重庆大学考博英语真题2016

2016年重庆大学博士研究生入学考试

《英语》试卷及参考答案词汇Itwasverydifficulttofindthepartsneededtodothejobbecauseofthewaythestorew(asorganized.Alogical BhaphazardCorderlyI)tidyMississippialsouploldstheSouth?swel1-deservedreputationforwarm,hospitablepeople;balmyyear-roundweather;andtrulycuisine.AdestructiveBhorribleCamiableDdelectableIIsheisstupid,sheJspleasanttolookat.AatanyrateBbychanceCatalossDbythewayThemotherwaswithgriefwhensheheardthatherchildwasdead.AfantasticBfrankCfrantic DfrenzyInyourteens,pecr-groupfriendshipsmay..fromparentsasthemajorinfluenceonyou.AtakecontrolBtakeplaceCtakeupDtakeoverParentsoftenfacedthebetweendoingwhattheyfeltwasgoodforthedevelopmentofthechildandwhattheycouldstandbywayofundisciplinednoiseanddestructiveness.AparadoxBjunctionCpremiseDdi1emmaTherehavebeendemonstrationsonthestreetstherecentterroristattack.AinthewakeofBinthecourseofCinthecontextofDinthelightofThousandsofMedicarepatientswithchronicmedicalconditionshavebeenwronglyaccesstonecessarycare.AgrudgedBdeniedCnegated DinvalidatedIthasbeenproposedbymanylinguiststhathumanlanguageourbiologicallyprogrammedabi1ithtouse1anguage,isstillnotwelldefinedandunderstood.ApotentialityBperceptionCfacultyDacquisitionWesternmedicine, scienceandpracticedbypeoplewithacademicinternationallyacceptedmedicaldegrees3isonlyoneofmanysystemsofhealing.ArootedinBoriginatedfromCtrappedinDindulgedin11WhenIaskedifablackpoliticiancouldwininFrance,however,heresponded :“No?conditionsaredifferenthere.”AambiguouslyBimplicitlyCunhesitatinglyDoptimisticallyThedevelopmentofstaffcohesionandasenseofteameffortintheworkplacecanbeeffectivelybytheuseofhumor*AacquaintedBinstalledCregulatedDfacilitatedTnbothAmericaandEurope,itistotipthewaiterorwaitressanywherefrom10%to20%.AelementaryBtemporaryCvoluntaryDcustomarySuchanapproachforcesukinagcrstocommunicatewithoneanotherandhelpsrigiddepartmentalborndaries.ApassoverBstandforCbreakdownDsetoffAsateenager,Iwas…byablindpassionforaslimstarIwouldnevermeetinmylife.ApursuedBseducedCconsumedDguaranteedHisoriginalityasacomposerisbythefollowinggroupofsongs.AexemplifiedBcreatedCperformed1)realizedTheyaregoingtoLondon,buttheir.—destinationisRome.AultimateBprimeCnextDcardinalThepooroldmanwas withdiabetesandwithoutpropertreatmenthewouldlosehiseyesightandbecomecrippledverysoon*AsufferedBafflictedCinducedDinfectedThebribeandthebridegroomwereoverwhelmedinhappinesswhentheirfamilyofferedtotakethemtoRometothemarriage.AterminateBinitiateCconsummateDseparateJoinsaidthattherichercountriesoftheworldshouldmakea…efforttohelpthepoorercountries.AfutileBglitteringCfranticDconcentratedTheproblemisinherentand.,.inanydemocracy,butithasbeenmoresevereinoursduringthepastquarter-centurybecauseofthenearuniversaldenigrationofgovernment,politicsandpolitician号.AperishableBperiodicalCperverse[)perennial22Asisknowntoall,commoditieswilldefinitelydoharmtoourlifesoonerorlater.AcounterfeitBfakeCimitativeDfraudulentItwouldbetothinkthatthiscouldsolveallthearea^sproblemsstraightawaytAsubtleBfeebleCnastyDnaive2411issurprisingthatsuchaninnocent-1ookingmanshouldhavesuchacrime.AconfirmedBclarifiedCcommittedDconveryedlluniniansare?whichenablesthemtomdkcdicisionsevenwhentheycan'tjustifywhy.ArationalBreasonableChesitantDintuitiveMorethan100catsthatusedtoroamthestreetsinaChineseprovincehavenowbeencollectedandorganizedintoatramtofightrodentsthataredestroy!ngcrops.AlooseBtamedCwildDstaryTosaythathisresignationwasashockwouldbean itcausedpanie.AexcuseBindulgenceCexaggerationI)understatenientHeretheburdenofhisthoughtisthatthephi1osopher,aimingattruth,mustnottheseductionoftryingtowritebeautifully.AsubjecttoBcarryonCyieldtoDaimatIfoundthesubjectverydifficult,andatonetimethoughtIshouldhavetogiveitup,butyoudirectionsaresoclearandthat1havesucceededingettingapictureweallthinkpretty,thoughwantinginthetendergraceofyours.AonthepointBoffthepointCtothepointDuptoapoint30Theybothwatchedasthecrimescenetechnicianstooksamplesofvariousfibersandbaggedthem,dustedforfingerprints,tookpicturesandtriedtowhatcouldhavehappened.ArehearseBreiterateCreinforceDreenact阅读：ATn1896ageorgiacouplesuingfordcimagesintheaccidentaldeathoftheirtwoyearoldwastoldthatsincethechildhadmadenorealeconomiccontributiontothefamily,therewasnoliabilityfordamages,incontrast,lessthanacenturylater,in1979,theparentsofathreeyearoldsuedinNewYorkforaccidental-deathdamagesandwon

anawardof$750,000.thetransformationinsocialvaluesimplicitinjiixta-posingthesetwoincidentsisthesubjectofvivianaze1izer?sexcellentbook,<i>pricingthepricelesschild</i>,duringthenineteenthcentury,sheargues,theconceptoftheeuseful“childwhocontributedtothefaniilyeconomygavewaygraduallytothepresentdaynotionofthe"useless"childwho,thoughproducingnoincomefor,andindeedextremelycostlyto,itsparents,isyetconsideredemotionally“priceless."wellestablishedamongsegmentsofthemiddleandupperclassesbythemid—1800's,thisnewviewofchildhoodspreadthrough-outsocietyintheiate-nineteenthandearly—twentiethcenturiesasreformersintroducedchild-laborregulationsandcompulsoryeducationlawspredicatedinpartontheassumptionthatachild'semotionalvaluemadechild1abortaboo,forzclizertheoriginsofthistransformationweremmnyandcomplex,thegradualerosionofchildren'sproductivevalueinamaturingindustrialeconomy,thedeclineinbirthanddeathrates,especiallyinchildmortalityTandthedevelopmentofthecompanionatefanii1y(afamilyinwhichmemberswereunitedbyexplicitbondsofloveratherthanduty)wereallfactorscriticalinchangingtheassessmentofchi1dren'sworth.yet'expulsionofchildrenfromthe'cashnexus,\.althoughclearlyshapedbyprofoundchangesintheeconomic,occupational,andfamilystructures,"

zelizermaintains,“wasalsopartofa.culturalprocess'ofsacralizationitcanbeinferredfromthepassagethataccidental-deathdamageawardsinAmericaduringthenineteenthcenturytendedtobebasedprincipallyofchildren'tectingchildrenfromthecrassbusinessworldbecameenormouslyimportantforlate^ninctecnth-centurymiddle-classAmericans,shesuggests;thissacralizationwasawayofresistingwhattheyperceivedastherelent!esscorruptionofhumanvaluesbythemarketplace,instressingthecu1turaldeterminantsofachild*sworth,zelizertakesissuewithpractitionersofthenew^sociologicaleconomics,7whohaveanalyzedsuchtraditionallysociologicaltopicsascrime,marriage,education,andhealthsolelyintermsoftheireconomicdeterminants,allowingonlyasmallroleforculturalforcesintheformofindividual^preferences,"thesesociologiststendtoviewallhumanbehaviorasdirectedprimarilybytheprincipleofmaximizingeconomicgaintzelizerishighlycriticalofthisapproach,andemphasizesinsteadtheoppositephenomenon:thepowerofsocialvaluestotransformprice,aschildrenbecamemorevaluableinemotionalterms?sheargues,their“exchange"or"surrender^valueonthemarket,thatis,theconversionoftheirintangibleworthintocashterms,becamemuchgreater.itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethataccidental-deathdamageawardsinAmericaduringthenineteenthcenturytendedtobebasedprincipally

ontheearningsofthepersonattimeofdeathwealthoftheparlycausingthedeathdegreeofculpabilityofthepartycausingthedeathamountofmoneythathadbeenspentonthepersonkilleditcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheearly1800'schildrenweregenerallyregardedbytheirfamiliesasindividualswho(a)neededenormousamountsofsecurityandaffectionrequitedconstantsupervisionwhileworkingwereimportanttotheeconomicwell-beingofafamilywereunsuitedtospendinglonghoursinschoolwhichofthefollowingalternativeexplanationsofthechangeinthecashvalueofchiIdrenwouldbemostlikelytoheputforwardbysociologicaleconomistsastheyarcdescribedinthepassage?thecashvalueofchildrenroseduringthenineteenthcenturybecauseparentsbegantoincreasetheiremotionalinvestmentintheupbringingoftheirchildren*thecashvalueofchildrenroseduringthenineteenthcenturybecausetheirexpectedearningsoverthecourseofalifetimeincreasedgreatly,thecashvalueofchildrenroseduringthenineteenthcentury

becausethespreadofhumanitarianidealsresultedinawholesalereappraisaloftheworthofanindividualthecashvalueofchildrenroseduringthenineteenthcenturybecausecompulsoryeducationlawsreducedthesupply,andthusraisedthecosts,ofavailablechildlabor.theprimarypurposeofthepassageistoreviewtheliteratureinanewacademicsubfieldpresentthecentralthesisofarecentbookcontrasttwoapproachestoanalyzinghistoricalchangerefuteatraditionalexplanationofasocialphenomenonzelizerreferstoallofthefollowingasimportantinfluencesinchangingtheassessmentofchildren'号worthexceptchangesin(a)themortalityratethenatureofindustrythenatureofthefamilyattitudestowardreformmovementsBAstoutoldladywaswalkingwithherbasketdownthemiddleofastreetinPetrogradtothegreatconfusionofthetrafficandwithnosmallperi1toherself.Itwaspointedouttoherthatthepavementwastheplaceforpedestrians,hutshereplied:'I'川going

towalkwhereIlike.We?vegotlibertynow.1Itdidnotoccurtothedearoldladythatiflibertyentitledthepedestriantowalkdownthemiddleoftheroad,thentheendofsuch1ibertywouldbeuniversalchaos.Everybodywouldbegettingineverybodyelse1swayandnobodywouldgetanywhere.Individuallibertywouldhcivebecomesocialanarchy.Thereisadangeroftheworldgettingliberty-drunkinthesedaysliketheoldladywiththebasket,anditisjustciswelltoremindourselvesofwhattheruleoftheroadmeans.Itmeansthatinorderthatthelibertiesofallmaybepreserved,thelibertiesofeverybodymustbecurtailed.Whenthepoliceman,say,atPiccadillyCircusstepsintothemiddleoftheroadandputsouthishand,heisthesymbolnotoftyranny,butofliberty.Youmaynotthinkso.Youmay,beinginahurry,andseeingyourcarpulledupbythisinsolenceofoffice,feelthatyourlibertyhasbeenoutraged.Howdarethisfellowinterferewithyourfreeuseofthepublichighway?Then,ifyouareareasonableperson,youwi11reflectthatifhedidnotinterferewithyou,hewouldinterferewithnoone,andtheresultwouldbethatPiccadillyCircuswouldbeamaelstromthatyouwouldnevercrossatall.Youhavesubmittedtoacurtailmentofprivatelibertyinorderthatyoumayenjoyasocialorderwhichmakesyourlibertyareality.Libertyisnotapersonalaffaironly,butasocialcontract.Itisanaccommodationofinterests.Inmatterswhichdonottouchanybodyelse*sliberty,ofcourse,ImaybeasfreeasIlike.IfIchoosetogodowntheroadinadressing-gownwhoshallsaynienay?Youhavelibertytolaughatme,butIhavelibertytobeindifferenttoyou.AndifIhaveafancyfordyeingmyhair,orwaxingmymoustache(whichheavenforbid),orwearinganovercoatandsandals,orgoingtobedlateorgettingupearly,Ishallfollowmyfancyandasknoman'spermission,Ishal1notinquireofyouwhetherImayeatmustardwithmymutton.Andyouwillnotaskmewhetheryoumayfo1lowthisreligionorthat,whetheryoumaypreferEllaWheelerWilcoxtoWordsworth,orchampagnetoshandy.InalltheseandathousandotherdetailsyouandIpleaseourselvesandasknoone'sleave.Wehaveawholekingdominwhichwerulealone,candowhatwechoose,bewiseorridiculous,harshoreasy,conventianalorodd.Butdirectlywestepoutofthatkingdom,ourpersonallibertyofactionbecomesqualifiedbyotherpeople'sliberty.Tmightliketopracticeonthetrombonefrommidnighttillthreeinthemorning.IfIwentontothetopofEveresttodoit,Icouldpleasemyself,butifTdoitinmybedroommyfamilywillobject,andifTdoitoutinthestreetstheneighborswi11remindmethatmylibertytoblowthetrombonemustnotinterferewiththeirlibertytosleepinquiet.Therearealotofpeopleintheworld,andIhavetoacconmiodatemylibertytotheirliberties.Weareallliabletoforgetthis,andunfortunatelywoaremuchmoreconsciousoftheimperfectionsofothersinthisrespectthanofourown.AreasonableconsidcrtiLionfortherightsorfeelingsofothersisthefoundationofsocialconduct*Itisinthesmallmattersofconduct,intheobservanceoftheruleoftheroad,thatwepassjudgmentuponourselves,anddeclarethatwearecivi1izedoruncivilized.Thegreatmomentsofheroismandsacrificearerare.Itisthelittlehabitsofcommonplaceintercoursethatmakeupthegreatsumoflifeandsweetenormakebitterthejourney..Theauthormighthavestatedhis'ruleoftheroad'asdonotwalkinthemiddleoftheroadfollowtheordersofpolicemenCdonotbehaveinconsideratelyinpublicdowhatyou1ikeinprivate.Theauthor'sattitudetotheoldladyinparagraphoneisA.condescendingB.intolerantC.objectiveDsupportiveAsituationanalogoustothe'insolenceofoffice?describedinparagraph2wouldbeateachercorrectinggrammarerrorsaneditorshorteningthetextofanarticleataxinspectordemandingtoseesomeonesaccountsanarmyofficegivingordersto出soldierTheauthorassumesthathemaybeasfreeashelikesinallmattersofdressundfoodanysituationwhichdoesnotinterferewiththelibertyofothersC.anythingthatisnotagainstthelaw1),hisownhomeInthesentence'Weareallliable.,theauthorispointingoutageneralweaknessemphasizinghismainpointCcounteringageneralmisconceptionD.suggestingaremedyCThenameofFlorenceNightingalelivesinthememoryoftheworldbyvirtueoftheheroicadventureoftheCrimea.Hadshedied-asshenearlydid-uponherreturntoEngland,herreputationwouldhardlyhavebeendifferent;herlegendwould5havecomedomtousalmostasweknowittoday-thatgentlevisionoffemalevirtuewhichfirsttookshapebeforetheadoringeyesofthesicksoldiersatScutari,Yet,asamatteroffact,shelivedformorethanhalfacenturyaftertheCrimeanWar;andduringthegreaterpartofthatlongperiodalltheenergyandalIthe10devotionofherextraordinarynaturewereworkingattheirhighestpitch.Whalsheaccomplishedinthoseyearsofunknownlaborcould,indeed,hardlyhavebeenmoregloriousthanherCrimeantriumphs;butitwascertainlymoreimportant.Thetruehistorywasfarstrangereventhanthemyth.InMissNightingale"s15o%TieyestheadventureoftheCrimeawasamereincident一scarcelymorethanausefulstepping-stoneinhercareer.Itwasthefulcrumwithwhichshehopedtomovetheworld;butitwasonlythefulcrum.Formorethanagenerationshewastositinsecret,workingherlever:andherreallifebogdnatthevery20momentwhen,inpopularimagination,ithadended.ShearrivedinEnglandinashatteredstateofhealth.Thehardshipsandtheceaselesseffortsofthelasttwoyearshadunderminedhernervoussystem;herheartwasaffected;shesufferedconstantlyfromfainting-fitsandterribleattacksofutter25physicalprostration.Thedoctorsdeclaredthatonethingalonewouldsaveher-acompleteandprolongedrest.Butthatwasalsotheonethingwithwhichshewouldhavenothingtodo.Shehadneverbeeninthehabitofresting;whyshouldshebeginnow?Now,whenheropportunityhadcomeatlast;now7whentheiron30washot,anditwastimetostrike?No;shehadworktodo;and,comewhatmight,shewoulddoit.Thedoctorsprotestedinvain;invainherfamilylamentedandentreated,invainherfriendspointedouttoherthemadnessofsuchacourse.Madness?Mad-possessed-perhapsshewas.Afrenzyhadseizeduponher.As35she1ayuponhersofa,gasping,shedevouredblue-books,dictatedletters,and,intheintervalsofherpalpitations,crackedjokes.Formonthsatastretchsheneverleftherbed.Butshewouldnotrest,Atthisrate,thedoctorsassuredher,evenifshedidnotdie,shewouldbecomeaninvalidforlife.Shecouldnothelpthat;there40wasworktobedone;and,asforrest,verylikelyshemightrest whenshehaddoneit.Whenevershewent,toLondonorinthecountry,inthehillsofDerbyshire,oramongtherhododendronsatEmbley,shewashauntedbyaghost,TtwasthespecterofScutari-thehideous45visionoftheorganizationofamilitaryhospital.Shewouldlaythatphantom,orshewouldperish.ThewholesystemoftheArmyMedicalDepartment,theeducationoftheMedicalOfficer,theregulationsofhospitalprocedure■…rest?Howcouldsherestwhilethesethingswereastheywere,while,ifthelikenecessity50weretoariseagain,thelikeresultswouldfollow?And,eveninpeaceandathome,whatwasthesanitaryconditionoftheArmy?Themortalityinthebarracks,was,shefound,nearlydoublethemortalityincivillife,?Youmightaswelltake1,100meneveryyearoutuponSalisburyFlainandshootthem,1shesaid.After55inspectingthehospitalsatChatham,shesnti1edgrimly*,Yes,thisisonemoresymptomofthesystemwhich,intheCrimea,puttodeath16,000men.’Scutarihadgivenherknowledge;andithadgivenherpowertoo:herenormousreputationwasatherback-anincalculableforce.Otherwork,otherduties,might1iebefore60her;butthemosturgent,themostobvious,ofallwastolooktothehealthoftheArmy.LAccordingtotheauthor,theworkdoneduringthelastfiftyyearsofFlorenceNightingale'slifewas,whencomparedwithherworkintheCrimea,allofthefollowingexceptrA.lessdramaticlessdemandinglesswell-knowntothepublicmoreimportantParagraphtwopaintsapictureofawomanwhoismentallyshatteredstubbornandquerulousphysicallyweakbutmental1yindomitabiepurposefulyettiresome.Theprimarypurposeofparagraph3istoA*accountforconditionsinthearmyshowtheneedforhospitalreformC・explainMissNightingale，smainconcernsD.arguethatpeacetimeconditionswereworsethanwartimeconditions4Theauthor1sattitudetohismaterialisdisinterestedreportingofbiographicaldetailsover-inflationofareputationC*debunkingamythD.interpretationaswellasnarrationInherstatement(lines53-54)Inherstatement(lines53-54)MissNightingaleintendedto'A.criticizetheconditionsinhospitalsBthighlighttheunhealthyconditionsunderwhichordinarysoldierswerelivingprovethatconditionsinthebarrackswereasbadasthoseinamilitaryhospitalD・ridiculethedangersofarmylifeI)Howmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormtirketproblems?Ihisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Tnmanyways,oursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930a€™swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinners,whenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistence,andwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluence,theriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewtigeearner,thegrowingprcdoinindnceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployed,andimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwagelevel,theoverwhelmingmajorityarefrommultipie—earner1,relativelyaffluentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatist!csareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthornoutofthelaborforce,sothe

povertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.YettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstcitLsticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.TheunempIoymentcountsexcLudethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesarcsolowIhattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapdcityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonth,thosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemployment,eventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttai1les,thereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindrull-timework,orelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finally,incometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderly,disabled*anddependent,neglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoor,sothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandin-kindtransfersdoesnotnecessari1ymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultofLabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillions,and,hence,whetherhigh

levelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulusiThereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebatea€??thattheexistingpoverty,employment,andearningsstatisticsareinadequateforonetheirprimaryapplications,measuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems,LWhichofthefollowingistheprincipaltopicofthepassage?Whatcauseslabormarketpathologiesthatresultinsuffering1fhyincomemeasuresareimpreciseinmeasuringdegreesofpovertyWheretheareasofagreementareamongpoverty,employment,andearningsfiguresHowsocialstatisticsgiveanunclearpictureofthedegreeofhardshipcausedbylowwagesandinsufficientemploymentopportunities.Iheauthoruseslabormarketproblemsinlines1-2torefertowhichofthefollowing?Theoverdl1causesofpovertyDeficienciesinthetrainingoftheworkforceTraderelationshipsamongproducersofgoodsShortagesofjobsprovidingadequateincome

Whichofthefollowingproposalsbestrespondstotheissuesraisedbytheauthor?Innovativeprogramsusingmultipleapproachesshouldbesetuptoreducethelevelofunemployment.Acompromiseshouldbefoundbetweenthepositionsofthosewhoviewjoblessnessasanevilgreaterthaneconomiccontrolandthosewhoholdtheoppositeview.Newstatisticalindicesshouldbedevelopedtomeasurethedegreetowhichunemploymentandinadequatelypaidemploymentcausesuffering,Considerationshouldbogiventothewaysinwhichstatisticscanactaspartialcausesofthephenomenathattheypurporttomeasure.Theauthorstatesthatthemitigatingeffectofsocialprogramsinvolvingincometransfersontheincomeleveloflow-incomepeopleisoftennotfeltbytheemployedpoordependentchildreninsingle-earnerfamiliesw