Unit 1 Review useful structures 课件 人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册

Unit1UNIT1SCIENCEFICTIONToreviewthepassivevoice①Itwasgoingtobetestedout

byLarry'swife,Claire.②Nowshewasbeinglookedafter

byarobotthatlookedsohuman,anditwasdisturbing.③Clairethoughtitwasridiculousthatshewasbeingofferedsympathy

byarobot,butshegraduallyadmiredhiswisdomandintegrityandbegantotrusthim.Scanthereadingtextandunderlinealltheverbsinthepassivevoice.Thendiscusswithapartnerwhythepassivevoiceisused.④Ashewasnotallowedtoaccompanyher

totheshops,hewroteoutalistofthingsthathewouldneedforhisworkonthehouse.⑤Tonyexpectedthatthehouse,whichwasbeingcompletelytransformed,wouldbeready.⑥Thesaleswomantherewasrudetoher,sosherangTonyandtoldhimshewasbeingtreatedbadly.Usingthepassiveallowsthespeakerorwritertomakechoicesaboutwhatisimportant.Weusethepassivefordifferentreasons.Wesometimesuseittogivefocustosomething.Wecanalsouseitbecausewedon’tknowtheidentityofthe‘doer’orbecauseit’snotimportanttoknowwhoorwhatdidtheaction.Inaddition,weuseittobeimpersonalandcreatedistance.Weoftenusepassiveswithoutagentsinacademicandtechnicalcontextswhentheprocessoractionsaremoresignificantthanwhoorwhatdidthem:e.g.Asamplewastakenand

injected

intoatube.

Inthisstudy,children’seyemovementswererecordedwhiletheylistenedtoaseriesofmessages.Weoftenusepassiveformsofreportingverbs(believe,think,say,consider,find)tocreatedistancefrom

personalstatementsandfocusmoreonimpersonalprocesses:e.g.Policearelookingforamaninhis30s.Heisbelievedtobedangerous.Insomeculturesblowingyournoseinpublicisconsidered

impolite.Whenwewanttogiveemphasistosomethingnew,wecanbeginwithsomethingwhichisalreadyknownand

putthenewsworthyorimportantitemattheend,whereitcanbestressedandgivenfocus:e.g.A:That’salovelychair.B:Yes,it’sveryold.Itwasgiventomebymygrandmother.Iwasmadetofeelverywelcome

byeveryone.ThePassiveVoice被动语态语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。使用被动语态的句子，谓语动词的形式是“be+动词过去分词”。语义上主语为动作的承受者或对象，主要用于需要强调动作承受者、不必要指出动作执行者的情况，或出于语篇衔接连贯在“be+动词过去分词”结构中，助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化，变化规则与系动词be相同。时态被动语态的构成例句一般现在时am/is/are+过去分词Theschoolwallsarepaintedeveryyear.一般过去时was

/were+过去分词Iwasinvitedtothetalkshowyesterday.一般将来时will/shall+be+过去分词Thematterwillbelookedintointhefuture.现在完成时have/has+been+过去分词Theshiphasbeenrepaired.现在进行时am/is/are+being+过去分词Twomenarebeingquestionedbythepolice.过去进行时was

/were+being+过去分词TheroadswerebeingbuiltwhenIpassedby.1.常见时态的被动语态2.特殊结构的被动形式(1)

双宾动词的被动结构双宾动词变为被动结构时,一般将主动结构中的间接宾语变为被动结构中的主语,直接宾语不变。如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语,间接宾语之前则应加介词to或for。

e.g.He

gave

her

some

money.

She

was

given

some

money.

Some

money

was

given

to

her.(2)

带复合宾语的动词的被动结构

带复合宾语的动词变被动语态时,一般将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语,而将宾语补足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语为主语补足语)。

e.g.HisfathercalledhimJack.

HewascalledJackbyhisfather.(3)带情态动词的被动语态，由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。e.g.Theproblemmaybesolvedinanumberofdifferentways.Inourschool,librarybooksmustbereturnedintwoweeks.(4)“be+过去分词+不定式”的被动结构

e.g.Heisreportedtohavebrokenaworldrecord.Sheissaidtoknowthreelanguages.(5)“it+be+过去分词+从句”式的被动结构

e.g.It’ssaidthatshehassomesupernaturalpowers.

It’sreportedthattheyhavediscoveredanewstar.常见的结构还有：Itisknownthat...众所周知Itissuggestedthat...有人建议Itisbelievedthat...人们相信(6)“get+done”构成被动语态用来表示状态或情况,常考的形式如：

getmarried结婚

getengaged订婚

gethurt/wounded受伤

getlost迷路

getdrunk喝醉了

getcaught/stuck/trapped被困

getdressed穿好衣服

getrunover被(车)轧3.主动形式表示被动意义1)有些不及物动词主动形式可表被动意义。

a.某些连系动词，如feel,look,prove,smell,sound,taste等。

e.g.Thefoodtastedbetterthanitlooked.b.某些与can’t,won’t等连用的不及物动词，如move,lock,shut,open等。

e.g.Itcan'tmove.Thedoorwon'tshut.c.某些可与well,easily等副词连用的不及物动词，如read,write,wash等。

e.g.Mynewpenwriteswell.Theclothdoesn’twasheasily.2)非谓语动词的某些主动形式表示被动意义a.在“be+形容词+不定式”结构中，不定式表示的动作与句子主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系时，用主动形式表示被动意义。常见形容词有：cheap,easy,comfortable,difficult,hard,light,heavy,expensive,pleasant,interesting,fit等。

e.g.Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer.Volleyballisveryinterestingtowatch.b.在beworthdoing和betoblame结构中，动词-ing形式或动词不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。

e.g.Thefilmiswellworthseeing.Thepolicyispartlytoblameforcausing

theworstunemploymentinEurope.c.当want,need,require表示“需要”时，其宾语可用动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义。

e.g.Thecarpetreallywantscleaning

(=tobecleaned).Mosthouseplantsrequirewatering

(=tobewatered).4.不能用于被动语态的情况1)谓语是及物动词leave,enter,reach,suit,benefit,lack等。2)谓语是不可拆开的takeplace,consistof,loseheart,belongto等短语动词。3)宾语是无实意的代词it。4)宾语是表示身体的某一部分的名词。5)宾语是某些抽象名词。6)have在任何情况下都不能用于被动语态。7)一般来说，当动词的宾语是动词-ing形式或者是不定式时不能变成被动语态。8)将来进行时和完成进行时没有被动语态。如果遇到这种情况时，可以用一般将来时和现在完成时的被动语态来代替。选用括号内合适的内容完成下面句子。1.Theflight_______________(mustbebooked/mustbook)bytomorrow.2.Thetwins________(looklike

/arelookedlike)theirmother.3.She__________(invited/wasinvited)toJack’s16thbirthdaypartyinNewJersey.4.Thepizza________(tastes/istasted)deliciouswithoutanycheeseatall.mustbebookedlooklikewasinvited

tastes5.Thecompanybelievestheproductswill________(sell/besold)wellintherun-uptoChristmas.6.Thestory________(reads/isread)well.7.Wouldyoupleasekeepsilent?Theweatherreport________________(isbroadcast/isbeingbroadcast)andIwanttolisten.8.ProfessorWilliamskeepstellinghisstudentsthatthefuture________(belongs/isbelonged)tothewell-educated.

sellreadsisbeingbroadcast

belongs1.Theartistwassurehewould____________(choose),butwhenhepresentedhismasterpiecetotheemperor’schiefminister,theoldmanlaughed.(2020全国卷III)2.And,asmorechildrenwereborn,morefood___________(need).(2020浙江)bechosenwasneeded用括号内单词的正确形式填空。1Whatisdonecannot_________.(undo)2Janet______________chairwomanofthestudentunionlastmonth.(elect)3Twohundredgrammesofflourshould___________tothecakemix.(add)4A3,000-seatvenue______________forthecircusperformanceinNovember.(build)Completethesentenceswithappropriateformsoftheverbsinbrackets.ThentrytotranslatethesesentencesintoChinese.undonewaselectedbeaddedwillbebuiltn.女主席n.克(重量单位)n.面粉n.活动场地5Workingefficiency______________________sincethisnewsoftwarewasadopted.(improve)6Onlyonepieceofcarry-onluggage____________foreacheconomyclasspassenger.(allow)7Itisagreathonourformeto____________toaddressthisinternationalAIconference.(invite)8WhenIenteredtheroom,Ifoundthatthesalesman'ssalary________________________atthemeeting.(discuss)9WithexamsbeingadaptedintoBraille,ablindseniorhighschoolstudentscored630pointsoutof650intheCollegeEntranceExanimation.Heisexpectedto______________toatopuniversity.(admit)hasbeenimprovedisallowedbeinvitedwasbeingdiscussedbeadmittedn.售货员；推销员Readtheintroductiontoasciencefictionnovelandcompletethepassageusingthecorrectformsofthewordsinthebox.exploretranslatediscoverregardrepresentsetuprecruitwritegetcaughtupconnectSciencefiction_____________bymanypeopleasamirrorthroughwhichourfuturecanbefreelyimaginedand___________.TheThree-BodyProblem,_________byChinesewriterLiuCixin,isoneofthoseastonishingpredictionsaboutthefuture.isregardedexploredwrittenTheworkwasfirstpublishedinaChinesesci-fimagazinein2006andprintedasathree-volumebookin2008.Whenthefirstvolume_________________intoEnglishbyChinese-AmericanauthorKenLiu,itattractedattentionaroundtheworld,becomingthefirstAsianwinneroftheHugoAwardforBestNovel.Thebook___________________manythemessuchasspaceexploration,aliencontact,AI,andthefutureofhumans.exploretranslatediscoverregardrepresentsetuprecruitwritegetcaughtupconnectwastranslatedgotcaughtupinTheThree-BodyProblembeginswiththestoriesoftwounrelatedpeople,YeWenji