工业操作效率的研究分析 课件

TimeandMotionStudy

RebeccaJohnstonOperationsManagementDr.Foster1TimeandMotionStudy

RebecTimeandMotionStudy:DefinedAmethodcreatedtodeterminethe‘correcttime’ittakestocompleteacertaintaskAmethodtoestablish‘theonebestwaytoperformatask’2TimeandMotionStudy:DefinedTimeandMotionStudy:PurposesToend‘goofingoff’andtoestablishwhatconstitutedafairdaysworkTomakesurethatthejobbeingevaluateddoesnotincludeanyunnecessarymotionbytheworker3TimeandMotionStudy:PurposeTimeandMotionStudy:HistoryFrederickW.TaylorandhisfollowersdevelopedandrefinedtheTimeStudyFrankB.GilbrethandhiswifeLilliandevelopedandrefinedtheMotionStudyHistoricallythetwostudiesarediscussedindividually,todaytheygenerallyarediscussedasone4TimeandMotionStudy:HistoryTimeandMotionStudy:InyourOrganization Historically:T&MStudieswereusedinthemanufacturingindustrytoevolvepayscaleswiththethoughtthatmoneywastheonlymotivationforwork5TimeandMotionStudy:InyourTimeandMotionStudy:InyourOrganization

cont’dToday:T&MStudiescanbeeffectiveforperformanceevaluationsT&MStudiescanbeusedforplanningpurposesinordertopredictthelevelofoutputthatmaybeachievedT&MStudiescanbeusedtouncoverproblemsandcreatesolutionsT&MStudiescanbeusedfortimecostanalysis6TimeandMotionStudy:InyourTimeandMotionStudy:ObjectiveTheobjectiveoftheTimeandMotionStudyistodeterminea‘normal’oraveragetimeforajob,byusingobserverstorecordexactlyhowmuchtimeisbeingdevotedtoeachtask.7TimeandMotionStudy:ObjectiHowitWorksStep-by-Step1.Establishthestandardjobmethod.2.Breakdownthe jobintoelements3.Studythejob.4.Ratetheworker’sperformance8HowitWorksStep-by-Step8HowitWorksStep-by-Stepcont’d5.Computetheaveragetime6.Computethenormaltime

Nt=(t)(RF)or NormalTime=(elementalaveragetime) (ratingfactor)7.Computethestandardtime

ST=(Nt)(1+AF)or StandardTime=(Normalcycletime)(1+Allowancefactor)

9HowitWorksStep-by-StepcontTimeandMotionStudy:

InActionHowdomedicalresidentsspendtheirtimeatthehospital?

10TimeandMotionStudy:

InActInAction

cont’d1.Coders/observerstrainingwasthe2.Activitieswerebrokendownintoseparatecategories,67intotal3.Theexactnumberofminutespertaskweredetermined4.Percentagesoftimedevotedtoeachtaskwerecalculated 11InActioncont’d1.Coders/obseInAction

cont’dAtotalof13,383minutesofactivitieswereobservedbetweenthe8residentsResidentswereinvolvedin1,726codedactivitiesTheseactivitiesaveraged7.75minuteseachwithastandarddeviationof14.5minutes12InActioncont’dAtotalof13,TimeandMotionStudy:Exercise

Elementt(min)RF12.511.1025.291.1534.211.1043.571.05Computethestandardtimeforthisjobusinganallowancefactorof20percent.13TimeandMotionStudy:ExercisSolutionUsetheformula (t)(RF)=NtElement1(.251)(1.10)=.2761Element2(.529)(1.15)=.6084 Andsoonforelement3and4ElementT(min)RFtNt12.576125.291.15.529.608421.463143.571.05.357.3749TogetthenormalcycletimeyousumtheNtvalues.Here=1.73min14SolutionUsetheformulaElemenSolutionTocomputethestandardtimeusethe20percentallowancefactor Nt(1+AF)=ST Here 1.73(1+.20)=2.08Sothestandardtimeforeachelementofthisjobis2.08minutes15SolutionTocomputethestandarTimeandMotionStudy:ProblemsObserversarenotalwayscompetentThoseconductingthestudyarenotalwaysproficientinthejobbeingobservedTheactionsobservedarenotalwaysreflectiveofthegroupasawhole16TimeandMotionStudy:ProblemTimeandMotionStudy:Problemscont’dWorkersmaynotcooperatewithatimeandmotionstudy:TheymayresentthestudyifitisbeingusedtodeterminethepayscaleWorkersmaychangetherateatwhichtheyworkPressuremayincreasemistakesmadeWorkersmayalternormalworkmethodstodisruptthestudy17TimeandMotionStudy:ProblemReferencesFerguson,DavidS.,Don’tCallit“timeandmotionstudy”,IITSolutions,Norcross.May1997.Vol.29,Issue5.Finkler,StevenA.,AComparisonofwork-samplingandtime-and-motiontechniquesforstudiesinhealthservicesresearch,HealthServiceResearch,Chicago.Dec1993.Vol.28,Issue5.Koehler,KennethG.,TimeCostAnalysis,CMA,Hamilton.May1992.Vol.66,Issue4.Russell,Roberta;Taylor,BernardW.,OperationsManagement,PrenticeHallInc.,UpperSaddleRiver,NJ.2000.Stevens,Larry,TimeStudyPromptsNewHREfficiencies,PersonnelJournal,SantaMonica.April1994.Vol.73,Issue4.Stuttaford,Genevieve,TheOneBestWay:FredrickWinslowTaylor&theEnigmaofEfficiency,PublishersWeekly,NewYork.March17,1997.Vol.224,Issue11.18ReferencesFerguson,DavidS.,TimeandMotionStudy

RebeccaJohnstonOperationsManagementDr.Foster19TimeandMotionStudy

RebecTimeandMotionStudy:DefinedAmethodcreatedtodeterminethe‘correcttime’ittakestocompleteacertaintaskAmethodtoestablish‘theonebestwaytoperformatask’20TimeandMotionStudy:DefinedTimeandMotionStudy:PurposesToend‘goofingoff’andtoestablishwhatconstitutedafairdaysworkTomakesurethatthejobbeingevaluateddoesnotincludeanyunnecessarymotionbytheworker21TimeandMotionStudy:PurposeTimeandMotionStudy:HistoryFrederickW.TaylorandhisfollowersdevelopedandrefinedtheTimeStudyFrankB.GilbrethandhiswifeLilliandevelopedandrefinedtheMotionStudyHistoricallythetwostudiesarediscussedindividually,todaytheygenerallyarediscussedasone22TimeandMotionStudy:HistoryTimeandMotionStudy:InyourOrganization Historically:T&MStudieswereusedinthemanufacturingindustrytoevolvepayscaleswiththethoughtthatmoneywastheonlymotivationforwork23TimeandMotionStudy:InyourTimeandMotionStudy:InyourOrganization

cont’dToday:T&MStudiescanbeeffectiveforperformanceevaluationsT&MStudiescanbeusedforplanningpurposesinordertopredictthelevelofoutputthatmaybeachievedT&MStudiescanbeusedtouncoverproblemsandcreatesolutionsT&MStudiescanbeusedfortimecostanalysis24TimeandMotionStudy:InyourTimeandMotionStudy:ObjectiveTheobjectiveoftheTimeandMotionStudyistodeterminea‘normal’oraveragetimeforajob,byusingobserverstorecordexactlyhowmuchtimeisbeingdevotedtoeachtask.25TimeandMotionStudy:ObjectiHowitWorksStep-by-Step1.Establishthestandardjobmethod.2.Breakdownthe jobintoelements3.Studythejob.4.Ratetheworker’sperformance26HowitWorksStep-by-Step8HowitWorksStep-by-Stepcont’d5.Computetheaveragetime6.Computethenormaltime

Nt=(t)(RF)or NormalTime=(elementalaveragetime) (ratingfactor)7.Computethestandardtime

ST=(Nt)(1+AF)or StandardTime=(Normalcycletime)(1+Allowancefactor)

27HowitWorksStep-by-StepcontTimeandMotionStudy:

InActionHowdomedicalresidentsspendtheirtimeatthehospital?

28TimeandMotionStudy:

InActInAction

cont’d1.Coders/observerstrainingwasthe2.Activitieswerebrokendownintoseparatecategories,67intotal3.Theexactnumberofminutespertaskweredetermined4.Percentagesoftimedevotedtoeachtaskwerecalculated 29InActioncont’d1.Coders/obseInAction

cont’dAtotalof13,383minutesofactivitieswereobservedbetweenthe8residentsResidentswereinvolvedin1,726codedactivitiesTheseactivitiesaveraged7.75minuteseachwithastandarddeviationof14.5minutes30InActioncont’dAtotalof13,TimeandMotionStudy:Exercise

Elementt(min)RF12.511.1025.291.1534.211.1043.571.05Computethestandardtimeforthisjobusinganallowancefactorof20percent.31TimeandMotionStudy:ExercisSolutionUsetheformula (t)(RF)=NtElement1(.251)(1.10)=.2761Element2(.529)(1.15)=.6084 Andsoonforelement3and4ElementT(min)RFtNt12.576125.291.15.529.608421.463143.571.05.357.3749TogetthenormalcycletimeyousumtheNtvalues.Here=1.73min32SolutionUsetheformulaElemenSolutionTocomputethestandardtimeusethe20percentallowancefactor Nt(1+AF)=ST Here 1.73(1+.20)=2.08Sothestandardtimeforeachelementofthisjobis2.08minutes33SolutionTocomputethestandarTimeandMotionStudy:ProblemsObserversarenotalwayscompetentThoseconductingthestudyarenotalwaysproficientinthejobbeingobservedTheactionsobservedarenotalwaysreflectiveofthegroupasawhole34TimeandMotionStudy:ProblemTimeandMotionStudy:Problemscont’dWorkersmaynotcooperatewithatimeandmotionstudy:Theymayresentthestudyifitisbeingusedtodeterminethepay