosed—andtreatable—depression.

21.Wecanconvincinglyinferfromthefirstparagraphthat___________.

22.Comparingpessimistswithoptimists,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

23.Theoptimism-enhancingtreatmentscan___________.

24.Accordingtothelastparagraph,wecanconcludethat___________.

25.Thepassagemainlywantstotellusthat___________.

问题1选项

A.normalpersonalityguaranteesgoodhealth

B.pessimismconstitutesafatalthreatforhealth

C.therelationshipbetweenpessimismanddeathisbeinginvestigated

D.pessimismresultsinmortality

问题2选项

A.Optimistshavebetterperceptionoftheirfuture.

B.Pessimistshavehighermorbidity.

C.Optimistsarelesslikelytosufferfromcardiovasculardisease.

D.Optimistsenjoylongerlivesthanpessimists.

问题3选项

A.helpdevelopnormalpersonality

B.helpdecreaseheartdisease

C.helpenhancethelifespan

D.helpcuretheclinicaldepression

问题4选项

A.depressioncouldbetreatable

B.doctorsareawareofthecausesfordepression

C.pessimistshavetoworryabouttheirshorterlifespan

D.treatingdepressioncancureheartdiseaseandotherfataldiseases

问题5选项

A.pessimismisverycommonamongurbancitizens

B.pessimistsaredoomedtoliveashorterlife

C.optimismguaranteesalongerandhealthierlife

D.pessimismishighlyriskyforourhealth

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】21.判断推理题。根据题干定位到第1段，第1句therelationshipbetweennormalpersonalitytraitslikesoptimismandhealthhavenotbeenasthoroughlystudied.（乐观主义等正常人格特征与健康之间的关系还没有得到彻底的研究。）由此判断，正常的人格特征与健康之间的关系还有待研究，A选项“正常的人格确保了健康”过于肯定，排除；第3句Evenaftercontrollingfortheseconfoundingvariables,therewasstillasignificantexcessofmortalityinthepessimistscomparedwiththeoptimists.（即使在控制了这些混杂变量后，与乐观主义者相比，悲观主义者的死亡率仍然要高出很多。）由此判断，导致死亡的因素有很多，比如前文的bloodpressure,cholesterol“血压、血脂”等，而悲观主义与死亡之间有很大的关系，B选项“悲观主义是健康的一个致命威胁”与原文表述一致；D选项“悲观导致了死亡”表述过于绝对，未考虑其他因素，排除；第1段最后一句Andwhenhefactoredinthesubjects’ownperceptionoftheirhealth—optimists,notsurprisingly,reportfeelingbetter—pessimistsstillhadhighermorbidityandmortality.（当他考虑到受试者自己对健康的看法时，毫不奇怪，乐观者的预见能力更好——悲观者仍然有更高的发病率和死亡率。）由此判断，该研究用悲观者与乐观者对比，不仅研究其死亡率的不同，而且研究其对自己健康水平的看法的不同，C选项“人们正在研究悲观主义和死亡之间的关系”表述不够准确。因此，本题最佳选项为B。

22.事实细节题。本题选择表述不正确的一项。A选项“乐观主义者对他们的未来的预见能力更好”，根据关键词定位到第1段最后一句whenhefactoredinthesubjects’ownperceptionoftheirhealth—optimists,notsurprisingly,reportfeelingbetter.（当他考虑到受试者自己对健康的看法时，毫不奇怪，乐观者的预见能力更好。）由此判断，乐观者对未来健康状况的预见能力更好，A选项与原文相符；B选项“悲观者发病率更高”，根据关键词定位到第1段最后一句pessimistsstillhadhighermorbidityandmortality.（悲观者仍然有更高的发病率和死亡率。）B选项与原文表述一致；C选项“乐观者不太可能患心血管疾病”，根据关键词定位到第1段第1句therehasbeensolidevidencethatcertainpathologicalmentalstates,likedepression,arelinkedwithasignificantlyhigherriskofcardiovasculardeath.（有确凿的证据表明，某些病理精神状态，如抑郁症，与心血管疾病死亡风险显著升高有关。）由此判断，心血管病与不好的精神状态有关，乐观者是好的心理状态，他们患心血管病的可能性不大，C选项与原文表述相符；D选项“乐观者比悲观者的寿命更长”根据关键词定位到原文倒数第2句Intheend,pessimistshaveenoughtofretaboutwithoutworryingthattheirowntemperamentwilldoomthemtoashortlife.（最后，悲观者有足够多的烦恼，而不必担心他们自己的性格会注定他们的生命短暂。）由此判断，悲观者的生命不一定短暂，此外原文没有关于乐观者与悲观者寿命长短的比较，D选项的表述不正确。因此，本题最佳选项为D。

23.事实细节题。题干“乐观疗法可以……”可定位到原文第3段trialsofoptimism-enhancingtreatments,includingpsychotherapiesandprobablyantidepressants（乐观疗法的尝试，包括心理疗法，可能还有抗抑郁药）。A选项“有助于发展正常的人格”，可定位到第3段最后一句thereisalreadypreliminaryevidencethatserotonin-enhancingantidepressantscanalternormalpersonalitytraits（初步证据表明，提高血清素的抗抑郁药可以改变正常的人格特征），即乐观疗法可以帮助发展正常人格，A选项与原文相符；B选项“有助于减少心脏病”，可定位到原文第4段第2句Effortstodecreaseheartdiseaseandmortalitybytreatingdepressionhavebeendisappointing.（通过治疗抑郁症来减少心脏病和降低死亡率的努力一直令人失望。）由此可知，治疗抑郁症并不能减少心脏病，心理疗法是用来治疗抑郁症的，因此它也不能减少抑郁症，B选项与原文不符；C选项“有助于延长寿命”，可定位到原文最后一段第1、2句Butevenifpessimismcouldbe“treated”,wouldthatguaranteealongerlife?Judgingfromrecentresearchindepression,itmaybenoslam-dunk.（但即使悲观主义可以“治疗”，这就能保证更长的寿命吗？从最近对抑郁症的研究来看，这可能不是一件容易的事。）由此可知，寿命不一定能被延长，C选项与原文不符；D选项“有助于治愈临床抑郁症”，可定位到原文倒数第3句…thoughtheirdepressiondidimprove.（尽管他们的抑郁症确实有所改善），选项中cure是治好的意思，与原文improve“改善”不符。因此，本题最佳选项为A。

24.事实细节题。根据题干定位到最后一段。A选项“抑郁症是可治疗的”，可定位到原文最后一句Ifpessimistsshouldworryaboutanything,though,itisthattheymayhaveanundiagnosed—andtreatable—depression.（不过，如果说悲观者应该担心什么的话，那就是他们可能患有一种未被诊断的、可治疗的抑郁症。）由此可推断，抑郁症是可治疗的，A选项与句意相符；B选项“医生意识到了抑郁症的原因”，可定位到第3段Thisisnotsofar-fetchedifyouconsiderthatdepressionisassociatedwithalterationsinmanyneurotransmittersandhormones…（如果你认为抑郁症与许多神经递质和激素的改变有关，这就不是那么牵强了……）全文只有这个地方提到了抑郁症可能与神经递质和激素的改变有关，并没有其他地方提及抑郁症的成因，无法得知医生是否意识到了抑郁症的原因，B选项排除；C选项“悲观者不得不担心他们更短的寿命”，可定位到最后一段倒数第2句pessimistshaveenoughtofretaboutwithoutworryingthattheirowntemperamentwilldoomthemtoashortlife.（悲观主义者有足够多的烦恼，而不必担心自己的性格会注定他们的生命短暂。）由此判断，悲观者不需要担心寿命短暂的问题，C选项与原文表述相反，排除；D选项“治疗抑郁症可以治好心脏病和其他致命的疾病”，可定位到最后一段第3句Effortstodecreaseheartdiseaseandmortalitybytreatingdepressionhavebeendisappointing.（通过治疗抑郁症来减少心脏病和降低死亡率的努力一直令人失望。）由此可知，治疗抑郁症并不能治好心脏病，D选项的表述与原文相反，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为A。

25.作者意图题。题干“这篇文章主要想告诉我们……”，本文第1段介绍了某些病理精神状态，比如抑郁，与心血管疾病死亡风险显著升高有关，以及Dr.Giltay的实验表明与乐观者相比，悲观者的死亡率和发病率更高；第2段讨论了悲观者死亡率更高的可能原因——可能有抑郁症，并提出为什么乐观者身体更健康的问题；第3段回答了上文提出的问题，并提出乐观疗法有可能可以治疗抑郁症；第4段总结悲观者可能患有未被查出的抑郁症，但即使抑郁症可以被治疗，也不能延长寿命。A选项“悲观主义在城市居民中很常见”，本文并未就悲观主义是否常见进行讨论，排除；B选项“悲观者注定活得更短”，可定位到最后一段倒数第2句pessimistshaveenoughtofretaboutwithoutworryingthattheirowntemperamentwilldoomthemtoashortlife.（悲观者有足够多的烦恼，而不必担心自己的性格会注定他们的生命短暂。）由此判断，作者认为悲观者不必担心自己的生命短暂，那么作者的意图不会是想告诉读者悲观者的寿命短暂，且B选项的表述过去绝对，排除；C选项“乐观能保证更长寿、更健康的生活”，根据全文判断，文章的主要讨论对象是悲观主义与悲观者，C选项“乐观”的作用，不会是作者的意图，排除；D选项“悲观主义对我们的健康非常有害”，根据段落大意判断，表述正确，且符合题意。因此，本文最佳选项为D。

7.单选题

Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansthoughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.

Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAiberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’sreport:“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”

Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarningisincomplete;thatit’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythe100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.

Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarningseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch—aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis”.

Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.

51.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat______.

52.AccordingtoBruceAiberts,sciencecanserveas______.

53.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisbyanalysis”(Lastline,paragraph4)?

54.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming?

55.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarningwiththatofsmokingbecause______.

问题1选项

A.therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath

B.thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant

C.peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife

D.antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense

问题2选项

A.aprotector

B.ajudge

C.acritic

D.aguide

问题3选项

A.Endlessstudieskillaction.

B.Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.

C.Prudentplanninghindersprogress.

D.Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.

问题4选项

A.Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.

B.Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.

C.Pressforfurtherscientificresearch.

D.Takesomelegislativemeasures.

问题5选项

A.theybothsufferedfromthegovernment’snegligence

B.alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer

C.theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer

D.bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworse

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】51.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“吸烟的支持者提出的论点是……”。第一段第三句提到Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflife（反对吸烟的游说将毁掉我们的生活方式）可以推断，吸烟的支持者认为他们有选择自己生活方式的自由，因此C项“人们有自由选择自己的生活方式”符合题意。A项“吸烟与死亡之间没有相关的科学证据”，根据第一段第二句theevidencewasinconclusive（证据缺乏决定性）可知不是没有相关证据，而是证据缺乏决定性，所以A项错误；根据第一段第四句LotsofAmericansthoughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves（很多美国人认为吸烟导致人死亡的说法是胡说，在过去的三十年间，大约1000万吸烟者早逝），可知有大约1000万吸烟者早逝这个数量并不是微不足道的，因此B项“过数十年中早逝的烟民数量微不足道”错误；另外美国人是认为吸烟导致人死亡的说法是胡说八道，而不是禁烟者胡说，因此D项“禁烟者通常都是在胡说八道”也不符合题意。故该题选C。

52.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据BruceAlberts，科学可以作为……”。根据第二段最后一句Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture（但是科学确实为我们提供了关于未来的最好指导）可知，科学可以作为指导，因此D项“指导”正确。A项“保护者”，B项“法官”及C项“批评家”都不符合。故该题选D。

53.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“作者在第四段最后一行说‘分析导致的瘫痪’是什么意思？”。根据第四段第一行提到Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch—aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis.”（但很明显，总统的大多数顾问仍然没有认真对待全球变暖问题。他们没有制定行动计划，而是继续推动更多的研究——一个典型的“分析导致瘫痪”的案例）可知，“分析导致瘫痪”的意思是研究阻止了行动的产生，因此A项“无休止的研究扼杀了行动”符合题意。B项“仔细调查揭示真相”和C项“谨慎计划阻碍进步”没有提到，D项“大量的研究有助于决策”，文中只是提到了更多的研究，没有提到研究有助于决策，故该题选A正确。

54.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“根据作者的观点，政府应该如何应对全球变暖？”。根据最后一段第三句IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.（如果政府不采取立法措施，国会应该帮助制定保护措施）可知，在作者的观点中，政府应该采取立法措施，因此D项“采取一些立法措施”符合题意。A项“提供支持，建设清洁发电厂”和B项“提高公众保护意识”都是政府的立法措施能够做到的，因此包括在里面；C项“促进更进一步的科学研究”不是作者想要政府做的，前文提到研究扼杀了行动，因此C项错误；故该题D项正确。

55.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“作者把全球变暖问题和吸烟问题联系起来是因为……”。作者在文章第一段讲述科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡，而怀疑者们坚持认为证据缺乏决定性；第二段接着讲述现在出现了类似的情况，即全球变暖的问题，科学家们试图让我们意识到全球气候变暖所带来的日益严重的威胁与地球气候变暖主要是人为造成的；第三段讲述就如吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整；由此我们可以推断来自吸烟问题的教训可以运用到全球变暖的问题上，因此B项“吸烟问题的教训可以应用于全球变暖的问题上”符合题意。文中只是提到关于全球变暖的问题政府一直采取研究，没有提到吸烟问题上政府的态度，因此A项“两个问题都受到了政府的疏忽”不符合题意；C项“吸烟的结果使全球变暖问题恶化”，文章只是通过吸烟问题引出全球变暖的话题，因此C项错误；D项“两个问题都变得越来越糟糕了”，文中的确讲到两个问题的严重性，但是作者把两个问题联系起来更多的目的还是通过吸烟的问题引出全球变暖的主题，从而引出吸烟问题的教训可以应用到全球变暖的问题上。故该题B项最符合题意。

8.单选题

Thestormsweepingoverthispartofthecountryissuretocause（）ofvegetablesinthecomingdays.

问题1选项

A.rarity

B.preliminary

C.inefficiency

D.invalidity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。rarity“罕见，珍贵”；preliminary“初步行动；准备工作”；inefficiency“效率低；无效率”；invalidity“无效，无价值。”“被暴风雨袭击”与“蔬菜”之间的关系是前者会造成后者短缺，因此选项A符合题意。

9.单选题

Althoughheisinhisfifties,his（

）armsareaspowerfulasthoseofayoungman.

问题1选项

A.energetic

B.gigantic

C.muscular

D.effective

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。energetic“精力充沛的”；gigantic“巨大的，庞大的”；muscular“肌肉的，强健的”；effective“有效的”。句意：尽管他已经五十多岁了，他充满肌肉的手臂像年轻人一样充满力量。选项C符合题意。

10.单选题

Thereareseveral（

）betweentheoriginalestimatesofthecostandtheactualbills.

问题1选项

A.exaggerations

B.discrepancies

C.breakthroughs

D.compliances

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。exaggerations夸张，夸大；discrepancies偏差，差异；breakthroughs突破；compliances服从，听从。句意：在最初的支出预算和实际账单之间有一些偏差。根据theoriginalestimatesofthecostandtheactualbills可知，这两者之间的关系只可能是有偏差，答案B

11.单选题

EveryAmericanhigh-schoolstudentmayormaynothope,togotocollege,butifhedoes,dependingonhowmuchhewantsto,heprobablycan.Atanyrate,sixoutoftenhigh-schoolgraduatesgotocollege,notallofthemgoimmediatelylackofmoney,theArmedForces,anattractivejob,illness,anyoneofahundredreasons,commonanduncommonmayholdsomeoutforayear,ortwo,orfive,buttheytoowillgoeventually.Someofthemwillgotofor-yearcolleges,sometojuniorcolleges,sometotechnicalinstitutes.Andthenumberwillclimb.Intenyearssevenoutoftenhigh-schoolgraduateswillgo,andintwentyyearsfouroutoffive.

Thefactthatsomanyhigh-schoolgraduatesnowcontinuetheireducationsuggeststhatthereisahighvalueoncollegeinAmericanlife.Andthisisso.Ayoungmanorayoungwomanofcollegeageismoreorlessexpectedtobegoingtocollegesimplybecausethatisthebestthingtobedoingatthatage.Theexpectationisnotabstractdevotiontoeducationbutordinarycommonsensebasedonthevaluesofcollege.Thefactisthatthedifferences,intermsoflifetimeexperiences,betweentheaveragestudentwhogoestocollegeandtheaveragestudentwhodoesnot,aresofavorabletothecollege-goingstudentthatanystudentwhocanreachcollegeowesittohimselftodoso.

Theword“reach”isimportant.Collegeisaseparateexperience.Itisoptionalinthesensethatnostudentisrequiredtogotocollegeasheisrequiredbylaw——inmoststates——togotohighschool.Butitisnotoptionalforastudentwhowouldliketoenteraprofession,orwhowouldliketogetintothemanagementstructureofbusinessorfinance,orwhowouldliketoentergovernmentservice.Suchastudenthasnochoicebuttogotocollege.

1.Whichofthefollowingistheleastpossiblereasonthatmayholdahigh-schoolgraduateoutforanumberofyearsbeforehegoestocollege?

2.Whatpercentageoftoday'sAmericanhigh-schoolgraduateswilleventuallygotocollege?

3.Themainreasonformosthigh-schoolgraduatestogotocollegeisthat（

）.

4.Itisimpliedbutnotdirectlymentionedthat（）.

5.Theword“them”inline3ofparagraph1refersto（）.

6.Intwentyyearstime,howmanyhighschool-graduateswillgotocollege?

7.Theword“this”inline2ofparagraph2refersto（）.

8.Goingtohighschoolis（）.

问题1选项

A.Hisserviceinthearmy.

B.Theproblemofage.

C.Theproblemofmoney.

D.Hispoorhealth.

问题2选项

A.About60%

B.About70%

C.About80%

D.About90%

问题3选项

A.theywanttodevotethemselvestohighereducationofAmerica

B.highereducation,inasense,meansbetterjobopportunities

C.collegeeducationistheironlypossiblechoice

D.theythinkcollegeisaseparate,joyfulexperiencetheymustlearn

问题4选项

A.inmoststatesastudentisrequiredbylawtogotohighschool.

B.insomestatesthereislawthatrequireseveryhigh-schoolgraduatetogotocollege

C.togotocollegeisthebestthingforayoungmanofcollegeagotodo.

D.ahigh-schooleducationisnotenoughforthosewhowanttobe,forexample,doctors,lawyers,managers,orscientists.

问题5选项

A.high-schoolgraduates

B.four-yearcolleges

C.technicalinstitutes

D.juniorcolleges

问题6选项

A.Sevenoutoften.

B.Fiveoutoften

C.Fouroutoffive.

D.Sixoutoften

问题7选项

A.highvalueoncollegeeducationinAmericanlife

B.thefactthatsomanyhigh-schoolgraduatesgotocollege

C.demandofgoingtocollegebyhigh-schoolgraduates

D.lowvalueoncollegeeducationinAmericanlife

问题8选项

A.optional

B.required

C.aseparateexperience

D.profession-basededucation

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:A

第6题:C

第7题:A

第8题:B

【解析】1.根据第一段第二句可知,部分高中生毕业后没能立马进入大学而继续留校是因为缺钱,参军,吸引人的工作,疾病等各种各样的原因,只有选项B年龄没有涉及,所以本题选B。

2.根据第一段第二句“Atanyrate,sixoutoftenhigh-schoolgraduatesgotocollege,notallofthemgoimmediatelylackofmoney…”可知，现在有60%的高中毕业生将会去上大学。选项A符合原文。

3.根据第二段的第一句“Thefactthatsomanyhigh-schoolgraduatesnowcontinuetheireducationsuggeststhatthereisahighvalueoncollegeinAmericanlife.”如此多高中毕业生现在继续接受教育的事实表明,大学在美国生活中有很高的价值。选项D符合原文。

4.根据最后一段最后两句可知,对于想要进入职业领域、想要进入商业或金融管理结构、想要进入政府部门的学生来说,这是不可选的。这样的学生除了上大学别无选择。选项D符合原文。

5.根据原文结合句意可知,“them”指代的是前面所提到的未能立即上大学的高中毕业生。选项A正确。

6.根据第一段最后一句“Intenyearssevenoutoftenhigh-schoolgraduateswillgo,andintwent