解破学骨学课件

1HunanUniversityofArtsandScienceHUMANANATOMY1HunanUniversityofArtsand2ThegeneraldescriptionThebonesoftrunkTheskullThebonesoflimbs→homework第一篇：Chapter1Osteology骨学2Thegeneraldescription第一篇：Ch3§1ThegeneraldescriptionThegeneralfeaturesofthebonesThebonenumberoftheadultTheshapeandclassificationofthebonesThestructureofthebonesThechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofthebonesThebasicconceptsThevisceralbones3§1ThegeneraldescriptionT4PropershapeHardandresilientAbundantinbloodandnervesupplyMetabolismandgrowthRepairing修复Regeneration再生Reconstruction再造⒈Thegeneralfeaturesofthebones4Propershape⒈Thegeneralfe5儿童的骨头比成人多。因为：儿童的骶骨有5块，成人后合为1块。儿童的尾骨有4～5块，成人后合为1块。儿童有2块髂骨、2块坐骨和2块耻骨，到成人就合并成为2块髋骨。这样儿童的骨头要比成人多11～12块，就是说有217～218块。而初生婴儿的骨头竟多达305块。

6AuditoryossiclesTrunkbones126Limbbones23Skullbones⒉ThebonenumberoftheadultTotoal=?206inadult成人骨块数5儿童的骨头比成人多。因为：6Audito6longboneshortboneflateboneirregularbone⒊

TheshapeandclassificationofbonesBonetypes6longbone⒊Theshapeandcla7⒋

ThestructureofbonesBonysubstance骨质Periosteum骨膜Bonemarrow骨髓Nervousfibers神经Bloodvessels血管Livingbonestructure7⒋ThestructureofbonesBony年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响costalhead肋骨头ThesecondcervicalvertebraknownastheAxis(枢椎),bearstheodontoid(指状的)processonthesuperioraspectofitsbody.spinousprocessMadeupofthebonesofthelimbs(肢).Bonemarrowtype位于颅骨两侧，并延至颅底，参与构成颅底和颅腔的侧部，形状不规则，以外耳门为中心可分为颞鳞、鼓部和岩部3部分，周围与顶骨、枕骨及蝶骨相接。SternalbodyTheredandyellowbonemarrow儿童有2块髂骨、2块坐骨和2块耻骨，到成人就合并成为2块髋骨。Hyoidbone舌骨Bonemarrowtype年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响成对分布，即左、右两块上颌骨在正中线相连结，上颌骨由1个骨体和4个突起组成。Requirement:answereveryquestioninEnglish.Sphenoidbone蝶骨⒋Thestructureofbones§1ThegeneraldescriptionMastoid(乳突的)fontanelle8Thestructureofbones年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响8Thestructur9Compactbone(骨密质)Cancellousbone(骨松质)⑴

ThestructureofthebonysubstanceBonysubstancestructureCompactbone(密质)：既致密又坚硬，耐压性较大，类似象牙。Spongybone(松质)：由互相交叉成网的骨小梁构成，近似海绵，弹性较大。

9Compactbone(骨密质)⑴Thestruct10Thebonysubstance10ThebonysubstanceThevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.Hyoidbone儿童的骶骨有5块，成人后合为1块。Temporalbone颞骨Thebonysubstance⑸TheSacrum骶椎Question3:whatisthevertebralstructure?BloodvesselsOccipitalbone枕骨成对分布，即左、右两块上颌骨在正中线相连结，上颌骨由1个骨体和4个突起组成。Reconstruction再造NervousfibersMadeupofthebonesofthelimbs(肢).MetabolismandgrowthThecranialfrontanelles脑颅囟AbundantinbloodandnervesupplyAnteriorfrontanelle―closedduringmiddleofthe2ndyear⑴ThevertebralstructureBonemarrow骨髓Thefacialcraniumportion位于面颅中央，两眶之间，左右成对，构成鼻背。Ribs:12pairs11ThebonysubstanceThevisceralbonesareformed12Thebonysubstance12Thebonysubstance131314Intheflatbonesoftheskull,thelayersofcompactbonearecalledtheouterplate(外板)

andinnerplate(内板),whilethelayerofspongyboneiscalledthediploë(板障)。

⑵Thestructureoftheflatbone14Intheflatbonesof15RedbonemarrowYellowbonemarrow⑶ThebonemarrowBonemarrowtype15Redbonemarrow⑶Thebonema16红骨髓：主要由不同发育阶段的血细胞构成，主要分布在胸骨、椎骨、肋骨、髂骨等处。具有造血功能。Theredandyellowbonemarrow黄骨髓：含有大量的脂肪组织。6岁前后，长骨内的红骨髓逐渐转化为黄骨髓，失去造血功能。患某种贫血症状时，黄骨髓可能重新转化为具造血功能的红骨髓。16红骨髓：Theredandyellowbone17Thedistributionoftheredbonemarrow17Thedistributionofthered18有机质无机质⒌

骨的化学成分和物理性质碱性磷酸钙碳酸钙胶原纤维粘多糖蛋白具韧性具弹性具硬度具脆性骨的化学成分18有机质⒌骨的化学成分和物理性质碱性磷酸钙胶原纤维具韧性19年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响年龄段有机质比例无机质比例物理特性幼儿50%50%不易骨折，易变形成人30%70%弹性和硬度都好老人20%80%脆性较大，易骨折19年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响年龄段有机质比例无机质20Theaxialskeleton中轴骨骼

Madeupofthebonesalongthemidline(axis)ofthebody,includingtheskull,hyoidbone(舌骨)

,spinalcolumn,ribsandsternum(胸骨).⒍ThebasicconceptsTheappendicularskeleton

附肢骨骼Madeupofthebonesofthelimbs(肢).Thevisceralskeleton内脏骨骼Madeupofbonesformedinsoftorgans.20Theaxialskeleton中轴骨骼⒍T21Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.

Theyarenotpresent

inallspeciesofanimals.

⒎ThevisceralbonesExamplesofthevisceralbones:

ospenis

阴茎骨

–boneinthepenisofdogs

oscordis

心脏骨–boneintheheartofcattle

osrostri

鼻骨–boneinthesnout

(鼻口部

)

ofpigs

21Thevisceralbonesareforme⑸Nasalbone鼻骨Inroughlytriangularshape.–boneintheheartofcattleNasalbone鼻骨ApairoflaminaeRedbonemarrow第一篇：Chapter1Osteology骨学⒈ThegeneralfeaturesofthebonesOccipitalbone枕骨HardandresilientThefacialcraniumformsthebonyframeworkoftheface,theorbit(眼眶),thenasalcavity(鼻腔)andtheroofandlateralwallofthemouth.Hyoidbone舌骨Temporalbone颞骨§7Exercise为面颅骨最大者，分为体部及升支部，两侧体部在正中联合为一体。TheredandyellowbonemarrowQuestion3:whatisthevertebralstructure?⑴Frontalbone额骨irregularbone儿童有2块髂骨、2块坐骨和2块耻骨，到成人就合并成为2块髋骨。⒋ThegeneralcharactersoftheskullatbirthApairofpedicles22ThegeneralcomponentsThevertebraeTheribsThesternum§2Thebonesofthetrunk⑸Nasalbone鼻骨22Thegeneralc23⒈ThegeneralcomponentsTrunkBonesVertebrae:33Sternum:3partsRibs:12pairsVertebraeSternumRibs23⒈ThegeneralcomponentsTru24Cervicalvertebrae颈椎Thoracicvertebrae胸椎Lumbarvertebrae腰椎Sacrum骶椎Coccyx尾椎⒉Thevertebrae脊椎Vertebrae24Cervicalvertebrae颈椎⒉The25⑴ThevertebralstructureVertebralStructureVertebralbody椎体Vertebralarch椎弓Vertebralforamen椎孔Spongybone骨松质Compactbone骨密质Apairofpedicles1对椎弓根Apairoflaminae1对椎弓板Spinesandprocesses25⑴ThevertebralstructureV26bodyspinousprocessvertebralforamentransverseprocesslaminapedicleribfacetThevertebralstructureview26bodyspinousprocessvertebral27Thevertebralstructureview27Thevertebralstructureview28Theforamenisnearlytriangularandisrelativelylargeandroomy.⑵Thecervicalvertebrae

颈椎spinousprocess棘突articularprocesslaminapediclebodyThe

body

isrelativelysmall.28Theforamenisnearlytri29Thecervicalvertebrae-AtlasandAxisviewThefirstcervicalvertebraknownastheAtlas(寰椎),hasnobodyandnospine.The

second

cervicalvertebraknownastheAxis(枢椎),

bears

theodontoid(指状的)processonthesuperioraspectofitsbody.29Thecervicalvertebrae-Atl30ThearticulationofAtlaswithAxis30ThearticulationofAtlaswi31Thebodyinheart-shaped.⑶Thethoracicvertebrae胸椎Thespinesarelonganddownwardsloping.The

two

costal

facets

(肋凹面

)forarticulationwiththeribhead.Thetwofacetsfortheribtubercle(结节).31Thebodyinheart-shaped.⑶32Thefacets

(肋凹

)fortheribheadandtubercle32Thefacets(肋凹)fortherib33Thebodyinkidney-shaped.⑷

Thelumbar

vertebrae腰椎Theforamenistriangular,

butlargerthanthatofthethoracicvertebrae.Thespinesarestrongandhorizontal.33Thebodyinkidney-shaped.⑷Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.Ethmoidbone筛骨Costalgroove：肋沟Hyoidbone舌骨costalhead肋骨头Thechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofthebones(简述人体颅骨的组成与功能)Pairedbones成对骨spinousprocess棘突Bonysubstance骨质Ethmoidbone筛骨Question2:whatisthebonestructure?Theforamenisnearlytriangularandisrelativelylargeandroomy.为面颅骨最大者，分为体部及升支部，两侧体部在正中联合为一体。Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.Theskullbones⒊四人一组制作“Theappendicularskeletonofthehumanbody”PPT课件.Theribparts肋骨分部costalneck肋骨颈HardandresilientTheforamenisnearlytriangularandisrelativelylargeandroomy.Zygomaticbone34Madeupof5fusedvertebrae.⑸TheSacrum骶椎Inroughlytriangularshape.Thevisceralbonesareformed35Madeupof4coccygeal(尾椎的)vertebrae.⑹TheCoccyx尾椎Roughlytri-angularshape35Madeupof4coccygeal(尾椎的)36⒊Theribs

肋骨Theribstructurecostalhead肋骨头costalneck肋骨颈costalshaft肋骨体Ribs:12pairsCostalcartilage:7pairs⑴Theribstructure36⒊Theribs肋骨Theribstruct37Ribs肋骨Costalcartilage肋软骨Theribs

andcostalcartilage37RibsCostalcartilageTherib38neckTuberclecostalgrooveshaftheadTheribparts

肋骨分部Tubercle：结节，小瘤；

Costalgroove：肋沟38neckTuberclecostalgroovesha39Theribsmaybeclassifiedintofollowingtypes:⑵TheribclassificationFalseribs:8-12pairs123456712345FloatingTrueribs:1-7pairsFloatingribs:11-12pairs.39Theribsmaybeclassifie40Jugularnotch胸骨上切迹Clavicularnotch锁骨切迹⒋Thesternum胸骨SternalPartsManubrium胸骨柄Sternalbody胸骨体Xiphoidprocess剑突40Jugularnotch⒋Thesternum胸Mandible下颌骨司舌之活动，与吞咽和发音有关。Bonysubstance骨质Nervousfibers神经CompactboneSternalbodyPeriosteum骨膜Thefacets(肋凹)fortheribheadandtubercle⒉Thebonenumberoftheadult206inadultOccipitalbone枕骨Tubercle：结节，小瘤；Thespinesarestrongandhorizontal.Sternum:3partsThereareseveralcranialfrontanelles.Frontanelle:unossifiedmembranebetweenthebonesattheanglesofparietalbones.costalhead肋骨头Totoal=Bonesubstance骨质Compactbone(密质)：既致密又坚硬，耐压性较大，类似象牙。Apairoflaminae⑴Theribstructure41ThegeneralfeaturesoftheskullThebonesofthecerebralcranium

Thebonesofthefacialcranium

Thegeneralcharactersoftheskullatbirth§3TheskullMandible下颌骨41Thegeneralfeat42Totallythereare23theskullboneswhichmaybedividedinto2parts:⒈ThegeneralfeaturesoftheskullCerebralcranium脑颅Facialcranium面颅Theskullbones42Totallythereare23the43⒉Thecerebralcranium脑颅Cerebralcranium脑颅=8piecesSinglebones

单块骨Pairedbones

成对骨Frontalbone额骨Parietalbone顶骨Ethmoidbone筛骨Temporalbone颞骨Sphenoidbone蝶骨Occipitalbone枕骨Thecerebralcranium,madeupof8cranialbones,formsthecranialcavityenclosing(圈起)

andprotectingthebrain.43⒉Thecerebralcranium脑颅Cer44Frontalbone

额骨⑴Frontalbone额骨Frontalbone额骨颅前上部的一对膜化骨，后方紧接着一对顶骨，在人类头上联合形成单个骨，形成额与眶的上部。44Frontalbone额骨⑴Frontalbon45Ethmoidbone筛骨位于额骨与蝶骨之间,此骨有空泡小孔,是含气骨。

⑵Ethmoidbone筛骨Ethmoidbone筛骨45Ethmoidbone筛骨⑵Ethmoidbon46Sphenoidbone蝶骨形如蝴蝶，位于前方的额骨、筛骨和后方的颞骨、枕骨之间，横向伸展于颅底部。蝶骨分为体、小翼、大翼和翼突四个部分。⑶

Sphenoidbone蝶骨Sphenoidbone蝶骨46Sphenoidbone蝶骨⑶Sphenoidb47Occipitalbone枕骨是颅骨的一部分，俗称“后脑勺”，是平卧位时头部与枕头相接触的部位，故称之为枕骨。位于顶骨之后，并延伸至颅底。在枕骨的下面中央有一个大孔，叫枕骨大孔，脑和脊髓在此处相续。⑷

Occipitalbone枕骨Occipitalbone枕骨47Occipitalbone枕骨⑷Occipital48⑸

Parietalbone顶骨Parietalbone顶骨Parietalbone顶骨位于额、枕骨之间，具左、右两块顶骨。48⑸Parietalbone顶骨Parietalb49Temporalbone颞骨位于颅骨两侧，并延至颅底，参与构成颅底和颅腔的侧部，形状不规则，以外耳门为中心可分为颞鳞、鼓部和岩部3部分，周围与顶骨、枕骨及蝶骨相接。⑹

Temporalbone颞骨Temporalbone颞骨49Temporalbone颞骨⑹Temporalb50Thefacialcraniumformsthebonyframeworkoftheface,theorbit(眼眶)

,thenasalcavity(鼻腔)andtheroofandlateralwallofthemouth.Facialcranium面颅=15piecesSinglebones

单块骨Pairedbones

成对骨Mandible下颌骨Maxilla上颌骨Vomer犁骨Nasalbone鼻骨Hyoidbone舌骨Palatinebone腭骨Zygomaticbone颧骨Lacrimalbone泪骨Inferiornasalconcha下鼻甲⒊Facialcranium面颅50Thefacialcraniumforms51Mandible下颌骨为面颅骨最大者，分为体部及升支部，两侧体部在正中联合为一体。

⑴Mandible下颌骨51Mandible下颌骨⑴Mandible下颌骨52Maxilla上颌骨位于人体面颅中央的上颌部的骨骼。成对分布，即左、右两块上颌骨在正中线相连结，上颌骨由1个骨体和4个突起组成。

⑵Maxilla上颌骨52Maxilla上颌骨⑵Maxilla上颌骨Hyoidbone舌骨位于面颅中央，两眶之间，左右成对，构成鼻背。⑴Mandible下颌骨TheshapeandclassificationofthebonesTheskullatbirthislargeinproportiontorestoftheskeleton―1/4(adult1/7).VertebralforamenThearticulationofAtlaswithAxisTheredandyellowbonemarrowRoughlytri-angularshape⑶ThebonemarrowRedbonemarrowHyoidbone舌骨ThebasicconceptsCostalcartilage:7pairsThebasicconcepts颅前上部的一对膜化骨，后方紧接着一对顶骨，在人类头上联合形成单个骨，形成额与眶的上部。主要由不同发育阶段的血细胞构成，主要分布在胸骨、椎骨、肋骨、髂骨等处。Facialcranium面颅=15piecesSpinesandprocessesPalatinebone腭骨为面颅骨最大者，分为体部及升支部，两侧体部在正中联合为一体。儿童有2块髂骨、2块坐骨和2块耻骨，到成人就合并成为2块髋骨。53Zygomaticbone颧骨成对，位于上颌骨的外上方。具有两个突起：额突和颞突。⑶Zygomaticbone颧骨Hyoidbone舌骨53Zygomaticbone54Hyoidbone

舌骨位于下颌骨的后方，呈马蹄铁形，系于舌根。司舌之活动，与吞咽和发音有关。

⑷Hyoidbone舌骨舌骨体小角大角54Hyoidbone⑷Hyoidbone舌骨舌骨55Nasalbone鼻骨位于面颅中央，两眶之间，左右成对，构成鼻背。⑸Nasalbone鼻骨Nasalbone55Nasalbone鼻骨⑸Nasalbone鼻骨56Lacrimalbone泪骨成对，位于两眶内侧壁的前部，为一小而薄的骨片。⑹Lacrimalbone泪骨56Lacrimalbone泪骨⑹Lacrimalb57Inferiornasalconcha

下鼻甲为一对卷曲的薄骨片,呈水平位附于鼻腔的外侧壁。⑺

Inferiornasalconcha下鼻甲57Inferiornasalconcha⑺Infe58FrontalboneZygomaticboneNasalboneMaxilla

MandibleSphenoidbone

Parietalbone

TemporalboneOccipitalboneTheskullbones58FrontalboneZygomaticboneN59⒋ThegeneralcharactersoftheskullatbirthTheskullatbirthislargeinproportiontorestoftheskeleton―1/4(adult1/7).Manybonesconsistofmorethanonepiece.59⒋Thegeneralcharactersof60Thefacialportionequalsaboutoneeightthatofthecraniuminsize,whereasinadultitisonequarter(1/4).Thefacialcraniumportion60Thefacialportionequalsa61Thereareseveralcranialfrontanelles.Thecranialfrontanelles脑颅囟Anteriorfrontanelle―closedduringmiddleofthe2ndyearPosteriorfrontanelle―closedbytheendofthe2ndmonthafterbirthMastoid(乳突的)fontanelleSphenoidal(蝶骨的)fontanelle

Frontanelle:unossified

membranebetweenthebonesattheanglesofparietalbones.61Thereareseveralcranialfrspinousprocess棘突Bonemarrow,trueribs,falseribs,floatingribs,cranialfrontanellescostalhead肋骨头为面颅骨最大者，分为体部及升支部，两侧体部在正中联合为一体。⑵Ethmoidbone筛骨⑹Temporalbone颞骨HardandresilientVertebralarch§2ThebonesofthetrunkEthmoidbone筛骨Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.而初生婴儿的骨头竟多达305块。Pairedbones成对骨为面颅骨最大者，分为体部及升支部，两侧体部在正中联合为一体。Theskullbonesirregularbonespinousprocess棘突Nervousfibers§1ThegeneraldescriptionApairoflaminaeThechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofthebonesMaxilla上颌骨62Thecranialfrontanelles(脑颅囟)viewspinousprocess棘突62Thecrania63§4复习·提问·总结Question1:Whatarethegeneralfeaturesofbones?PropershapeHardandresilientAbundantinbloodandnervesupplyMetabolismandgrowthRepairing修复Regeneration再生Reconstruction再造63§4复习·提问·总结Question1:64Bonesubstance骨质Periosteum骨膜Bonemarrow骨髓NervousfibersBloodvesselsLivingbonestructure骨密质骨松质红骨髓黄骨髓Question2:whatisthebonestructure?64Bonesubstance骨质Livingbone65VertebralStructureVertebralbody椎体Vertebralarch椎弓Vertebralforamen椎孔Spongybone骨松质Compactbone骨密质Apairofpedicles1对椎弓根Apairoflaminae1对椎弓板SpinesandprocessesQuestion3:whatisthevertebralstructure?65VertebralVertebralbodySpon66Question4:howmanycranialfrontanellesarethere?Anteriorfrontanelle―closedduringmiddleofthe2ndyearPosteriorfrontanelle―closedbytheendofthe2ndmonthafterbirthMastoid(乳突的)fontanelleSphenoidal(蝶骨的)fontanelle66Question4:howmanycranial67Requirement:answereveryquestioninEnglish.§7Exercise1.TermExplanationBonemarrow,trueribs,falseribs,floatingribs,

cranialfrontanelles⒉

Brieflystatingthecomponentsandfunctionsoftheskullbones.

(简述人体颅骨的组成与功能)⒊

四人一组制作“Theappendicularskeletonofthehumanbody”PPT课件.67Requirement:answereveryq68谢谢聆听！欢迎指导！68谢谢聆听！69§1ThegeneraldescriptionThegeneralfeaturesofthebonesThebonenumberoftheadultTheshapeandclassificationofthebonesThestructureofthebonesThechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofthebonesThebasicconceptsThevisceralbones69§1Thegeneraldescription70PropershapeHardandresilientAbundantinbloodandnervesupplyMetabolismandgrowthRepairing修复Regeneration再生Reconstruction再造⒈Thegeneralfeaturesofthebones70Propershape⒈Thegeneralf71红骨髓：主要由不同发育阶段的血细胞构成，主要分布在胸骨、椎骨、肋骨、髂骨等处。具有造血功能。Theredandyellowbonemarrow黄骨髓：含有大量的脂肪组织。6岁前后，长骨内的红骨髓逐渐转化为黄骨髓，失去造血功能。患某种贫血症状时，黄骨髓可能重新转化为具造血功能的红骨髓。71红骨髓：TheredandyellowboneMetabolismandgrowthThebonysubstancePropershapeThestructureofthebonesCostalcartilageThearticulationofAtlaswithAxisBonemarrow骨髓transverseprocessFacialcranium面颅=15piecesSphenoidbone蝶骨ThebasicconceptsTheshapeandclassificationofthebonesThereareseveralcranialfrontanelles.Pairedbones成对骨Thevertebralstructureview成对，位于上颌骨的外上方。Question1:Whatarethegeneralfeaturesofbones?Anteriorfrontanelle―closedduringmiddleofthe2ndyearQuestion4:howmanycranialfrontanellesarethere?⑸TheSacrum骶椎CompactboneRibs:12pairs72年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响年龄段有机质比例无机质比例物理特性幼儿50%50%不易骨折，易变形成人30%70%弹性和硬度都好老人20%80%脆性较大，易骨折Metabolismandgrowth72年龄对骨的化学73⑴ThevertebralstructureVertebralStructureVertebralbody椎体Vertebralarch椎弓Vertebralforamen椎孔Spongybone骨松质Compactbone骨密质Apairofpedicles1对椎弓根Apairoflaminae1对椎弓板Spinesandprocesses73⑴ThevertebralstructureV74Temporalbone颞骨位于颅骨两侧，并延至颅底，参与构成颅底和颅腔的侧部，形状不规则，以外耳门为中心可分为颞鳞、鼓部和岩部3部分，周围与顶骨、枕骨及蝶骨相接。⑹

Temporalbone颞骨Temporalbone颞骨74Temporalbone颞骨⑹Temporalb75Hyoidbone

舌骨位于下颌骨的后方，呈马蹄铁形，系于舌根。司舌之活动，与吞咽和发音有关。

⑷Hyoidbone舌骨舌骨体小角大角75Hyoidbone⑷Hyoidbone舌骨舌骨spinousprocess棘突ThechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofthebonesThebodyinheart-shaped.为面颅骨最大者，分为体部及升支部，两侧体部在正中联合为一体。HardandresilientTheribstructureBonemarrow,trueribs,falseribs,floatingribs,cranialfrontanellesThespinesarestrongandhorizontal.位于下颌骨的后方，呈马蹄铁形，系于舌根。Madeupof5fusedvertebrae.AbundantinbloodandnervesupplyHardandresilient年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.Thefacets(肋凹)fortheribheadandtubercleThesternumFacialcranium面颅=15piecesThecranialfrontanelles脑颅囟Thebonesoflimbs→homeworkPeriosteum骨膜23SkullbonesThoracicvertebrae胸椎76Requirement:answereveryquestioninEnglish.§7Exercise1.TermExplanationBonemarrow,trueribs,falseribs,floatingribs,

cranialfrontanelles⒉

Brieflystatingthecomponentsandfunctionsoftheskullbones.

(简述人体颅骨的组成与功能)⒊

四人一组制作“Theappendicularskeletonofthehumanbody”PPT课件.spinousprocess棘突76Requiremen77HunanUniversityofArtsandScienceHUMANANATOMY1HunanUniversityofArtsand78ThegeneraldescriptionThebonesoftrunkTheskullThebonesoflimbs→homework第一篇：Chapter1Osteology骨学2Thegeneraldescription第一篇：Ch79§1ThegeneraldescriptionThegeneralfeaturesofthebonesThebonenumberoftheadultTheshapeandclassificationofthebonesThestructureofthebonesThechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofthebonesThebasicconceptsThevisceralbones3§1ThegeneraldescriptionT80PropershapeHardandresilientAbundantinbloodandnervesupplyMetabolismandgrowthRepairing修复Regeneration再生Reconstruction再造⒈Thegeneralfeaturesofthebones4Propershape⒈Thegeneralfe81儿童的骨头比成人多。因为：儿童的骶骨有5块，成人后合为1块。儿童的尾骨有4～5块，成人后合为1块。儿童有2块髂骨、2块坐骨和2块耻骨，到成人就合并成为2块髋骨。这样儿童的骨头要比成人多11～12块，就是说有217～218块。而初生婴儿的骨头竟多达305块。

6AuditoryossiclesTrunkbones126Limbbones23Skullbones⒉ThebonenumberoftheadultTotoal=?206inadult成人骨块数5儿童的骨头比成人多。因为：6Audito82longboneshortboneflateboneirregularbone⒊

TheshapeandclassificationofbonesBonetypes6longbone⒊Theshapeandcla83⒋

ThestructureofbonesBonysubstance骨质Periosteum骨膜Bonemarrow骨髓Nervousfibers神经Bloodvessels血管Livingbonestructure7⒋ThestructureofbonesBony年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响costalhead肋骨头ThesecondcervicalvertebraknownastheAxis(枢椎),bearstheodontoid(指状的)processonthesuperioraspectofitsbody.spinousprocessMadeupofthebonesofthelimbs(肢).Bonemarrowtype位于颅骨两侧，并延至颅底，参与构成颅底和颅腔的侧部，形状不规则，以外耳门为中心可分为颞鳞、鼓部和岩部3部分，周围与顶骨、枕骨及蝶骨相接。SternalbodyTheredandyellowbonemarrow儿童有2块髂骨、2块坐骨和2块耻骨，到成人就合并成为2块髋骨。Hyoidbone舌骨Bonemarrowtype年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响成对分布，即左、右两块上颌骨在正中线相连结，上颌骨由1个骨体和4个突起组成。Requirement:answereveryquestioninEnglish.Sphenoidbone蝶骨⒋Thestructureofbones§1ThegeneraldescriptionMastoid(乳突的)fontanelle84Thestructureofbones年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响8Thestructur85Compactbone(骨密质)Cancellousbone(骨松质)⑴

ThestructureofthebonysubstanceBonysubstancestructureCompactbone(密质)：既致密又坚硬，耐压性较大，类似象牙。Spongybone(松质)：由互相交叉成网的骨小梁构成，近似海绵，弹性较大。

9Compactbone(骨密质)⑴Thestruct86Thebonysubstance10ThebonysubstanceThevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.Hyoidbone儿童的骶骨有5块，成人后合为1块。Temporalbone颞骨Thebonysubstance⑸TheSacrum骶椎Question3:whatisthevertebralstructure?BloodvesselsOccipitalbone枕骨成对分布，即左、右两块上颌骨在正中线相连结，上颌骨由1个骨体和4个突起组成。Reconstruction再造NervousfibersMadeupofthebonesofthelimbs(肢).MetabolismandgrowthThecranialfrontanelles脑颅囟AbundantinbloodandnervesupplyAnteriorfrontanelle―closedduringmiddleofthe2ndyear⑴ThevertebralstructureBonemarrow骨髓Thefacialcraniumportion位于面颅中央，两眶之间，左右成对，构成鼻背。Ribs:12pairs87ThebonysubstanceThevisceralbonesareformed88Thebonysubstance12Thebonysubstance891390Intheflatbonesoftheskull,thelayersofcompactbonearecalledtheouterplate(外板)

andinnerplate(内板),whilethelayerofspongyboneiscalledthediploë(板障)。

⑵Thestructureoftheflatbone14Intheflatbonesof91RedbonemarrowYellowbonemarrow⑶ThebonemarrowBonemarrowtype15Redbonemarrow⑶Thebonema92红骨髓：主要由不同发育阶段的血细胞构成，主要分布在胸骨、椎骨、肋骨、髂骨等处。具有造血功能。Theredandyellowbonemarrow黄骨髓：含有大量的脂肪组织。6岁前后，长骨内的红骨髓逐渐转化为黄骨髓，失去造血功能。患某种贫血症状时，黄骨髓可能重新转化为具造血功能的红骨髓。16红骨髓：Theredandyellowbone93Thedistributionoftheredbonemarrow17Thedistributionofthered94有机质无机质⒌

骨的化学成分和物理性质碱性磷酸钙碳酸钙胶原纤维粘多糖蛋白具韧性具弹性具硬度具脆性骨的化学成分18有机质⒌骨的化学成分和物理性质碱性磷酸钙胶原纤维具韧性95年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响年龄段有机质比例无机质比例物理特性幼儿50%50%不易骨折，易变形成人30%70%弹性和硬度都好老人20%80%脆性较大，易骨折19年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响年龄段有机质比例无机质96Theaxialskeleton中轴骨骼

Madeupofthebonesalongthemidline(axis)ofthebody,includingtheskull,hyoidbone(舌骨)

,spinalcolumn,ribsandsternum(胸骨).⒍ThebasicconceptsTheappendicularskeleton

附肢骨骼Madeupofthebonesofthelimbs(肢).Thevisceralskeleton内脏骨骼Madeupofbonesformedinsoftorgans.20Theaxialskeleton中轴骨骼⒍T97Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.

Theyarenotpresent

inallspeciesofanimals.

⒎ThevisceralbonesExamplesofthevisceralbones:

ospenis

阴茎骨

–boneinthepenisofdogs

oscordis

心脏骨–boneintheheartofcattle

osrostri

鼻骨–boneinthesnout

(鼻口部

)

ofpigs

21Thevisceralbonesareforme⑸Nasalbone鼻骨Inroughlytriangularshape.–boneintheheartofcattleNasalbone鼻骨ApairoflaminaeRedbonemarrow第一篇：Chapter1Osteology骨学⒈ThegeneralfeaturesofthebonesOccipitalbone枕骨HardandresilientThefacialcraniumformsthebonyframeworkoftheface,theorbit(眼眶),thenasalcavity(鼻腔)andtheroofandlateralwallofthemouth.Hyoidbone舌骨Temporalbone颞骨§7Exercise为面颅骨最大者，分为体部及升支部，两侧体部在正中联合为一体。TheredandyellowbonemarrowQuestion3:whatisthevertebralstructure?⑴Frontalbone额骨irregularbone儿童有2块髂骨、2块坐骨和2块耻骨，到成人就合并成为2块髋骨。⒋ThegeneralcharactersoftheskullatbirthApairofpedicles98ThegeneralcomponentsThevertebraeTheribsThesternum§2Thebonesofthetrunk⑸Nasalbone鼻骨22Thegeneralc99⒈ThegeneralcomponentsTrunkBonesVertebrae:33Sternum:3partsRibs:12pairsVertebraeSternumRibs23⒈ThegeneralcomponentsTru100Cervicalvertebrae颈椎Thoracicvertebrae胸椎Lumbarvertebrae腰椎Sacrum骶椎Coccyx尾椎⒉Thevertebrae脊椎Vertebrae24Cervicalvertebrae颈椎⒉The101⑴ThevertebralstructureVertebralStructureVertebralbody椎体Vertebralarch椎弓Vertebralforamen椎孔Spongybone骨松质Compactbone骨密质Apairofpedicles1对椎弓根Apairoflaminae1对椎弓板Spinesandprocesses25⑴ThevertebralstructureV102bodyspinousprocessvertebralforamentransverseprocesslaminapedicleribfacetThevertebralstructureview26bodyspinousprocessvertebral103Thevertebralstructureview27Thevertebralstructureview104Theforamenisnearlytriangularandisrelativelylargeandroomy.⑵Thecervicalvertebrae

颈椎spinousprocess棘突articularprocesslaminapediclebodyThe

body

isrelativelysmall.28Theforamenisnearlytri105Thecervicalvertebrae-AtlasandAxisviewThefirstcervicalvertebraknownastheAtlas(寰椎),hasnobodyandnospine.The

second

cervicalvertebraknownastheAxis(枢椎),

bears

theodontoid(指状的)processonthesuperioraspectofitsbody.29Thecervicalvertebrae-Atl106ThearticulationofAtlaswithAxis30ThearticulationofAtlaswi107Thebodyinheart-shaped.⑶Thethoracicvertebrae胸椎Thespinesarelonganddownwardsloping.The

two

costal

facets

(肋凹面

)forarticulationwiththeribhead.Thetwofacetsfortheribtubercle(结节).31Thebodyinheart-shaped.⑶108Thefacets

(肋凹

)fortheribheadandtubercle32Thefacets(肋凹)fortherib109Thebodyinkidney-shaped.⑷

Thelumbar

vertebrae腰椎Theforamenistriangular,

butlargerthanthatofthethoracicvertebrae.Thespinesarestrongandhorizontal.33Thebodyinkidney-shaped.⑷Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.Ethmoidbone筛骨Costalgroove：肋沟Hyoidbone舌骨costalhead肋骨头Thechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofthebones(简述人体颅骨的组成与功能)Pairedbones成对骨spinousprocess棘突Bonysubstance骨质Ethmoidbone筛骨Question2:whatisthebonestructure?Theforamenisnearlytriangularandisrelativelylargeandroomy.为面颅骨最大者，分为体部及升支部，两侧体部在正中联合为一体。Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.Theskullbones⒊四人一组制作“Theappendicularskeletonofthehumanbody”PPT课件.Theribparts肋骨分部costalneck肋骨颈HardandresilientTheforamenisnearlytriangularandisrelativelylargeandroomy