油研演讲与写作构思课件

油研2013演讲与写作构思油研2013演讲与写作构思1SelectingtopicsAnalyzingaudienceSupportingideasOrganizingthebodyofthespeechBeginningandendingthespeechOutliningspeechUsinglanguageSelectingtopics2PurposeofspeechInform:informationPersuade:changeaudiencePurposeofspeechInform:infor3PrinciplesofspecificpurposesMakesurethecentralideaisnottoogeneralExpressthecentralideaasafullsentenceStatethecentralideaasadeclarativesentence,notasaquestionAvoidfigurativelanguageinthecentralideaPrinciplesofspecificpurpose4exercisesDonatebloodToinformmyaudienceaboutthehistoryofWesterncivilizationToinformmyaudienceaboutGuilinToinformmyaudiencethatsomethinghastobedoneabouttrafficjams.ToinformmyaudiencehowtousethesubwaysysteminBerlin,Germany.exercisesDonateblood5Generalpurpose:Specificpurpose:Centralidea:Mainpoints:Youshouldstudyabroadbecauseitwillenhanceyourpersonaldevelopment.Youshouldstudyabroadbecauseitwillenhanceyouracademicdevelopment.Youshouldstudyabroadbecauseitwillenhanceyourcareerdevelopment.Generalpurpose:6Generalpurpose:Specificpurpose:Centralidea:Mainpoints:Thefirsteventintriathlonisswimming,Thesecondeventintriathloniscycling.Thefirsteventintriathlonisrunning.Generalpurpose:7Generalpurpose:Specificpurpose:Centralidea:Mainpoints:Generalpurpose:8Analyzingaudience

Audience-centered:ObamaTowhomamIspeaking?WhatdoIwantthemtoknow,believe,ordoasaresultofmyspeech?Whatisthemosteffectivewayofcomposingandpresentingmyspeechtoaccomplishthataim?Analyzingaudience

Audience-ce9AdaptingtotheAudienceBeforethespeech:assessinghowyouraudieceislikelytorespongtowhatyousayinyourspeech;adjustingwhatyoursaytomakeitasclear,appropriate,andconvincing.Duringthespeech:keepaneyeoutforaudiencefeedback.Frownorrespondwithquizzicallooks,youmayneedtobackupandgooveryourpointagain.Afterthespeech:survey,modify,nextspeech.AdaptingtotheAudienceBefore10Supportingideas

ExamplesStatisticsQuotations(paraphrase)Supportingideas

Examples11Examples

BriefExamplesExtendedExamplesHypotheticalExamplesExamples

BriefExamples12BriefExamples(specificstatements):Changesintechnologyhavemadeitpossiblefordoctorstoworkwondersthatonceseemedimpossible.RogerCharter,forexample,lostbothhisfeetwhentheywerecrushedinatruckaccident,Nowhehasnewfeet-madeofaspringyplasticalloythatduplicatesanormalarch.Notonlycanhewalknormally,buthecanrunandplaysportsagain.Themiraculousnatureofrecentadvancesincreatingartificiallimbsforaccidentvictims.BriefExamples(specificstate13JapanesebusinessmenhavealreadyappliedConfucianethicsintheirbusinessmanagement,andtheAmericanmilitaryacademy,WestPoint,hastakenSunzi’sTheArtofWarasoneoftheirtextbooks,Intheseyears,thecreamofourculture,suchastraditionalmedicalscienceandmedicine,acupuncture,TaiChi,andpapercutting,haswonpopularityintheworld.China’straditionalculturehasvigorandvitalityintoday’sglobalization.Japanesebusinessmenhavealre14Extendedexamples(narratives,illustrations,anecdotes):tellingstoriesHypotheticalexamples:Imaginethis:yourfatherhasbeenstrickenwithseriousheartdisease.Atthehospital,yourlearnhehasachancetosurvive-ifhecanreceiveahearttransplant.Buttherearenoheartdonorsavailable.Yourfatherisofthe1.5millionChineseeachyearwhoneedanorgantransplantbutcannotgetonebecauseofashortageofdonors.Extendedexamples(narratives,15StatisticsUserepresentativestatisticsIdentifythesourcesofstatisticsUsestatisticsfromreliablesourcesRoundoffcomplicatedstatisticsExplainstatisticsStatistics16Quotations(paraphrase)UsequotationsfromunbiasedsourcesIdentifythepeoplequoteandparaphraseQuotations(paraphrase)17OrganizingthebodyofthespeechBodyisdeterminedbymainpoints.StrategicorderofmainpointsChronologicalorderSpatialorderProblem-solutionorderTopicalorderOrganizingthebodyofthespe18ChronologicalorderSpecificpurpose:toinformaudiencehowtheGreatWallofChinawasbuilt.Centralidea:theGreatWallofChinawasbuiltinthreemajorstages.Mainpoints:QindynastyHandynastyMingdynastyChronologicalorderSpecificpu19Specificpurpose:toinformaudienceyoureducationalbackgroundsCentralidea:inthreemajorstages.Mainpoints:Specificpurpose:toinformau20Spatialorder

Specificpurpose:toinformaudienceaboutthethreemajorregionsinItalyCentralidea:northern,southernandcentralItalyhavetheirownidentitiesandattractions.Mainpoints:Spatialorder

Specificpurpose21Problem-solutionorderSpecificpurpose:topersuadeaudiencetoughermeasureareneededtocontrolillegalsellingofantiques.Centralidea:illegalsellingofantiquesisaseriousproblemthatrequiresacombinationofgovernmentactionandindividualawareness.Mainpoints:Problem-solutionorderSpecific22Specificpurpose:topersuadeaudiencethatChinashouldimplementstricterlawenforcementtopreventaccidentsincoalmines.Centralidea:Mainpoints:Specificpurpose:topersuadea23TopicalorderSpecificpurpose:toinformaudienceabouttheachievementsofdaVinciCentralidea:painter,aninventor,anastronomerMainpoints:TopicalorderSpecificpurpose:24Specificpurpose:topersuadeaudiencethatChinashouldcontinueitsprogramofspaceexplorationCentralidea:Mainpoints:Specificpurpose:topersuade25Specificpurpose:topersuadeaudienceCCTVshouldlaunchanEnglishversionoftheLectureRoom.Centralidea:Mainpoints:Specificpurpose:topersuadea26TipsforpreparingmainpointsLimitthenumberofthemainpointsKeepmainpointsseparateTrytousethesamepatternowordingformainpointsTipsforpreparingmainpoint27BeginningandendingIntroductionConclusionBeginningandendingIntroducti28Introduction

GetattentionandinterestRelatethetopictotheaudienceStatetheimportanceofyourtopicStartletheaudienceArousethecuriosityoftheaudienceQuestiontheaudienceBeginwithaquotationTellastoryCreateapositiverelationshipwiththeaudienceEatablishcredibilityIntroduction

Getattentionand29Conclusion

ReinforcethecentralideaSummarizeyourspeechEndwithquotationMakeadramaticstatementRefertotheintroductionConclusion

Reinforcethecentr30OutliningtheSpeechStatethespecificpurposeandcentralideaLabeltheintroduction,body,andconclusionUseaconsistentpatternofsymbolizationandindentationStatemainpointsandsubpointsinfullsentencesLabeltransitions,InternalSummaries,andInternalPreviewsAttachabibliographyGiveyourspeechatitleOutliningtheSpeechStatethe31TipsforOutliningtheSpeechMakeSuretheOutlineisLegibleKeeptheOutlineasBriefasPossibleGiveYourselfCuesforDeliveringtheSpeechTipsforOutliningtheSpeech32油研演讲与写作构思课件33油研演讲与写作构思课件34油研演讲与写作构思课件35油研演讲与写作构思课件36油研演讲与写作构思课件37油研演讲与写作构思课件38油研演讲与写作构思课件39油研2013演讲与写作构思油研2013演讲与写作构思40SelectingtopicsAnalyzingaudienceSupportingideasOrganizingthebodyofthespeechBeginningandendingthespeechOutliningspeechUsinglanguageSelectingtopics41PurposeofspeechInform:informationPersuade:changeaudiencePurposeofspeechInform:infor42PrinciplesofspecificpurposesMakesurethecentralideaisnottoogeneralExpressthecentralideaasafullsentenceStatethecentralideaasadeclarativesentence,notasaquestionAvoidfigurativelanguageinthecentralideaPrinciplesofspecificpurpose43exercisesDonatebloodToinformmyaudienceaboutthehistoryofWesterncivilizationToinformmyaudienceaboutGuilinToinformmyaudiencethatsomethinghastobedoneabouttrafficjams.ToinformmyaudiencehowtousethesubwaysysteminBerlin,Germany.exercisesDonateblood44Generalpurpose:Specificpurpose:Centralidea:Mainpoints:Youshouldstudyabroadbecauseitwillenhanceyourpersonaldevelopment.Youshouldstudyabroadbecauseitwillenhanceyouracademicdevelopment.Youshouldstudyabroadbecauseitwillenhanceyourcareerdevelopment.Generalpurpose:45Generalpurpose:Specificpurpose:Centralidea:Mainpoints:Thefirsteventintriathlonisswimming,Thesecondeventintriathloniscycling.Thefirsteventintriathlonisrunning.Generalpurpose:46Generalpurpose:Specificpurpose:Centralidea:Mainpoints:Generalpurpose:47Analyzingaudience

Audience-centered:ObamaTowhomamIspeaking?WhatdoIwantthemtoknow,believe,ordoasaresultofmyspeech?Whatisthemosteffectivewayofcomposingandpresentingmyspeechtoaccomplishthataim?Analyzingaudience

Audience-ce48AdaptingtotheAudienceBeforethespeech:assessinghowyouraudieceislikelytorespongtowhatyousayinyourspeech;adjustingwhatyoursaytomakeitasclear,appropriate,andconvincing.Duringthespeech:keepaneyeoutforaudiencefeedback.Frownorrespondwithquizzicallooks,youmayneedtobackupandgooveryourpointagain.Afterthespeech:survey,modify,nextspeech.AdaptingtotheAudienceBefore49Supportingideas

ExamplesStatisticsQuotations(paraphrase)Supportingideas

Examples50Examples

BriefExamplesExtendedExamplesHypotheticalExamplesExamples

BriefExamples51BriefExamples(specificstatements):Changesintechnologyhavemadeitpossiblefordoctorstoworkwondersthatonceseemedimpossible.RogerCharter,forexample,lostbothhisfeetwhentheywerecrushedinatruckaccident,Nowhehasnewfeet-madeofaspringyplasticalloythatduplicatesanormalarch.Notonlycanhewalknormally,buthecanrunandplaysportsagain.Themiraculousnatureofrecentadvancesincreatingartificiallimbsforaccidentvictims.BriefExamples(specificstate52JapanesebusinessmenhavealreadyappliedConfucianethicsintheirbusinessmanagement,andtheAmericanmilitaryacademy,WestPoint,hastakenSunzi’sTheArtofWarasoneoftheirtextbooks,Intheseyears,thecreamofourculture,suchastraditionalmedicalscienceandmedicine,acupuncture,TaiChi,andpapercutting,haswonpopularityintheworld.China’straditionalculturehasvigorandvitalityintoday’sglobalization.Japanesebusinessmenhavealre53Extendedexamples(narratives,illustrations,anecdotes):tellingstoriesHypotheticalexamples:Imaginethis:yourfatherhasbeenstrickenwithseriousheartdisease.Atthehospital,yourlearnhehasachancetosurvive-ifhecanreceiveahearttransplant.Buttherearenoheartdonorsavailable.Yourfatherisofthe1.5millionChineseeachyearwhoneedanorgantransplantbutcannotgetonebecauseofashortageofdonors.Extendedexamples(narratives,54StatisticsUserepresentativestatisticsIdentifythesourcesofstatisticsUsestatisticsfromreliablesourcesRoundoffcomplicatedstatisticsExplainstatisticsStatistics55Quotations(paraphrase)UsequotationsfromunbiasedsourcesIdentifythepeoplequoteandparaphraseQuotations(paraphrase)56OrganizingthebodyofthespeechBodyisdeterminedbymainpoints.StrategicorderofmainpointsChronologicalorderSpatialorderProblem-solutionorderTopicalorderOrganizingthebodyofthespe57ChronologicalorderSpecificpurpose:toinformaudiencehowtheGreatWallofChinawasbuilt.Centralidea:theGreatWallofChinawasbuiltinthreemajorstages.Mainpoints:QindynastyHandynastyMingdynastyChronologicalorderSpecificpu58Specificpurpose:toinformaudienceyoureducationalbackgroundsCentralidea:inthreemajorstages.Mainpoints:Specificpurpose:toinformau59Spatialorder

Specificpurpose:toinformaudienceaboutthethreemajorregionsinItalyCentralidea:northern,southernandcentralItalyhavetheirownidentitiesandattractions.Mainpoints:Spatialorder

Specificpurpose60Problem-solutionorderSpecificpurpose:topersuadeaudiencetoughermeasureareneededtocontrolillegalsellingofantiques.Centralidea:illegalsellingofantiquesisaseriousproblemthatrequiresacombinationofgovernmentactionandindividualawareness.Mainpoints:Problem-solutionorderSpecific61Specificpurpose:topersuadeaudiencethatChinashouldimplementstricterlawenforcementtopreventaccidentsincoalmines.Centralidea:Mainpoints:Specificpurpose:topersuadea62TopicalorderSpecificpurpose:toinformaudienceabouttheachievementsofdaVinciCentralidea:painter,aninventor,anastronomerMainpoints:TopicalorderSpecificpurpose:63Specificpurpose:topersuadeaudiencethatChinashouldcontinueitsprogramofspaceexplorationCentralidea:Mainpoints:Specificpurpose:topersuade64Specificpurpose:topersuadeaudienceCCTVshouldlaunchanEnglishversionoftheLectu