微观经济学-双语课件-第2章-需求与供给理论-CH2-Demand

DemandandSupplyChapter2DemandandAStory：豆你玩In2010,anopinionwashyped-upthateverydiseasecanbehealedbyeatingmungbean.Thehumblemungbeanwasfastbecomingapreciouscommodityandcausedmungbeanpriceboom.Thenetizenscalledthisissueas“豆你玩”.

Infact,thiscasecontainsaprofoundeconomicprinciple,thatisthemarketrule.AStory：豆你玩In2010,anopinion21Contents2.1TheoryofDemand232.2TheoryofSupply2.3MarketEquilibrium1Contents2.1TheoryofDemand232.1.1DefinitionofMarketMarket:TheplaceswheregoodsaretradedGoodsBuyerSellerExchange2.1.1DefinitionofMarketMark42.1.2DefinitionofDemand需求QuantityDemanded（需求量）:Theamountofanygood,service,orresourcethatpeoplearewillingandabletobuyduringaspecifiedperiodataspecifiedprice----2bottlesaday----14bottlesaweek$1

$5

3bottles2.1.2DefinitionofDemand需求52.1.2DefinitionofDemand需求QuantityDemanded（需求量）----ReferstoonlyonepriceDemand

（需求）:Therangeofquantitiesofanygood,service,orresourcethatpeoplearewillingandabletobuyduringaspecifiedperiodateachpossibleprice----Tellsthequantitydemandedatallprices----2bottles/day$1

----1bottle/day$2

Demand={1,2,5,8,23.6,45.75,……}2.1.2DefinitionofDemand需求62.1.3DemandFunction需求函数

TherelationshipbetweenthequantitydemandedandalltheinfluencesonbuyingplansQd=f(P,

I,

Pe,

T,Px…)MainInfluencesQd=f(P)PriceIncomeExpectationPreferencePriceofRelatedGoods2.1.3DemandFunction需求函数Th72.1.4DemandCurve需求曲线

AgraphoftherelationshipbetweenthequantitydemandedofagoodanditspricewhenallotherinfluencesonbuyingplansremainthesamePQThedemandcurveillustratesthelawofdemand2.1.4DemandCurve需求曲线Agra82.1.5TheLawofDemand需求规律Thelawofdemandstates:Otherthingsremainingthesame,ifthepriceofagoodrises,thequantitydemandedofthatgooddecreases;andifthepriceofagoodfalls,thequantitydemandedofthatgoodincreasesWhy2.1.5TheLawofDemand需求规律T92.1.5TheLawofDemand需求规律Thinkingthat:Isthereanyexception?$1

$1

$0.5

?2.1.5TheLawofDemand需求规律T102.1.6ChangesinDemandChangeintheQuantityDemanded需求量变动Achangeinthequantityofagoodpeopleplantobuythatresultsfromachangeinthepriceofthegood(whenotherinfluencesremainthesame)ChangeinDemand需求变动Achangeinthequantityofagoodpeopleplantobuywhenanyinfluenceotherthanthepriceofthegoodchanges2.1.6ChangesinDemandChange11PQ0P0Q0P1Q1DQ0*Q1*Thinking:Whatarethedifferences?PQ0P0Q0P1Q1DQ0*Q1*Thinking:Wh12ChangeintheQuantityDemandedPriceOthersResultChangedUnchangedUnchangedChangedAmovementalongthedemandcurveThedemandcurveshiftsChangeinDemandChangeintheQuantityDemande13MainInfluencesPrice:ChangeofquantitydemandedOthers:ChangeofdemandPIPeTPxSubstituteComplement↑↑↑↑↑↑Qd↓D—↑↑↑↑↓Curve—→→→→←MainInfluencesPIPeTPxSubstitu14Exercise&Homework1、保持其他因素不变，某种商品价格下降则（）A、需求增加B、需求减少C、需求量增加D、需求量减少2、消费者预期某商品未来价格要上升，则对该商品当前的需求会（）A、减少B、增加C、不变D、以上三种均有可能Exercise&Homework1、保持其他因素不变，153、所有下列因素除哪一种以外都会使需求曲线移动（）A、消费者收入变化B、商品价格下降C、相关产品价格下降D、消费者偏好变化4、A和B是替代品，则A的价格下降会造成（）A、A的需求曲线右移B、A的需求曲线左移C、B的需求曲线右移D、B的需求曲线左移3、所有下列因素除哪一种以外都会使需求曲线移动（）165、某月内，X产品的替代品的价格上升和互补品的价格上升分别引起X产品的需求量变动50单位和80单位，则在它们的共同作用下，该月X产品的需求量（）A、增加30单位B、减少30单位C、增加130单位D、减少130单位5、某月内，X产品的替代品的价格上升和互补品的价格上升分别引176、指出下列几种情况下，移动电话的需求曲线是向左移动、向右移动，还是不移动？（1）卫生部门发表报告，移动电话的辐射线会造成记忆力减退，引发老年痴呆（2）移动电话价格下降（3）消费者收入增加（4）电信局的移动电话通话费降低（5）生产移动电话的工人工资增加了6、指出下列几种情况下，移动电话的需求曲线是向左移动、向右移181Contents2.1TheoryofDemand232.2TheoryofSupply2.3MarketEquilibrium1Contents2.1TheoryofDemand2192.2.1DefinitionofSupplyQuantitysupplied:Theamountofanygood,service,orresourcethatpeoplearewillingandabletosellduringaspecifiedperiodataspecifiedprice----ReferstoonlyonepriceSupply:Therangeofquantitiesofanygood,service,orresourcethatpeoplearewillingandabletosellduringaspecifiedperiodateachpossibleprice----Tellsthequantitysuppliedatallprices2.2.1DefinitionofSupplyQuan202.2.2SupplyFunctionTherelationshipbetweenthequantitysuppliedandalltheinfluencesonsellingplansQs=f(P,C,Pe,PxT,…)MainInfluencesQS=f(P)PriceCostExpectationPriceofRelatedGoodsProductivity2.2.2SupplyFunctionTherelat212.2.3SupplyCurveAgraphoftherelationshipbetweenthequantitysuppliedofagoodanditspricewhenallotherinfluencesonsellingplansremainthesameThesupplycurveillustratesthelawofsupplyPQ2.2.3SupplyCurveAgraphoft222.2.4TheLawofSupplyThelawofsupplystates:Otherthingsremainingthesame,ifthepriceofagoodrises,thequantitysuppliedofthatgoodincreases;andifthepriceofagoodfalls,thequantitysuppliedofthatgooddecreases2.2.4TheLawofSupplyThelaw232.2.5ChangesinSupplyChangeintheQuantitySuppliedAchangeinthequantityofagoodpeopleplantosellthatresultsfromachangeinthepriceofthegood(whenotherinfluencesremainthesame)ChangeinSupplyAchangeinthequantityofagoodpeopleplantosellwhenanyinfluenceotherthanthepriceofthegoodchanges2.2.5ChangesinSupplyChange24MainInfluencesPrice:ChangeofquantitysuppliedOthers:ChangeofsupplyPCPePxTSubstituteComplement↑↑↑↑↑↑Qs↑S—↓↓↓↑↑Curve—←←←→→MainInfluencesPCPePxTSubstitu25Exercise&Homework1、在得出某商品的供给曲线时，下列因素除哪一种外均保持常量（）A、技术水平B、劳动力价格C、该商品价格D、生产者对价格的期望2、生产者预期某商品未来价格要下降，则对该商品当前的供给会（）A、增加B、减少C、不变D、以上三种均有可能Exercise&Homework1、在得出某商品的供给263、建筑工人工资提高将使（）A、新房子供给曲线左移B、新房子供给曲线右移C、新房子需求曲线左移D、新房子需求曲线右移4、假如生产某种产品所需原料价格降低了，则这种商品的（）A、需求曲线左移B、供给曲线左移C、需求曲线右移D、供给曲线右移3、建筑工人工资提高将使（）275、下列事件对产品X的供给有何影响？（1）生产X的技术有重大革新（2）生产X企业数目减少了（3）生产X的人工和原材料价格上涨了（4）预计X的价格会下降5、下列事件对产品X的供给有何影响？281Contents2.1TheoryofDemand232.2TheoryofSupply2.3MarketEquilibrium1Contents2.1TheoryofDemand229Demand+Supply=

EquilibriumIneverydaylanguage,“equilibrium”means“opposingforcesareinbalance.”Inamarket,theopposingforcesarethoseofdemandandsupplyBuyerswantthelowestpossibleprice,andthelowertheprice,thegreateristhequantitythattheyplantobuySellerswantthehighestpossibleprice,andthehighertheprice,thegreateristhequantitythattheyplantosellDemand+Supply=EquilibriumI302.3.1DefinitionofMarketEquilibriumPQ0P2Qd2P0Q0SDQs2Qs1Qd1P1MarketEquilibriumWhenthequantitydemandedequalsthequantitysupplied(andthedemandpriceequalsthesupplyprice)OccursattheintersectionofthedemandcurveandthesupplycurveEquilibriumPrice:ThepriceatwhichthequantitydemandedequalsthequantitysuppliedEquilibriumQuantity:Thequantityboughtandsoldattheequilibriumprice2.3.1DefinitionofMarketEqu312.3.2ChangeofMarketEquilibriumPQ0SDP0Q0Q1P1P2Q2TheequilibriumpriceandtheDemand

changeinthesamedirection，soastheequilibriumquantityTheequilibriumpriceandtheSupply

changeinoppositedirections，whiletheequilibriumquantity

andtheSupply

changeinthesamedirection2.3.2ChangeofMarketEquilib32PQ0SDP0Q0Q1P1P2Q2TheresultisdecidedbytheonethatchangesgreaterWhendemandandsupplychangetogether----PQ0SDP0Q0Q1P1P2Q2Theresultis33Analysisofthestory：豆你玩BuyerSellerTDPeSP0Analysisofthestory：豆你玩Buyer34Exercise&Homework1、已知当某种商品的市场均衡价格为10元的时候，商品的均衡数量是1000件。假定消费者收入增加使这种商品的需求增加了400件，那么在新的均衡价格水平上，商品的均衡数量是（）A、1000件B、大于1000件但小于1400件C、1400件D、以上都不对Exercise&Homework1、已知当某种商品的市352、小麦歉收导致小麦价格上升，准确的说在这个过程中（）A、小麦供给的减少引起需求量下降B、小麦供给的减少引起需求下降C、小麦供给量的减少引起需求量下降D、小麦供给量的减少引起需求下降2、小麦歉收导致小麦价格上升，准确的说在这个过程中（）363、如果政府对企业出售的商品每件征收5元的税金，那么这种做法将使这种商品（）A、市场价格上升5元B、市场价格上升小于5元C、市场价格上升大于5元D、不能确定4、已知某商品的市场需求函数为Q=30-P，供给函数为Q=3P-10，如果对该商品实行减税，则减税后的市场均衡价格（）A、等于10B、小于10C、大于10D、小于或等于103、如果政府对企业出售的商品每件征收5元的税金，那么这种做法375、在需求和供给同时减少的情况下（）A、均衡价格和均衡数量都下降B、均衡价格将下降，均衡数量的变化无法确定C、均衡价格的变化无法确定，均衡数量会减少D、均衡价格将上升，均衡数量将下降6、均衡价格随着（）A、需求和供给的增加而上升B、需求和供给的减少而上升C、需求的减少和供给的增加而上升D、需求的增加和供给的减少而上升5、在需求和供给同时减少的情况下（）387、假设某商品的需求函数为Q=16-2P，供给函数为Q=-4+2P，则：（1）该商品的均衡价格和均衡数量为多少？（2）假设消费者收入增加，需求曲线向右平移4个单位，求收入变化后的需求函数，计算均衡价格和均衡数量，并绘图。（3）假设生产该商品的技术水平有了提高，供给曲线向右平移4各单位，求技术变化后的供给函数，计算均衡价格和均衡数量，并绘图7、假设某商品的需求函数为Q=16-2P，供给函数为Q=-439（4）若政府对出售的每单位商品增收2元的销售税，对均衡价格和均衡数量有何影响？征收的每单位税款中，生产者和消费者各支付了多少？（5）若政府对该商品的生产每单位补贴2元，对均衡价格和均衡数量又有何影响？消费者能从中获益吗？（4）若政府对出售的每单位商品增收2元的销售税，对均衡价格和40实践小游戏游戏规则：18位参与者，分为买卖双方，每方各9人。每位同学将获得一张扑克牌，牌面的数字代表卖方能接受的最低价格和买方能接受的最高价格，请注意保密另选3位同学担任市场工作人员买卖双方自由交易，各自报价，自由还价，达成交易后双方到工作人员处登记并交还手上的牌。交易过程中除讨价还价，不得与其他人交流其它信息。交易时间每轮5分钟实践小游戏游戏规则：18位参与者，分为买卖双方，每方各9人。41报价规则：卖方报价不得低于手牌数字，买方报价不得高于手牌数字。随时注意工作人员公布的最新成交价，作为进行交易决策的参考计算收益：买方收益=手牌数字－成交价，卖方收益=成交价－手牌数字。没有成交则收益为零。多轮交易结束后，将每轮收益加总——将奖励收益最高的同学5分工作人员做好登记，并及时大声报出最新成交价格并依次写在黑板上，供交易者参考思考：游戏过程和结果说明了什么？报价规则：卖方报价不得低于手牌数字，买方报价不得高于手牌数字42微观经济学-双语课件-第2章-需求与供给理论-CH2-Demand

DemandandSupplyChapter2DemandandAStory：豆你玩In2010,anopinionwashyped-upthateverydiseasecanbehealedbyeatingmungbean.Thehumblemungbeanwasfastbecomingapreciouscommodityandcausedmungbeanpriceboom.Thenetizenscalledthisissueas“豆你玩”.

Infact,thiscasecontainsaprofoundeconomicprinciple,thatisthemarketrule.AStory：豆你玩In2010,anopinion451Contents2.1TheoryofDemand232.2TheoryofSupply2.3MarketEquilibrium1Contents2.1TheoryofDemand2462.1.1DefinitionofMarketMarket:TheplaceswheregoodsaretradedGoodsBuyerSellerExchange2.1.1DefinitionofMarketMark472.1.2DefinitionofDemand需求QuantityDemanded（需求量）:Theamountofanygood,service,orresourcethatpeoplearewillingandabletobuyduringaspecifiedperiodataspecifiedprice----2bottlesaday----14bottlesaweek$1

$5

3bottles2.1.2DefinitionofDemand需求482.1.2DefinitionofDemand需求QuantityDemanded（需求量）----ReferstoonlyonepriceDemand

（需求）:Therangeofquantitiesofanygood,service,orresourcethatpeoplearewillingandabletobuyduringaspecifiedperiodateachpossibleprice----Tellsthequantitydemandedatallprices----2bottles/day$1

----1bottle/day$2

Demand={1,2,5,8,23.6,45.75,……}2.1.2DefinitionofDemand需求492.1.3DemandFunction需求函数

TherelationshipbetweenthequantitydemandedandalltheinfluencesonbuyingplansQd=f(P,

I,

Pe,

T,Px…)MainInfluencesQd=f(P)PriceIncomeExpectationPreferencePriceofRelatedGoods2.1.3DemandFunction需求函数Th502.1.4DemandCurve需求曲线

AgraphoftherelationshipbetweenthequantitydemandedofagoodanditspricewhenallotherinfluencesonbuyingplansremainthesamePQThedemandcurveillustratesthelawofdemand2.1.4DemandCurve需求曲线Agra512.1.5TheLawofDemand需求规律Thelawofdemandstates:Otherthingsremainingthesame,ifthepriceofagoodrises,thequantitydemandedofthatgooddecreases;andifthepriceofagoodfalls,thequantitydemandedofthatgoodincreasesWhy2.1.5TheLawofDemand需求规律T522.1.5TheLawofDemand需求规律Thinkingthat:Isthereanyexception?$1

$1

$0.5

?2.1.5TheLawofDemand需求规律T532.1.6ChangesinDemandChangeintheQuantityDemanded需求量变动Achangeinthequantityofagoodpeopleplantobuythatresultsfromachangeinthepriceofthegood(whenotherinfluencesremainthesame)ChangeinDemand需求变动Achangeinthequantityofagoodpeopleplantobuywhenanyinfluenceotherthanthepriceofthegoodchanges2.1.6ChangesinDemandChange54PQ0P0Q0P1Q1DQ0*Q1*Thinking:Whatarethedifferences?PQ0P0Q0P1Q1DQ0*Q1*Thinking:Wh55ChangeintheQuantityDemandedPriceOthersResultChangedUnchangedUnchangedChangedAmovementalongthedemandcurveThedemandcurveshiftsChangeinDemandChangeintheQuantityDemande56MainInfluencesPrice:ChangeofquantitydemandedOthers:ChangeofdemandPIPeTPxSubstituteComplement↑↑↑↑↑↑Qd↓D—↑↑↑↑↓Curve—→→→→←MainInfluencesPIPeTPxSubstitu57Exercise&Homework1、保持其他因素不变，某种商品价格下降则（）A、需求增加B、需求减少C、需求量增加D、需求量减少2、消费者预期某商品未来价格要上升，则对该商品当前的需求会（）A、减少B、增加C、不变D、以上三种均有可能Exercise&Homework1、保持其他因素不变，583、所有下列因素除哪一种以外都会使需求曲线移动（）A、消费者收入变化B、商品价格下降C、相关产品价格下降D、消费者偏好变化4、A和B是替代品，则A的价格下降会造成（）A、A的需求曲线右移B、A的需求曲线左移C、B的需求曲线右移D、B的需求曲线左移3、所有下列因素除哪一种以外都会使需求曲线移动（）595、某月内，X产品的替代品的价格上升和互补品的价格上升分别引起X产品的需求量变动50单位和80单位，则在它们的共同作用下，该月X产品的需求量（）A、增加30单位B、减少30单位C、增加130单位D、减少130单位5、某月内，X产品的替代品的价格上升和互补品的价格上升分别引606、指出下列几种情况下，移动电话的需求曲线是向左移动、向右移动，还是不移动？（1）卫生部门发表报告，移动电话的辐射线会造成记忆力减退，引发老年痴呆（2）移动电话价格下降（3）消费者收入增加（4）电信局的移动电话通话费降低（5）生产移动电话的工人工资增加了6、指出下列几种情况下，移动电话的需求曲线是向左移动、向右移611Contents2.1TheoryofDemand232.2TheoryofSupply2.3MarketEquilibrium1Contents2.1TheoryofDemand2622.2.1DefinitionofSupplyQuantitysupplied:Theamountofanygood,service,orresourcethatpeoplearewillingandabletosellduringaspecifiedperiodataspecifiedprice----ReferstoonlyonepriceSupply:Therangeofquantitiesofanygood,service,orresourcethatpeoplearewillingandabletosellduringaspecifiedperiodateachpossibleprice----Tellsthequantitysuppliedatallprices2.2.1DefinitionofSupplyQuan632.2.2SupplyFunctionTherelationshipbetweenthequantitysuppliedandalltheinfluencesonsellingplansQs=f(P,C,Pe,PxT,…)MainInfluencesQS=f(P)PriceCostExpectationPriceofRelatedGoodsProductivity2.2.2SupplyFunctionTherelat642.2.3SupplyCurveAgraphoftherelationshipbetweenthequantitysuppliedofagoodanditspricewhenallotherinfluencesonsellingplansremainthesameThesupplycurveillustratesthelawofsupplyPQ2.2.3SupplyCurveAgraphoft652.2.4TheLawofSupplyThelawofsupplystates:Otherthingsremainingthesame,ifthepriceofagoodrises,thequantitysuppliedofthatgoodincreases;andifthepriceofagoodfalls,thequantitysuppliedofthatgooddecreases2.2.4TheLawofSupplyThelaw662.2.5ChangesinSupplyChangeintheQuantitySuppliedAchangeinthequantityofagoodpeopleplantosellthatresultsfromachangeinthepriceofthegood(whenotherinfluencesremainthesame)ChangeinSupplyAchangeinthequantityofagoodpeopleplantosellwhenanyinfluenceotherthanthepriceofthegoodchanges2.2.5ChangesinSupplyChange67MainInfluencesPrice:ChangeofquantitysuppliedOthers:ChangeofsupplyPCPePxTSubstituteComplement↑↑↑↑↑↑Qs↑S—↓↓↓↑↑Curve—←←←→→MainInfluencesPCPePxTSubstitu68Exercise&Homework1、在得出某商品的供给曲线时，下列因素除哪一种外均保持常量（）A、技术水平B、劳动力价格C、该商品价格D、生产者对价格的期望2、生产者预期某商品未来价格要下降，则对该商品当前的供给会（）A、增加B、减少C、不变D、以上三种均有可能Exercise&Homework1、在得出某商品的供给693、建筑工人工资提高将使（）A、新房子供给曲线左移B、新房子供给曲线右移C、新房子需求曲线左移D、新房子需求曲线右移4、假如生产某种产品所需原料价格降低了，则这种商品的（）A、需求曲线左移B、供给曲线左移C、需求曲线右移D、供给曲线右移3、建筑工人工资提高将使（）705、下列事件对产品X的供给有何影响？（1）生产X的技术有重大革新（2）生产X企业数目减少了（3）生产X的人工和原材料价格上涨了（4）预计X的价格会下降5、下列事件对产品X的供给有何影响？711Contents2.1TheoryofDemand232.2TheoryofSupply2.3MarketEquilibrium1Contents2.1TheoryofDemand272Demand+Supply=

EquilibriumIneverydaylanguage,“equilibrium”means“opposingforcesareinbalance.”Inamarket,theopposingforcesarethoseofdemandandsupplyBuyerswantthelowestpossibleprice,andthelowertheprice,thegreateristhequantitythattheyplantobuySellerswantthehighestpossibleprice,andthehighertheprice,thegreateristhequantitythattheyplantosellDemand+Supply=EquilibriumI732.3.1DefinitionofMarketEquilibriumPQ0P2Qd2P0Q0SDQs2Qs1Qd1P1MarketEquilibriumWhenthequantitydemandedequalsthequantitysupplied(andthedemandpriceequalsthesupplyprice)OccursattheintersectionofthedemandcurveandthesupplycurveEquilibriumPrice:ThepriceatwhichthequantitydemandedequalsthequantitysuppliedEquilibriumQuantity:Thequantityboughtandsoldattheequilibriumprice2.3.1DefinitionofMarketEqu742.3.2ChangeofMarketEquilibriumPQ0SDP0Q0Q1P1P2Q2TheequilibriumpriceandtheDemand

changeinthesamedirection，soastheequilibriumquantityTheequilibriumpriceandtheSupply

changeinoppositedirections，whiletheequilibriumquantity

andtheSupply

changeinthesamedirection2.3.2Ch