微观经济学英文版课件

microeconomics1.microeconomics1.ChapterOnePreliminaries（引论）2.ChapterOnePreliminaries2.IntroductionWhatismicroeconomics?Whatistheoriginanddevelopmentofmicroeconomics?Howtohandlemicroeconomics?3.Introduction3.Quarterone

WhatismicroeconomicsMicroeconomicsandMarxistEconomicsDefinitionandtheoryofMicroeconomicsMaincontentofMicroeconomicsTheproblemsettledbyMicroeconomics4.Quarterone

Whatismicroeco1.MicroeconomicsandMarxistEconomics

Marxisteconomicsisthestudyofthemotionlawofscientificproductionrelations（生产关系运动规律）,itcriticallyabsorbsclassicalplutonomy（政治经济学）scientificcomposition,createssurplusvalue（剩余价值）,revealsthesecretthatthecapitalistsexploittheworkers.Westerneconomicsisthewesternscholars'summaryaboutmarketeconomicoperationrules,andproposestheeconomicpolicy.5.1.MicroeconomicsandMarxist2.DefinitionandtheoryofMicroeconomicsThestartingpointofeconomicssearchingThedefinitionofMicroeconomicsPeoplehowtomakedecisionWhyneedtobargainWhyneedtobuildmarketeconomics6.2.DefinitionandtheoryofMi2.1thestartingpointofeconomicsResourcescarcitydecisionFreeaccessobjectsEconomicobjectsscarcity（紧缺）Limitedresource

differentusesUnlimiteddesireprioritiesdecisionwhathowwho7.2.1thestartingpointofeconFundamentalmodel__meansthattheresourcehavebeenusedfullyontheexistingtechnicallevel.__meanstheresourcehaven’tbeenusedfullyorresourceidle.8.Fundamentalmodel__meansthatProductionpossibilitiescurvePPCisagraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology.ThepointonthePPCmeansthattheresourcehavebeenusedfullyontheexistingtechnicallevel.ThepointinsidethePPCmeanstheresourcehaven’tbeenusedfullyorwecallitresourceidle.TheadvanceoftechnologyandlargerquantityofresourcecanmakePPCmoverightward.9.ProductionpossibilitiescurveOpportunitycostTheopportunitycostthatproduceoneproductwithcertainresourceisthequantityofanotherwegiveup.Or,theopportunitycostthatuseacertainresourceisthehighestpriceofabandoningotherusesofthisresource10.OpportunitycostTheopportunit2.2thedefinitionofmicroeconomicsEconomicsisastudy,learningselectionofscarceresourceswithdifferentuses;Thegoaliseffectiveallocationofscarceresourcestoproducegoodsandservices,andinthepresentorfuture,letthemreasonableallocatedtosocialmembersorgroupforconsumption.11.2.2thedefinitionofmicroeco2.3peoplehowtomakedecisionThereisnomysterytowhatan“economy”is.WhetherwearetalkingabouttheeconomyofLosAngeles,oftheUnitedStates,orofthewholeworld,aneconomyisjustagroupofpeopleinteractingwithoneanotherastheygoabouttheirlives.Becausethebehaviorofaneconomyreflectsthebehavioroftheindividualswhomakeuptheeconomy,westartourstudyofeconomicswithfourprinciplesofindividualdecisionmaking.12.2.3peoplehowtomakedecisio2.3peoplehowtomakedecisionPRINCIPLE#1:PEOPLEFACETRADEOFFS（权衡）Thefirstlessonaboutmakingdecisionsissummarizedintheadage:“Thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch.”Togetonethingthatwelike,weusuallyhavetogiveupanotherthingthatwelike.Makingdecisionsrequirestradingoffonegoalagainstanother.e.g.parentsaredecidinghowtospendtheirfamilyincome.Theycanbuyfood,clothing,orafamilyvacation.Ortheycansavesomeofthefamilyincomeforretirementorthechildren’scollegeeducation.Whentheychoosetospendanextradollarononeofthesegoods,theyhaveonelessdollartospendonsomeothergood.13.2.3peoplehowtomakedecisio2.3peoplehowtomakedecisionPRINCIPLE#2:THECOSTOFSOMETHINGISWHATYOUGIVEUPTOGETIT

Becausepeoplefacetradeoffs,makingdecisionsrequirescomparingthecostsandbenefitsofalternativecoursesofaction.Inmanycases,however,thecostofsomeactionisnotasobviousasitmightfirstappear.

e.g.Whenmakinganydecision,suchaswhethertoattendcollege,decisionmakersshouldbeawareoftheopportunitycoststhataccompanyeachpossibleaction.Infact,theyusuallyare.College-ageathleteswhocanearnmillionsiftheydropoutofschoolandplayprofessionalsportsarewellawarethattheiropportunitycostofcollegeisveryhigh.Itisnotsurprisingthattheyoftendecidethatthebenefitisnotworththecost.14.2.3peoplehowtomakedecisio2.3peoplehowtomakedecisionPRINCIPLE#3:RATIONALPEOPLETHINKATTHEMARGIN（边际）

Decisionsinlifearerarelyblackandwhitebutusuallyinvolveshadesofgray.Inmanysituations,peoplemakethebestdecisionsbythinkingatthemargin.

e.g.Asanotherexample,consideranairlinedecidinghowmuchtochargepassengerswhoflystandby.Supposethatflyinga200-seatplaneacrossthecountrycoststheairline$100,000.Inthiscase,theaveragecostofeachseatis$500.Onemightbetemptedtoconcludethattheairlineshouldneversellaticketforlessthan$500.Infact,however,theairlinecanraiseitsprofitsbythinkingatthemargin.15.2.3peoplehowtomakedecisio2.3peoplehowtomakedecisionImaginethataplaneisabouttotakeoffwithtenemptyseats,andastandbypassengeriswaitingatthegatewillingtopay$300foraseat.Shouldtheairlinesellittohim?Ofcourseitshould.Iftheplanehasemptyseats,thecostofaddingonemorepassengerisminuscule（极小的）.Althoughtheaveragecostofflyingapassengeris$500,themarginalcostismerelythecostofthebagofpeanutsandcanofsoda（微不足道的）thattheextrapassengerwillconsume.Aslongasthestandbypassengerpaysmorethanthemarginalcost,sellinghimaticketisprofitable.16.2.3peoplehowtomakedecisio2.3peoplehowtomakedecisionPRINCIPLE#4:PEOPLERESPONDTOINCENTIVES（激励）

Becausepeoplemakedecisionsbycomparingcostsandbenefits,theirbehaviormaychangewhenthecostsorbenefitschange.Thatis,peoplerespondtoincentives.

e.g.Whenthepriceofanapplerises,forinstance,peopledecidetoeatmorepearsandfewerapples,becausethecostofbuyinganappleishigher.Atthesametime,appleorchardsdecidetohiremoreworkersandharvestmoreapples,becausethebenefitofsellinganappleisalsohigher.Aswewillsee,theeffectofpriceonthebehaviorofbuyersandsellersinamarket—inthiscase,themarketforapples—iscrucialforunderstandinghowtheeconomyworks.17.2.3peoplehowtomakedecisio谢谢观看！谢谢观看！microeconomics19.microeconomics1.ChapterOnePreliminaries（引论）20.ChapterOnePreliminaries2.IntroductionWhatismicroeconomics?Whatistheoriginanddevelopmentofmicroeconomics?Howtohandlemicroeconomics?21.Introduction3.Quarterone

WhatismicroeconomicsMicroeconomicsandMarxistEconomicsDefinitionandtheoryofMicroeconomicsMaincontentofMicroeconomicsTheproblemsettledbyMicroeconomics22.Quarterone

Whatismicroeco1.MicroeconomicsandMarxistEconomics

Marxisteconomicsisthestudyofthemotionlawofscientificproductionrelations（生产关系运动规律）,itcriticallyabsorbsclassicalplutonomy（政治经济学）scientificcomposition,createssurplusvalue（剩余价值）,revealsthesecretthatthecapitalistsexploittheworkers.Westerneconomicsisthewesternscholars'summaryaboutmarketeconomicoperationrules,andproposestheeconomicpolicy.23.1.MicroeconomicsandMarxist2.DefinitionandtheoryofMicroeconomicsThestartingpointofeconomicssearchingThedefinitionofMicroeconomicsPeoplehowtomakedecisionWhyneedtobargainWhyneedtobuildmarketeconomics24.2.DefinitionandtheoryofMi2.1thestartingpointofeconomicsResourcescarcitydecisionFreeaccessobjectsEconomicobjectsscarcity（紧缺）Limitedresource

differentusesUnlimiteddesireprioritiesdecisionwhathowwho25.2.1thestartingpointofeconFundamentalmodel__meansthattheresourcehavebeenusedfullyontheexistingtechnicallevel.__meanstheresourcehaven’tbeenusedfullyorresourceidle.26.Fundamentalmodel__meansthatProductionpossibilitiescurvePPCisagraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology.ThepointonthePPCmeansthattheresourcehavebeenusedfullyontheexistingtechnicallevel.ThepointinsidethePPCmeanstheresourcehaven’tbeenusedfullyorwecallitresourceidle.TheadvanceoftechnologyandlargerquantityofresourcecanmakePPCmoverightward.27.ProductionpossibilitiescurveOpportunitycostTheopportunitycostthatproduceoneproductwithcertainresourceisthequantityofanotherwegiveup.Or,theopportunitycostthatuseacertainresourceisthehighestpriceofabandoningotherusesofthisresource28.OpportunitycostTheopportunit2.2thedefinitionofmicroeconomicsEconomicsisastudy,learningselectionofscarceresourceswithdifferentuses;Thegoaliseffectiveallocationofscarceresourcestoproducegoodsandservices,andinthepresentorfuture,letthemreasonableallocatedtosocialmembersorgroupforconsumption.29.2.2thedefinitionofmicroeco2.3peoplehowtomakedecisionThereisnomysterytowhatan“economy”is.WhetherwearetalkingabouttheeconomyofLosAngeles,oftheUnitedStates,orofthewholeworld,aneconomyisjustagroupofpeopleinteractingwithoneanotherastheygoabouttheirlives.Becausethebehaviorofaneconomyreflectsthebehavioroftheindividualswhomakeuptheeconomy,westartourstudyofeconomicswithfourprinciplesofindividualdecisionmaking.30.2.3peoplehowtomakedecisio2.3peoplehowtomakedecisionPRINCIPLE#1:PEOPLEFACETRADEOFFS（权衡）Thefirstlessonaboutmakingdecisionsissummarizedintheadage:“Thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch.”Togetonethingthatwelike,weusuallyhavetogiveupanotherthingthatwelike.Makingdecisionsrequirestradingoffonegoalagainstanother.e.g.parentsaredecidinghowtospendtheirfamilyincome.Theycanbuyfood,clothing,orafamilyvacation.Ortheycansavesomeofthefamilyincomeforretirementorthechildren’scollegeeducation.Whentheychoosetospendanextradollarononeofthesegoods,theyhaveonelessdollartospendonsomeothergood.31.2.3peoplehowtomakedecisio2.3peoplehowtomakedecisionPRINCIPLE#2:THECOSTOFSOMETHINGISWHATYOUGIVEUPTOGETIT

Becausepeoplefacetradeoffs,makingdecisionsrequirescomparingthecostsandbenefitsofalternativecoursesofaction.Inmanycases,however,thecostofsomeactionisnotasobviousasitmightfirstappear.

e.g.Whenmakinganydecision,suchaswhethertoattendcollege,decisionmakersshouldbeawareoftheopportunitycoststhataccompanyeachpossibleaction.Infact,theyusuallyare.College-ageathleteswhocanearnmillionsiftheydropoutofschoolandplayprofessionalsportsarewellawarethattheiropportunitycostofcollegeisveryhigh.Itisnotsurprisingthattheyoftendecidethatthebenefitisnotworththecost.32.2.3peoplehowtomakedecisio2.3peoplehowtomakedecisionPRINCIPLE#3:RATIONALPEOPLETHINKATTHEMARGIN（边际）

Decisionsinlifearerarelyblackandwhitebutusuallyinvolveshadesofgray.Inmanysituations,peoplemakethebestdecisionsbythinkingatthemargin.

e.g.Asanotherexample,consideranairlinedecidinghowmuchtochargepassengerswhoflystandby.Supposethatflyinga200-seatplaneacrossthecountrycoststheairline$100,000.Inthiscase,theaveragecostofeachseatis$500.Onemightbetemptedtoconcludethattheairlineshouldneversellaticketforlessthan$500.Infact,however,theairlinecanraiseitsprofitsbythinkingatthemargin.33.2.3peoplehowtomakedecisio2.3peoplehowtomakedecisionImagi