计算机组织结构chap2

WilliamStallings

ComputerOrganization

andArchitectureChapter2

ComputerEvolutionandPerformance1GenerationsofComputerVacuumtube--1946-1957 1Transistor--1958-1964 2Small,mediumscaleintegration–1965-19713–IC100-3,000devicesonachipLargescaleintegration--1972-1977 4

–

LSI3,000-100,000devicesonachipVerylargescaleintegration--1978-1991 5–VLSI100,000-100,000,000devicesonachipUltralargescaleintegration–1991- 6–ULSIOver100,000,000devicesonachipP24Whenmicrocomputer?21stcomputer–

generationIUniversityofPennsylvania18,000vacuumtubesDecimal(notbinary)Finished19463vonNeumann/Turing?Mainmemorystoringprogramsanddata–1st

CPUinterpretinginstructionsfrommemoryandexecuting. i.e.

fetchinstructionfrommemory

executeinstructioninCPUbinarysystem4StructureofvonNeumannmachine5IBM1953-the701IBM’sfirststoredprogramcomputerScientificcalculations1955-the702Businessapplications700series6NJU103fromSovietUnionvacuumtubes30persecondmemory409632bits/word1959,firstrunningcomputerinuniversitiesoneroominNorthbuilding7Transistors–generationII1958Discretecomponents transistor,resistor,capacitoroncircuitboardsIBM7000DECProducedPDP-18IntegratedCircuit–generationIII…1965IC(Microelectronics) transistor,resistor,capacitoronachip siliconwafer(硅晶片)Twofundamentaltypesofcomponents(P24)‘9GateforprocessingMemorycellforstorage(P141)read1Carrysignalinput1Logicfunction01P281inputwriteStoragecellLogicfunctionSiCiAiBi10Moore’sLawIncreaseddensityofcomponentsonchipNumberoftransistorsonachipwilldoubleeveryyearSince1970’sdevelopmenthasslowedalittle Numberoftransistorsdoublesevery18monthsHigherpackingdensity

shorterelectricalpaths,SmallersizeflexibilityCostofchipunchangedGordonMoore-cofounderofIntelP2911IBM360seriesMultiplexedswitchstructure (Fig.2.5,P2 3)DECPDP-8FirstminicomputerBUSstructure‘1213FA..BCDS1S2......Multiplexerconnectsmultipleinputstoasingleoutput.Atanytime,oneoftheinputsisselectedtobepassedtotheoutput.

MUXmemoryI/O1I/O2I/O3CPU14DEC-PDP-8BusStructureOMNIBUSConsoleControllerCPUMainMemoryI/OModuleI/OModuleP3115Series200inChina210—— 360/30 南大，常州无线电厂 220—— 360/40 240—— 360/50 北大，北京738厂 26016LSI–generationIV

1971-4004

FirstmicroprocessorAllCPUcomponentsonasinglechip4bit1974-8080Intel’sfirstgeneralpurposemicroprocessor8bit17PCA8086–16bitprocessor486–32bitprocessorPentium4–64bitprocessor

何谓32位处理机?Keydistinguishingfeatureofaprocessoristhenumberofbitsthattheprocessordealswithatatime.32bits+32bits18

SemiconductorMemory1970MagneticcorestoragesemiconductormemoryMuchfasterthancoreCapacityapproximatelydoubleseachyear19ImproveperformanceCPU---如何提高速度? -提高集成度=shortenthedistancebetweencomponents -increasefrequency -pipelining,superscalar–parallelism, -multicore...Memory---如何更大?如何提高存取速度? -increasedensityofchip -speeduprunfrequency(DDR3-1333…)=P3720ImproveperformanceI/O---如何提高速度? -Deviceitself(display,printer) -Caching(diskcache) -Buffering(printer,I/Omodule)forparallism -Newinterfacetechniques:USB,usenetwork technology -...21TypicalI/ODeviceDataRates22Improveperformanceinterconnection---如何提高速度? -增加传输线的宽度:16位32 64 -Higher-speedinterconnectionbuses -Moreelaboratebusstructures:

hierarchy--P73 -...23ProblemsCPU density,frequencycause:? -RCdelay:ascomponentsonthechipdecrease insize, wireinterconnectsbecomethinner,increaseresistance. wiresareclosertogether,increasingcapacitance -Power:powerdensityincreaseswithdensityof

logicandclockspeed.

dissipatingheatisissue24ProblemsMemory densitycause:? -reduceparallelism:asthedensityofchip increase,fewermemorychipsareused.PerformanceMismatch -Memoryspeedlagsbehindprocessorspeed25LogicandMemoryPerformanceGap26SolutionsCPU---moreemphasisonorganizationaland architecturalapproaches. -Multiplecores:placingmultipleprocessorson singlechip.Usetwosimplerprocessorson thechipratherthanonemorecomplex processorMemory -makememorychipwider:increasenumber ofbitsretrievedatonetime(pin)27POWER4ChipOrganization28SolutionsPerformanceMismatch -incorporatecaches:L1cache(dedicatingpart ofprocessorchip),L2cacheKeyisbalanceProcessorcomponentsMainmemoryI/OdevicesInterconnectionstructures29IntelMicroprocessorPerformance30ExamplesofcomputerdesignPentium---CISC P41PowerPC---RISC P4231InternetResources

SearchfortheIntelMuseumCharlesBabbageInstitutePowerPCIntelDeveloperHome32Summary1.HistoryENIAC,1946,UniversityofPennsylvaniavonNeumannmachine--storedprogramIBM360series–mainframeDECPDP11–minicomputerIntel–microprocessor2.GenerationsofComputervacuumtubetransistor33integratedcircuitLSIVLSIULSI3.ThreeprincipalconstituentsofacomputersystematIClevel4.Moore’sLawDoublingperformanceeveryyear(18months)345.